Editing Arkhangelsk

{{short description|City in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name = Arkhangelsk
| ru_name = Архангельск
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
 |photo1a = Arkhangelsk. Northern Dvina River P7151363 2200.jpg
 |photo2a = Arkhangelsk. Icebreaker Dikson P7161419 2200.jpg
 |photo2b = Arkhangelsk. Northern Dvina River. Dormition Church P7161467 2200.jpg
 |photo3a = Arkhangelsk. Northern Dvina River P7151348 2200.jpg
 |color = white
 |color_border = white
 |position = center
 |spacing = 2
 |size = 266
 }}
|image_caption=Top-down, left-to-right: View along the [[Northern Dvina]] river; [[Port of Arkhangelsk]]; Church of the Dormition and sea beach; view to the skyscraper Vysotka
|coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1851|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position = right
|image_coa = Coat of Arms of Arkhangelsk.svg
|coa_caption = 
|image_flag = 
|flag_caption = 
|pushpin_map = Russia Arkhangelsk Oblast#European Russia#Russia#Europe
|anthem = 
|anthem_ref = 
|holiday = Last Sunday of June
|holiday_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=275/0 |title=www.arhcity.ru |publisher=Мэрия Архангельска |language=ru |access-date=May 31, 2012 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725130111/https://www.arhcity.ru/?page=275/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|federal_subject = [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref = <ref name="OKATO1">{{OKATO reference|11 401}}</ref>
|adm_city_jur = [[city of federal subject significance|city of oblast significance]] of Arkhangelsk
|adm_city_jur_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm"/>
|adm_ctr_of1 = [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]
|adm_ctr_of1_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm"/>
|adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk
|adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm"/>
|inhabloc_cat = City
|inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="OKATO1"/>
|inhabloc_type = 
|inhabloc_type_ref = 
|urban_okrug_jur = Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun"/>
|mun_admctr_of1 = Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of1_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun"/>
|mun_admctr_of2 = Primorsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of2_ref = <ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun"/>
|leader_title = Head
|leader_title_ref = <ref name="arhcity">{{cite web |url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=3/1 |script-title=ru:Информация о мэре города |publisher=Мэрия Архангельска |language=ru |access-date=May 31, 2012 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131083537/https://www.arhcity.ru/?page=3/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|leader_name = [[Dmitry Morev]]
|leader_name_ref = <ref name="arhcity"/>
|representative_body = [[Arkhangelsk City Duma|City Duma]]
|representative_body_ref = 
|area_km2 = 294.42
|area_km2_ref = <ref name="passport">{{cite web |url=http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1/1 |script-title=ru:Паспорт города |publisher=Мэрия Архангельска |language=ru |access-date=May 31, 2012 |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511085628/http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1%2F1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|pop_2010census = 348783
|pop_2010census_rank = 50th
|pop_2010census_ref = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density = 1185
|pop_density_ref = 
|pop_latest = 350,985
|pop_latest_date = 2013
|pop_latest_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2013/bul_dr/mun_obr2013.rar |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2013 года. — М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Росстат, 2013. — 528 с. (Табл. 33. Численность населения городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов) |access-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221091718/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2013/bul_dr/mun_obr2013.rar |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|established_date = 1584
|established_title = Novo-Kholmogory
|established_date_ref = <ref name="gr">{{cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |year=2003 |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |location=Moscow |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |page=25}}</ref>
|current_cat_date = 1584
|current_cat_date_ref = 
|postal_codes = 163000-163071
|postal_codes_ref = <ref name="PostCode">{{cite web |url=http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212001823/http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2006 |title=List of postal codes |publisher=[[Russian Post]] |language=ru |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref>
|dialing_codes = 8182
|dialing_codes_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf |script-title=ru:Коды областных центров |publisher=Beeline |language=ru |access-date=August 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142255/http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2011 }}</ref>
|website = http://www.arhcity.ru
}}

'''Arkhangelsk'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɑːr|k|æ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|l|s|k|,_|ɑːr|ˈ|k|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ɛ|l|s|k}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ɑːr|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|ɡ|ɛ|l|s|k}};<ref>
{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> occasionally referred to in English as '''Archangel''' and '''Archangelsk'''.}} ({{langx|ru|Архангельск}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk|pron}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Russia]]. It lies on both banks of the [[Northern Dvina]] near its mouth into the [[White Sea]]. The city spreads for over {{convert|40|km}} along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its [[river delta|delta]]. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded [[Saint Petersburg]].

