Editing Askham Bog

{{Short description|Protected site and nature reserve in York, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox SSSI
|image      = Askham Bog (geograph 2061146).jpg
|name       = Askham Bog
|aos        = North Yorkshire
|interest   = 
|gridref    = {{gbmappingsmall|SE 575 481}}
|area       = {{cvt|110.7|acre|ha}}
|notifydate = 1961
|map        = [http://www.natureonthemap.org.uk/map.aspx?map=sssi&feature=1000196,sssi,HYPERLINK,LABEL ''Natural England'']
}}
'''Askham Bog''' is small area of [[peat bog]] and [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] situated within the [[Vale of York]] in [[North Yorkshire]], England. It lies to the south-west of [[York]], north of [[Copmanthorpe]] and near [[Askham Richard]] and [[Askham Bryan]]. It is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse sites in Northern England.

During the 2010s, a development of 500 houses was proposed for the edge of the bog on the outskirts of York city, but this was overturned in 2020.

==History and geographical formation==

Askham Bog formed in the Vale of York in a hollow which was flooded by meltwater from the last glacial retreat about 15,000 years ago.<ref name="ywtreserves"/> Two ridges of terminal [[moraine]] had formed on either side of the hollow, trapping the glacial meltwater between and behind them.<ref name = "FitterSmith">Fitter A.&nbsp;H., Smith C.&nbsp;J. 1979. ''A Wood in Ascam, a Study in Wetland Conservation''. Ebor Press, York.</ref>

The bog has a lowermost layer of [[boulder clay]], sand, and gravel, which is sealed. Above this lies a distinct stratum of organic deposits, which collectively reflect a series of biological and geological periods. The basal clay layer is overlain by more lake clay and nutrient-rich [[nekron mud]] supplied by surrounding moraines. Higher up there are layers of [[fen]] [[peat]] and [[sphagnum]] peat, of which the latter also contains traces of ''[[Scorpidium]]'' and ''[[Eriophorum]]''. The Nekron peat layer reflects a permanent change to a relatively warm post-glacial climate. This layer formed during that time and contains an abundance of plant remains, indicating a period of rich floral growth. Some of these plants include ''[[Potamogeton]]'', [[Najas marina|holly-leaved naiad]] and [[Menyanthes|bogbean]].<ref name = "FitterSmith"/>

When [[Phragmites australis|common reed]] colonised the bog, as evidenced by the presence of fossilised root fragments immediately above the Nekron bog layer, this led to a reduction in the extent of open water.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Consequently, a layer of fen peat gradually built up above the bog mud in the centre of the bog, forming a [[raised bog]]. The increased elevation in the centre cut the bog off from the direct influx of base-rich water from the surrounding land. Rainfall [[leaching (pedology)|leached]] out existing bases in the raised peat, leading to a net loss of bases from the peat in the centre of the bog. This gradual loss of bases increased the soil's acidity and caused the loss of the original rich bog community that previously covered the whole area.

The nutrient-poor, acidic environment created by the bog's gradual isolation from minerotrophic water sources allowed [[acidophilic]] [[sphagnum mosses]] to thrive on the raised bog and contribute significantly to the bulk of the peat formed above the fen margins. The continued net accumulation of peat led to a further increase in the elevation of the central peat dome, eventually completely cutting off the supply of base-rich groundwater and rendering the peat centre [[ombrotrophic]].<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Conversely, the rich fen community at the margins, which receives an influx of base-rich groundwater from the surrounding moraines, creates ecological conditions like those of the [[East Anglia]]n fens.<ref name="Smith">Smith C.&nbsp;J. 1962. The Linyphiid spiders of Askham Bog. The Naturalist: 121–124.</ref>

A site on the edge of Askham Bog was earmarked by a developer for a plot of 500 homes. The appeal by the community and Yorkshire Wildlife Trust enlisted the help of Sir [[David Attenborough]], who said that "it is our collective responsibility to save it." The development was denied by planning inspectors in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inspectors reject Attenborough-opposed homes plan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-52649291 |accessdate=14 May 2020 |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

==Ecology and habitats==
[[File:Askham Bogs diverse habitats (geograph 2061172).jpg|thumb|Habitat in Askham Bog]]
Askham Bog is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse sites in Northern England;<ref>Usher M.&nbsp;B. 1979. Changes in the species-area relations of higher plants on nature reserves. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'' '''16''':213–215.</ref> especially regarding plants, invertebrates and birds.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> The ecological diversity is due to a wide range of habitats ranging from [[fen-meadow]] with base-rich soils on the periphery to [[carr (landform)|carr]] woodland and raised bog with acid soil in the centre, interspersed with [[ditch|dykes]] and stands of open water. The large habitat diversity may be partly explained by the many successional stages present which generally become more advanced towards the centre, in turn related to spatial differences in [[topography]] and [[soil pH]].  Askham Bog is one of the few northern examples in England to show such an array of habitat transitions.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/>

Although the raised bog originally largely replaced the original fen, medieval peat cutting brought the vegetation back under the influence of base-rich groundwater. This extensive peat cutting, in turn, led to a return to fen conditions around some of the previously acid soils.<ref name = "LP">LP Authority. 1984. Askham Bog Status – Natural England’s SSSI information. https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1000196.pdf</ref>

Askham Bog is a heavily wooded area, with [[birch]] being widespread throughout. [[Willow]] also grows extensively throughout.<ref name = "Fitter1980">Fitter A.&nbsp;H., Browne J., Dixon T., Tucker J.&nbsp;J. 1980. Ecological studies at Askham Bog Nature Reserve 1. Interrelations of vegetation and environment. ''Naturalist''.</ref> [[Alnus glutinosa|Alder]] and [[Salix cinerea|grey sallow]] are locally dominant on the fen margins, while [[Quercus robur|oak]] is dominant in the acid centre. Other tree species growing alongside oak in the acid centre include [[Corylus avellana|hazel]], [[Frangula alnus|alder buckthorn]] and [[Sorbus aucuparia|rowan]]. Birch has declined in favour of oak, alder and ash,<ref name = "Pogg">Pogg P., Squires P., Fitter A.&nbsp;H. 1995. Acidification, nitrogen deposition and rapid vegetational change in a small valley mire in Yorkshire. Biological Conservation 71: 143–153.</ref> especially where much of the wood in the north central part has been clear-felled.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> The reduction in canopy cover in the centre of the bog appears to have had a negative effect on peat growth here, probably through reduced shading and hence increased desiccation of the peat and easier influx of atmospheric [[pollutants]].<ref name = "Pogg"/> In recent decades, sulphur deposition on the bog has increased due to polluted air moving downwind from a large industrial area with coal-fired power stations.<ref name = "Pogg"/>

==Natural history==
===Herbaceous plants===
[[File:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb|European dewberry]]
The diverse flora of Askham Bog is similar to plant communities in southern England.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Notable species include [[Ranunculus lingua|greater spearwort]], [[Stellaria palustris|marsh stitchwort]], [[Cladium mariscus|saw sedge]], [[Thelypteris palustris|marsh fern]], [[Rumex hydrolapathum|great water dock]], [[Cirsium dissectum|meadow thistle]], [[Calamagrostis canescens|purple small reed]], ''[[Carex appropinquata]]'' and [[Hottonia palustris|water violet]]. Askham Bog also holds the largest and most north-eastern colony in England of the rare gingerbread sedge ''[[Carex elongata]]'',<ref>David R.&nbsp;W. 1978. The distribution of ''Carex elongata'' in Britain. ''Watsonia'' '''12''': 158–60.</ref> and is renowned for the presence of [[Osmunda regalis|royal fern]].

The vegetation of Askham Bog can be divided into two main groups, reflecting the broad underlying dichotomy between basic and acidic soil. One is a species-rich fen community around the margins. This includes characteristic species such as [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]], [[Thalictrum flavum|common meadow rue]], [[Urtica dioica|stinging nettle]], [[Galium palustre|marsh bedstraw]], [[Rubus caesius|dewberry]], [[Solanum dulcamara|bittersweet]], [[Scutellaria galericulata|skullcap]], [[Lysimachia vulgaris|yellow loosestrife]], [[Lysimachia nummularia|creeping Jenny]] and [[Poa trivialis|rough meadow grass]]. The other community is a species-poor acid one towards the centre, including species such as ''[[Sphagnum palustre]]'', [[Molinia caerulea|purple moor grass]], ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' and [[Lonicera periclymenum|honeysuckle]].<ref name = "Fitter1980"/> Although the drop in pH and elevational increase on the peat domes is attributable to sphagnum growth,<ref name = "Fitter1980"/> no sphagnum has been found in one vegetation assemblage characterized by honeysuckle and ''Rubus fruticosus'' within the acid centre of the bog.<ref name = "Wilson">Wilson K.&nbsp;A., Fitter A.&nbsp;H. 1984. The role of phosphorus in vegetational differentiation in a small valley mire. Journal of Ecology 72: 463–473.</ref> This appears to be inconsistent with the usual course of succession and may be explained by unusually high concentration of inorganic [[phosphate]].<ref name = "Wilson"/> Low water tables in the raised area may promote mineralization of phosphate, with low pH counteracting microbial conversion to organic phosphate, so that the resultant high inorganic phosphate component in the raised peat favours growth of this plant community.<ref name = "Wilson"/>