A {{convert|1133|km|mi|sp=us|adj=mid|-long}} [[Northern Railway (Russia)|railway]] runs from Arkhangelsk to [[Moscow]] via [[Vologda]] and [[Yaroslavl]], and air travel is served by the [[Talagi Airport]] and the smaller [[Vaskovo Airport]]. As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], the city's population was 301,199.<ref name=2021Census>{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Coat of arms==
The arms of the city display the [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]] in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archangel: Heraldic Argument in Russia |publisher=The Baronage Press |url=http://www.baronage.co.uk/2003b/russia-1.html |access-date=August 1, 2015 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182350/http://www.baronage.co.uk/2003b/russia-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2024}}

===Early history===
[[Vikings]] knew the area around Arkhangelsk as [[Bjarmaland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mythical Lands of Russia, Part 2: Bjarmia |url=http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/history/2572/ |access-date=April 9, 2023 |website=Russia-InfoCentre (russia-ic.com) |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151451/http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/history/2572/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ohthere of Hålogaland]] told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to [[Snorri Sturluson]], Vikings led by [[Thorir Hund]] raided this area in 1027.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk.<ref name="Nosov hoard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA9_3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421014718/http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA9_3.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |url-status=live |title=THE ARKHANGELSK HOARD |last=Nosov |first=E.N |date=1992 |website=sarks.fi}}</ref>

Most of the findings comprised a total of {{convert|1.6|kg}} of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of [[Kufa]]n, English, [[Bohemia]]n, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from [[Scandinavia]], the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992,<ref name="Nosov hoard" /> one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought.

===Novgorodian arrival===
In the 12th century, the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodians]] established a [[monastery]] dedicated to [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]] in the estuary of the [[Northern Dvina]]. The main trade center of the area at that time was [[Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Kholmogory]], located {{convert|75|km|sp=us}} southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about {{convert|10|km|sp=us}} downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material of this period. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.

===Norwegian–Russian conflict===
[[File:Map of St. Petersburg.png|thumb|Location of Arkhangelsk in northwestern Russia]]

The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the [[Kola Peninsula]] in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 which was soon broken.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the [[White Sea]]. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. [[Murmansk]]), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kolamap.ru/library/1919_zhilinskiy/2_1.htm |script-title=ru:Крайний север Европейской России |last=Жилинский |first=К. А. |year=1919 |publisher=Кольские карты |language=ru |access-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref>

Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan&nbsp;III]] and passed to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] with the rest of the [[Novgorod Republic]].

===Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands===
Three English ships the ''[[Hugh Willoughby|Bona Esperanza]]'', ''[[Edward Bonaventure]]'', and ''Bona Confidentia'' set out to find the [[Northeast Passage|Northeast passage to China]] in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the ''Edward Bonaventure'' ended up in the White Sea at [[Nyonoksa]], eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where the St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the name ''St. Nicolas Bay'' to the sea now known as the White Sea. [[Ivan the Terrible]] found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, [[Richard Chancellor]].

Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the [[Muscovy Company|Company of Merchant Adventurers]], which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ван Салинген |first=Симон (Van Salingen, Seemon) |url=https://www.kolamap.ru/library/1901_filippov.html |title=Сообщение о Земле Лопий: Русские в Лапландии в XVI веке. |trans-title=Message about Lapland: Russian in Lapland in the 16th century. |language=ru |work=kolamap.ru website |date=1591 |access-date=February 18, 2021 |quote=A Dutch letter about Russian interests in Lapland from 1562 to 1583. It includes Vardo's fortress Vardegus, the [[Pechenga Monastery]], Malmus (aka [[Kola, Russia]]), and the St. Nicolas Monastery near the mouth of the [[Northern Dvina|Dvina River]] at what is now Arkhangelsk. [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] pirates robbed the ''[[Edward Bonaventure]]'' in 1554 as ''Edward Bonaventure'' was returning from [[Nyonoksa]], Russia. |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115202913/https://www.kolamap.ru/library/1901_filippov.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[Scotland|Scottish]] and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Founding and further development===
[[File:Newdvina.jpg|thumb|Plan of New Dvina Fort in Arkhangelsk]]
In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of '''New Kholmogory''' (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the [[Baltic Sea]] was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called [[Pomors]], were the first to explore trade routes to Northern [[Siberia]] as far as the trans-[[Ural Mountains|Urals]] city of [[Mangazeya]] and beyond. In December 1613, during the [[Time of Troubles]], Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski ([[Lisowczyks]]), who failed to capture the fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1693, [[Peter the Great]] ordered the creation of a state [[shipyard]] in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships ''Svyatoye Prorochestvo'' (Holy Prophecy), ''Apostol Pavel'' (Apostle Paul), and the yacht ''Svyatoy Pyotr'' (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a [[Great Northern War|successful campaign]] against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded [[Saint Petersburg]] in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Alexander |year=2007 |title=Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=359–392 |doi=10.1080/13518040701532958 |s2cid=145005700}}</ref> 
[[File:Archangel Michael and City of Archangel.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] of [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]], shown as [[Patron saint|protector]] of Arkhangelsk]]

In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and [[lumber|timber]] became a major export. The city resisted [[Bolshevik]] rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik [[White movement|White Army]]. The White Army was supported by an [[North Russia intervention|Allied intervention]] in which British, French, Italian, and [[Polar Bear Expedition|American troops]] helped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant General [[Frederick Poole]], suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support, the poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life |title=Detroit's Polar Bears and their confusing war |access-date=July 12, 2007 |newspaper=The Detroit News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709074435/http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life |archive-date=July 9, 2012}}</ref> Arkhangelsk was also the scene of the Mudyug concentration camp.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ash |first=Lucy |date=October 18, 2017 |title='Death Island': Britain's 'concentration camp' in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41271418 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language= |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727205840/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41271418 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along with [[Murmansk]]) of the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic convoys]] bringing supplies in to assist the Soviet Union. During [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being [[Astrakhan]]) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at this [[A-A line]], but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow.

Arkhangelsk was also the site of [[List of Gulag camps#A|Arkhangelsk ITL]], or the Arkhangelsk [[Gulag|Labour Camp]], in the 1930s and 1940s.

Today, Arkhangelsk remains a [[Port of Arkhangelsk|major seaport]], now open year-round due to improvements in [[icebreaker]]s. The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries.

On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in [[Arkhangelsk explosion of 2004|an explosion]] at an apartment building in the city.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Arkhangelsk is the [[administrative center]] of the [[oblast]]<ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm">Oblast Law #65-5-OZ</ref> and, within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it also serves as the administrative center of [[Primorsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Primorsky District]], even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="OKATO2">{{OKATO reference|11 252}}</ref> As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|city of oblast significance]] of Arkhangelsk'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast|districts]].<ref name="ArkhangelskO_adm"/> As a [[Subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as '''Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="ArkhangelskO_mun">Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ</ref>

===City divisions===
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs:<ref name="ArkhangelskTO">{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Архангельский городской Совет народных депутатов|ru_type=Решение|ru_number=88|ru_date=15 ноября 1991 г.|ru_title=Об образовании территориальных городских округов|en_entity=Arkhangelsk City Council of People's Deputies|en_type=Decision|en_number=88|en_date=November 15, 1991|en_title=On Establishing the City Territorial Okrugs}}</ref>
* Isakogorsky
* Lomonosovsky
* Maymaksansky
* Mayskaya Gorka
* Oktyabrsky
* Severny
* Solombalsky
* Tsiglomensky
* Varavino-Faktoriya

== Economy and infrastructure ==
=== Economy===

=== Transportation===
Arkhangelsk is the final destination of [[Northern Railway (Russia)|Northern Railway]]. In addition, the city is host to two airports, [[Vaskovo Airport]] and [[Talagi Airport]] where they host the [[2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division]] and [[Smartavia]] Airline,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nordavia.ru/eng/contact/ |title=Contact Us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611174611/http://www.nordavia.ru/eng/contact/ |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |work=[[Nordavia]] |access-date=June 29, 2010 |others=Archived at the [[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> respectively.
[[M8 highway (Russia)|M8 highway]] provides a direct link to [[Moscow]], [[Yaroslavl]] and [[Severodvinsk]], the administrative center of the oblast.
Local public transit is provided by [[Transit bus|buses]] and minibuses called ''[[marshrutka]]s''. Until 2004 there were also [[Trams in Arkhangelsk|trams]], and until 2008, {{Interlanguage link|Trolleybuses in Arkhangelsk|lt=trolleybuses|ru|Архангельский троллейбус}}.

<gallery mode="packed">
Arkhangelsk August 2016 002.jpg|[[Port of Arkhangelsk]]
Arkhangelsk Sea Port Economiya.JPG|Port of Arkhangelsk
Геометрия_большого_города._Архангельск,_2020_01.jpg|[[:ru:Северодвинский мост|Severodvinsky bridge]] over [[Northern Dvina Canal]]
Arkhangelsk trainstation.jpg|Arkhangelsk train station
Arkhangelsk TalagiAirport 009 0386.jpg|[[Talagi Airport]]
Trolle.jpg| Trolleybuses in Arkhangelsk
</gallery>

==Education==
[[File:Banknote 500 rubles 2010 front.jpg|thumb|A monument to [[Peter the Great]], a [[sailing ship]], and the sea terminal in Arkhangelsk are depicted on a [[Russian ruble|500-ruble banknote]]<ref name="CBR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/bank-notes_coins/?Prtid=banknotes_itm&selBanknote=500r_97&type=type1 |title=The 500-ruble Bank of Russia note |access-date=December 1, 2015 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182033/http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/bank-notes_coins/?Prtid=banknotes_itm&selBanknote=500r_97&type=type1 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University and [[Arkhangelsk State Technical University]] which merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form the [[Northern (Arctic) Federal University]].

Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics.

==Culture==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2024}}
<gallery mode="packed">
Драмтеатр им.М.В.ЛОМОНОСОВА - panoramio.jpg|[[:ru:Архангельский театр драмы имени М. В. Ломоносова|Arkhangelsk drama theatre]]
Entrance of Arkhangelsk regional museum of local lore.jpg|[[:ru:Архангельский областной краеведческий музей|Arkhangelsk regional museum of local lore]]
Церемония открытия нового научно-лабораторного корпуса ФИЦКИА УрО РАН и памятника академику Лавёрову 01.jpg|laboratory building of RAS
Sutyagin house 2.JPG|The [[Sutyagin House]], claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house
Кинотеатр «Мир» (Архангельск) 02.jpg|Mir Cinema
</gallery>

[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] came from a [[Pomors|Pomor]] village near Kholmogory.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mikhail Lomonosov {{!}} Biography & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov |access-date=February 21, 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725172753/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048817/Mikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov |url-status=live }}</ref> A monument to him was installed to a design by [[Ivan Martos]] in 1829.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} A monument to [[Peter the Great]] was designed by [[Mark Antokolsky]] in 1872 and installed in 1914.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Saint Petersburg encyclopaedia |title=Peter the Great, Monuments to |url=http://www.encspb.ru/object/2855699069?dv=2853931022&lc=en |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>

After its historic churches were destroyed during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like [[Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvor|Merchant Yards]] (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fortification.ru/list/novodvinsk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304131516/http://www.fortification.ru/list/novodvinsk/ |archive-date=March 4, 2006 |title=Новодвинская крепость}}</ref> The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004.