===Birds===
Over 90 bird species have been recorded at Askham Bog, attracting both winter and summer visitors. Despite the proximity of potential sources of human disturbance, the bog provides suitable refuge for wildlife within a relatively unfavourable agricultural landscape and offers a rich supply of fruit and seed supply in winter and invertebrates in summer.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Known resident species include [[marsh tit]], [[willow tit]], [[Eurasian treecreeper|treecreeper]], [[common kingfisher|kingfisher]], [[goldcrest]], [[Eurasian bullfinch|bullfinch]], [[tawny owl]], [[common buzzard|buzzard]], [[Eurasian sparrowhawk|sparrowhawk]] and sometimes [[Eurasian green woodpecker|green woodpecker]]<ref name = "yorkbirding">{{cite web |url=http://yorkbirding.org.uk/sites/askham-bog/ |title=Askham Bog YWT |publisher=York Ornithological Club |accessdate=14 May 2020}}</ref> Winter visitors include [[fieldfare]], [[redwing]], [[brambling]], [[Eurasian siskin|siskin]], [[lesser redpoll]], [[European goldfinch|goldfinch]], [[common snipe|snipe]], [[jack snipe]], [[Eurasian woodcock|woodcock]], [[Eurasian coot|coot]] and sometimes [[common grasshopper warbler|grasshopper warbler]].<ref name = "yorkbirding"/> All migrant warblers have been found at the bog in spring and summer,<ref name = "yorkbirding"/> with the reed beds in the northeast part in Near Wood comprising an important colony for [[Eurasian reed warbler|reed warblers]].<ref name = "FitterSmith"/>

===Invertebrates===
Askham Bog is nationally recognised for its diverse invertebrate fauna, including a variety of water beetles such as  [[Haliplidae]], [[Noteridae]], [[Dytiscidae]] and [[Gyrinidae]]. The bog is also home to some rare beetle species including ''Dromius sigma'', ''Agabus undulatus''; alongside one record of ''Pselaphus dresdensis'' which has been found in moss from pond margins at the bog, the only known location in England.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Beetle abundance and species richness have been decreasing at Askham Bog since the early 20th century.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> This coincides with the establishment of a municipal landfill site at the adjacent Challoner's Whin.<ref name="ywtreserves"/> Other characteristic insect species include the [[Diarsia florida|fen square-spot moth]]<ref name = "LP"/> and the [[Anax imperator|emperor dragonfly]].<ref name="ywtreserves">{{cite web |url=http://www.ywt.org.uk/reserves/askham-bog-nature-reserve |accessdate=15 April 2018 |title=Askham Bog Nature Reserve |publisher=Yorkshire Wildlife Trust}}</ref>

There is a large proportion of wetland indicator spider species given the relatively dry status of the reserve and gradual encroachment by trees. This may be because the present spider community reflects historic moisture levels within the bog and is yet to completely respond to the habitat changes.<ref name = "Oxford"/> A very rare spider species ''Cornicularia kochi'' (O.P.-C) in its hundreds was once recorded in piles of cut-down ''Phragmites'' during winter.<ref name = "Smith"/>

===Mammals and amphibians===
Typical amphibians of Askham Bog include [[Rana temporaria|common frog]], [[Bufo bufo|common toad]], and [[Triturus vulgaris|smooth newt]]. Typical mammals include [[roe deer]] and [[red fox]]es. The [[European water vole|water vole]] was once common at Askham Bog, but has now been largely displaced by invasive [[American mink]].<ref name = "yorkbirding"/>

==Past use and current management==
===Peat cutting===
From the early [[Roman period]] until the mid-18th century, Askham Bog and its environsy appeared to have been intensely exploited for peat as fuel.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> The earliest evidence of nearby peat cutting from the Roman period was discovered in a Roman well in York in the form of lumps of sphagnum peat.<ref>Hall A., Hood J.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;S., Kenworthy H., Williams D. 1979. Biological evidence from Roman deposits at Skledergate.  ''The Archaeology of York'' '''14''' 3.</ref>