In 2008, it was decided that the city's [[cathedral]], dedicated to the [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]], which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by the regional Bishop Tikhon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/node/20754 |title=Archangelsk invests in new cathedral |work=Barents Observer |date=November 25, 2008 |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120221250/http://barentsobserver.com/en/node/20754 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/arkhangelsk/attractions/archangel-mikhail-cathedral/a/poi-sig/1575275/360432 |title=Archangel Mikhail Cathedral |work=Lonely Planet |access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref>

Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a {{convert|151|m|sp=us|adj=on}} tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to each of the three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228181015/http://www.rtrs.ru/data/bashi_arhangelsk.jpg image]</ref>

An unusual example of local "[[vernacular architecture]]" was the so-called [[Sutyagin House]]. This thirteen-story, {{convert|44|m|adj=on}} tall<ref name=wan/><ref>According to other sources, twelve stories, {{convert|38|m|sp=us}}</ref> residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Sutyagin and his family over fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by local authorities as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.<ref name="wan">[http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=914 Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719171407/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=914 |date=July 19, 2016 }}. WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday March 7, 2007. (Includes photo)</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Hope |last=Ponomaryova |script-title=ru:Гангстер-хаус: Самый высокий деревянный дом в России объявлен вне закона |url=http://www.rg.ru/2008/06/26/gangster.html |work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |location=Moscow, Russia |language=ru |trans-title=''Gangster house'': Russia's tallest wooden house is now outlawed |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2009 |archive-date=September 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052944/https://rg.ru/2008/06/26/gangster.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:В Архангельске провалилась первая попытка снести самое высокое деревянное здание в мире |url=http://realty.newsru.com/article/26Dec2008/wooden |work=[[NEWSru.com]] Realty (Недвижимость) |location=Moscow, Russia |language=ru |trans-title=Arkhangelsk The first attempt to demolish the tallest wooden building in the world failed in Arkhangelsk |date=December 26, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2009 |archive-date=June 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608095201/http://realty.newsru.com/article/26dec2008/wooden |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=mihai055 |script-title=ru:Сутягин, снос дома |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa_Ahn29Myw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/pa_Ahn29Myw |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=YouTube |language=ru |trans-title=Demolition of Sutyagin's house |format=Flash video |date=December 26, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:В Архангельске разрушено самое высокое деревянное здание в мире |url=http://realty.newsru.com/article/06Feb2009/sutyagin |work=[[NEWSru.com]] Realty (Недвижимость) |location=Moscow, Russia |language=ru |trans-title=The tallest wooden building in the world has been destroyed in Arkhangelsk |date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=August 15, 2009 |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604184055/http://realty.newsru.com/article/06feb2009/sutyagin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:От самого высокого деревянного строения в мире осталась груда мусора |trans-title=Only a heap of debris is left from the world's tallest wooden building |url=http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideo/137558 |work=Channel One Russia |publisher=Web-службой Первого канала |location=Moscow, Russia |language=ru |format=flash video and text |date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=December 29, 2009 |archive-date=March 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323053539/http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideo/137558 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Arkhangelsk, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|223x223px|The promenade alongside River Dvina]]
The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes:
* The Arkhangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater
* Arkhangelsk Philarmonia
* Arkhangelsk Youth Theater
* Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum
* Arkhangelsk Art Museum
* [[Stepan Pisakhov]] Museum

An airstrip in Arkhangelsk was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogame ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|Goldeneye 007]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iiILn_fKX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/_iiILn_fKX0 |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |url-status=live |title=GoldenEye 007 N64 - Facility - 00 Agent |work=YouTube |date=November 27, 2013 |access-date=November 12, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}

===Literature===
The Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its [[folklore]]. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and ''[[bylina]]s'' were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the ''bylinas'', especially in Pomor dialects. {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of [[Anna Astakhova]], these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of [[Stepan Pisakhov]] and [[Boris Shergin]], who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
Arkhangelsk experiences a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), mildly warm summers. More extreme climates at this high latitude - such as [[Fairbanks, Alaska]] or [[Oymyakon]], [[Sakha Republic]] - have much colder winters than Arkhangelsk, indicating that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean.

Snowfall during winter is heavy, while summers are very rainy. Precipitation is very reliable year round.
{{Weather box
|location = Arkhangelsk (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|width = auto
|Jan record high C = 5.0
|Feb record high C = 5.2
|Mar record high C = 12.3
|Apr record high C = 25.3
|May record high C = 32.1
|Jun record high C = 33.0
|Jul record high C = 34.4
|Aug record high C = 33.4
|Sep record high C = 27.7
|Oct record high C = 18.3
|Nov record high C = 10.0
|Dec record high C = 5.8
|year record high C = 34.4
|Jan high C = -8.4
|Feb high C = -7.1
|Mar high C = -1.1
|Apr high C = 5.6
|May high C = 13.1
|Jun high C = 18.7
|Jul high C = 22.1
|Aug high C = 18.6
|Sep high C = 12.8
|Oct high C = 5.0
|Nov high C = -1.9
|Dec high C = -5.3
|year high C = 6.0
|Jan mean C = -11.6
|Feb mean C = -10.7
|Mar mean C = -5.5
|Apr mean C = 0.8
|May mean C = 7.5
|Jun mean C = 13.1
|Jul mean C = 16.5
|Aug mean C = 13.6
|Sep mean C = 8.8
|Oct mean C = 2.5
|Nov mean C = -4.2
|Dec mean C = -8.2
|year mean C = 1.9
|Jan low C = -15.2
|Feb low C = -14.4
|Mar low C = -9.7
|Apr low C = -3.4
|May low C = 2.5
|Jun low C = 7.7
|Jul low C = 11.5
|Aug low C = 9.3
|Sep low C = 5.6
|Oct low C = 0.4
|Nov low C = -6.7
|Dec low C = -11.3
|year low C = -2.0
|Jan record low C = -45.2
|Feb record low C = -41.2
|Mar record low C = -37.1
|Apr record low C = -27.3
|May record low C = -13.7
|Jun record low C = -3.9
|Jul record low C = -0.5
|Aug record low C = -4.1
|Sep record low C = -7.5
|Oct record low C = -21.1
|Nov record low C = -36.1
|Dec record low C = -43.2
|year record low C = -45.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 42
|Feb precipitation mm = 32
|Mar precipitation mm = 31
|Apr precipitation mm = 32
|May precipitation mm = 48
|Jun precipitation mm = 65
|Jul precipitation mm = 75
|Aug precipitation mm = 82
|Sep precipitation mm = 62
|Oct precipitation mm = 68
|Nov precipitation mm = 51
|Dec precipitation mm = 48
|year precipitation mm = 636
|Jan snow depth cm = 36
|Feb snow depth cm = 45
|Mar snow depth cm = 48
|Apr snow depth cm = 19
|May snow depth cm = 1
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 2
|Nov snow depth cm = 11
|Dec snow depth cm = 24
|year snow depth cm = 48
|Jan rain days = 2
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 4
|Apr rain days = 10
|May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days = 17
|Jul rain days = 18
|Aug rain days = 19
|Sep rain days = 22
|Oct rain days = 19
|Nov rain days = 9
|Dec rain days = 4
|year rain days = 143
|Jan snow days = 27
|Feb snow days = 26
|Mar snow days = 23
|Apr snow days = 13
|May snow days = 6
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 2
|Oct snow days = 13
|Nov snow days = 25
|Dec snow days = 28
|year snow days = 163
|Jan humidity = 85
|Feb humidity = 84
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 69
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 85
|Oct humidity = 88
|Nov humidity = 89
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 80
|Jan sun = 14.2
|Feb sun = 50.6
|Mar sun = 129.3
|Apr sun = 189.1
|May sun = 252.8
|Jun sun = 291.0
|Jul sun = 298.0
|Aug sun = 200.9
|Sep sun = 111.3
|Oct sun = 50.3
|Nov sun = 14.9
|Dec sun = 1.8
|year sun = 
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name = Pogoda >{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22550.htm |title=Weather and Climate-The Climate of Arkhangelsk |publisher=Weather and Climate |language=ru |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025232900/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22550.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA >{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/ArhangelSk_22550.csv |title=Arhangelsk (Arkhangelsk) Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116095301/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/ArhangelSk_22550.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1897|20400|1926|75474|1939|284570|1959|256309|1970|342590|1979|385028|1989|415921|2002|356051|2010|348783|2021|301199|footnote=Source: Census Data|percentages=pa}}
According to the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]], Arkhangelsk has a population of 301,199 people, which makes it the 68th largest city in Russia.