In the [[Middle Ages]], peat was cut by the villagers of [[Dringhouses]] and [[Acomb, North Yorkshire|Acomb]], as evidenced by the written bylaws of the Manor of Drighouses and Acomb Court Rolls, which restricted peat cutting by tenants. The severe penalties imposed by these legal restrictions reflect the attempt by the local authorities back then to counteract the damaging intensity of peat extraction at Askham Bog.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Intensive peat cutting had probably caused substantial topographical changes on the bog since its original geographic formation. In turn, a lowering of the acid peat layer through extraction would have allowed  base-rich groundwater to inundate the centre, transforming it into an open fen.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> Further physical evidence exists in the form of dykes surrounding the current main peat domes. These dykes would have been dug to aid removal of peat by boat.<ref name = "Fitter1980"/>

The whole bog became vegetated with woody shrubs and trees after cessation of peat cutting around the 1750s.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> It was then extensively used as game covert from the late 19th century until the Second World War, which probably explains the extensive felling of Far Wood during this time. The bog was acquired in 1946 by Sir Francis Terry and Joseph Rowntree, who subsequently both of whom gifted it to Yorkshire Naturalists' Trust (now known as [[Yorkshire Wildlife Trust]]) in 1946. It is Yorkshire Wildlife Trust's oldest nature reserve.<ref name = "Oxford">Oxford G.&nbsp;S., Scott A.&nbsp;G. 2003. The spider fauna of Askham Bog, York, and the assessment of conservation value. ''Naturalist'' '''128''': 157–170.</ref>

===Hemp cultivation===
Fossil evidence found in distinct horizons between layers of fen peat and ''Scorpidium''-''Sphagnum'' peat at Askham Bog suggests that [[Cannabis sativa|hemp]] was once cultivated there. The evidence takes the form of preserved hemp [[achenes]] and pollen, which may be relics of [[retting]] (steeping in water)<ref name = "Bradshaw">Bradshaw R.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;W., Coxon P. 1981. New fossil evidence for the past cultivation and processing of hemp (''Cannabis sativa L.'') in eastern England. ''New Phytologist'' 89: 503–510.</ref><ref name = "Gearey">Gearey B.&nbsp;R., Hall A.&nbsp;R., Bunting M.&nbsp;J. et al. 2005. Recent palaeoenvironmental evidence for the processing of hemp (''Cannabis sativa L.'') in eastern England during the medieval period. Medieval Archaeology. pp 317–322. ISSN 0076-6097.</ref> Pollen of aquatic plants such [[Nymphaea|water lilies]] and [[Sparganium emersum|cattails]] have also been found in the same peat cores as hemp seeds and pollen. It is therefore suggested that these hemp residues were submerged during this period.<ref name = "Gearey"/>

The cultivation of hemp at Askham was probably intense during the [[Tudor period]], although the exact dates are not known. The crop was extensively cultivated and retted in England by royal decree for hemp rope for the British navy. Askham Bog's Acomb Court Roll of 1594 provides documentary evidence of hemp retting restrictions due to the malodour produced by retted fibres and the potential for retting water to pollute rivers.<ref name = "FitterSmith"/> However, hemp retting stopped in the 19th century with the increased importation of hemp rope from Europe and Russia and the increasing switch to [[sisal]] from America and [[jute]] from India..<ref name = "Bradshaw"/>

===Habitat conservation===
The Yorkshire Wildlife Trust was originally established to conserve Askham Bog.<ref name = "Oxford"/> The first management plan was designed to maintain habitat diversity throughout the bog. To achieve this, the National Conservation Corps was enlisted to create more open water by digging ponds and blocking dykes, along with scrub clearance in the damp cotton-grass areas. In 1998, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust received a substantial [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] for restoration of many of its nature reserves. A large portion of this funding was used to manage Askham Bog and maintain suitable water conditions for the wildlife.<ref name = "Oxford"/>

Most of the species-rich fen areas are grazed by [[Exmoor ponies]] to encourage early successional plant species such as [[marsh orchid]] and [[Cirsium dissectum|meadow thistle]], and to suppress vigorous grasses, reed and saplings.<ref name = "ywtgrazing">{{cite web |url=http://www.ywt.org.uk/news/2012/02/27/hls-funds-grazing-management-improvement-askham-bog |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183703/http://www.ywt.org.uk/news/2012/02/27/hls-funds-grazing-management-improvement-askham-bog |archivedate=19 April 2018 |accessdate=15 April 2018 |url-status=dead |title=HLS funds grazing management improvement at Askham Bog |date=27 February 2012}}</ref> This is considered a more effective management tool than cutting, though some meadows on the site are still cut for hay..<ref name="ywtreserves"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Askham Bog}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135723/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000196.pdf Natural England data sheet]

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[[Category:Bogs of England]]
[[Category:Landforms of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Yorkshire Wildlife Trust reserves]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in North Yorkshire]]