In the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the following ethnic groups were listed:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ethnicity
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|[[Russians]]
|330,656
|94.19%
|-
|[[Ukrainians]]
|4,404
|1.25%
|-
|[[Belarusians]]
|1,581
|0.45%
|-
|Others
|5,312
|1.52%
|}

==Sports==
[[File:Stadium Trud Arkhangelsk.jpg|thumb|Vodnik's home stadium Trud, the arena for the final of the 2011–2012 season]]
[[File:Праздничный парад в Архангельске (28).JPG|thumb|Women in bridal dress celebrate the 450th anniversary of the founding of Arkhangelsk]]
[[File:Arkhangelsk Chumbarova-Luchinskogo.jpg|thumb|The tallest building in Arkhangelsk]]

[[Bandy]] is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/ |title=Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan |date=January 21, 2011 |publisher=Tatar-Inform |access-date=August 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230703/http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/ |archive-date=April 24, 2012}}</ref> [[Vodnik Arkhangelsk|Vodnik]], the local team, nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/10/ |script-title=ru:Стадион "Труд", Архангельск |publisher=Федерация хоккея с мячом России |language=ru |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204025014/http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Arkhangelsk hosted the [[Bandy World Championship]] in [[1999 Bandy World Championship|1999]] and [[2003 Bandy World Championship|2003]].<ref>Video from a home game against Baykal-Energiya from [[Irkutsk]]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uAVZxVEoe0</ref> The 2011–2012 season [[Russian Bandy League]] final was played here on March&nbsp;25, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/769 |title=Официальный сайт хоккейного клуба "Кузбасс" (Кемерово) — www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru |publisher=Kuzbassbandyclub.ru |date=November 27, 2011 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074339/http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/769 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bandynet.ru/node/29139 Video from the final of the Russian Championships in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616120658/http://www.bandynet.ru/node/29139 |date=June 16, 2012 }}</ref> The 2016 [[Youth-17 Bandy World Championship]] was played in Arkhangelsk between January 28 and 31.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/8597/ |title=Состав юношеской сборной России (U-17) на ЧМ-2016 |publisher=Russian Bandy Federation |language=ru |access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), Russian [[polymath]]
* [[Piter Poel]] (1760–1837), Dutch diplomat and publisher
* [[Johann Abraham Nüske]] (1796–1865), German-British guitarist and composer
* [[Ilya Shumov]] (1819–1881), Russian chess master and officer in the Russian Navy
* [[Wilhelm Greiffenhagen]] (1821–1890), Baltic German journalist and politician
* [[Eduard Schensnovich]] (1852–1911), Polish admiral in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]
* [[Stepan Pisakhov]] (1879–1960), Russian and Soviet writer
* [[Stepan Balmashov]] (1882–1902), Russian student and assassin
* [[Boris Shergin]] (1896–1973), Russian and Soviet writer
* [[Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski]] (1899–1962), Polish soldier and historian
* [[Monja Danischewsky]] (1911–1994) British film producer
* [[Boris Stepanovich Lukoshkov|Boris Lukoshkov]] (1922–1989), Russian painter
* [[Timur Gaidar]] (1926–1999), Soviet and Russian admiral
* [[Mikhail Kalik]] (1927–2017), Soviet and Israeli film director and screenwriter
* [[Vladimir Tarasov]] (born 1939), Russian percussionist and constellation artist
* [[Boris Skrynnik]] (born 1948), President in [[Federation of International Bandy]] and [[Russian Bandy Federation]]
* [[Slava Polunin]] (born 1950), Russian clown
* [[Vladimir Malaniuk]] (1957–2017), Ukrainian chess player (GM)
* [[Mikhail Pletnev]] (born 1957), Russian pianist and conductor
* [[Alexander Dobrunov]] (1959–2006), Russian judo fighter
* [[Victor Ferin]] (born 1969), Russian actor and filmmaker
* [[Alexander Kravchenko (poker player)|Alexander Kravchenko]] (born 1971), Russian poker player
* [[Anatoli Tebloyev]] (born 1974), Russian football player
* [[Yuliya Fomenko (runner)|Yuliya Fomenko]] (born 1979), Russian athlete (middle-distance runner)
* [[Illya Haliuza]] (born 1979), Ukrainian football player
* [[Sergei Bykov]] (born 1983), Russian basketball player
* [[Nadezhda Kosintseva]] (born 1985), Russian chess player (GM)
* [[Andrei Pervyshin]] (born 1985), Russian ice hockey player
* [[Tatiana Kosintseva]] (born 1986), Russian chess player (GM)
* [[Alex Gilbert (adoption advocate)|Alex Gilbert]] (born 1992), Russian-born New Zealand adoption advocate

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}
{{update|date=February 2024}}
Arkhangelsk is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы Архангельска |url=http://m.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0 |website=m.arhcity.ru |publisher=Arkhangelsk |language=ru |access-date=February 4, 2020 |archive-date=February 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205191442/http://m.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Portland, Maine]], United States (1988)
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Vardø Municipality|Vardø]], Norway (1989)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Emden]], Germany (1989)
<!--Mulhouse - not twinning-->
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Sukhumi]], Georgia (2011)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashdod]], Israel (2012)
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Jermuk]], Armenia (2018)
{{div col end}}

Former twin towns:
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Słupsk]], Poland (1989–2022, terminated as a result of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/slupsk-zakonczyl-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-archangielskiem-i-bialoruskim-grodnem,357482.html |language=pl |title=Słupsk zakończył współpracę z rosyjskim Archangielskiem i białoruskim Grodnem |date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314015149/https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/slupsk-zakonczyl-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-archangielskiem-i-bialoruskim-grodnem,357482.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Tromsø Municipality|Tromsø]], Norway (2011–2022); [https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/tromso-avslutter-vennskapsbyavtale-med-russiske-byer-1.16153548 Norwegian authorities gave 3 reasons for cutting Tromsø's ties with Arkhangelsk]
* {{Flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], Finland (1993–2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Oulun kaupunki lähettää tänään kirjeet Venäjän Arkangeliin ja Kronstadtiin, joissa ilmoitetaan ystävyyskaupunkitoiminnan keskeyttämisestä |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-12338548 |access-date=August 25, 2023 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825094454/https://yle.fi/a/3-12338548 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Kiruna Municipality|Kiruna]], Sweden (1999–2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Kiruna säger upp vänortsavtal med Arkhangelsk |url=https://kiruna.se/arkiv/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/2022-04-04-kiruna-sager-upp-vanortsavtal-med-arkhangelsk.html |access-date=August 25, 2023 |website=kiruna.se |language=sv}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|ark|adm|law}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|ark|mun|list}}

==Further reading==
* Ogorodnikov Stepan. (1890) [http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4561/54897/ Очерк истории города Архангельска в торгово-промышленном отношении] at [[Runivers.ru]] in [[DjVu]] and [[PDF]] formats {{in lang|ru}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

* {{Official website}} {{in lang|ru}} 
* [https://arhangelsk.jsprav.ru/ Directory of organizations in Arkhangelsk] {{in lang|ru}} 
* [http://www.arhmuseum.ru/ Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum of Fine Arts] {{in lang|ru}} 

{{Arkhangelsk Oblast}}
{{Russian North}}
{{Cities of Military Glory}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arkhangelsk| ]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Russia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Russia]]
[[Category:White Sea]]
[[Category:Arctic convoys of World War II]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1584]]
[[Category:Arkhangelsky Uyezd]]