Editing Arion

{{Short description|Legendary musician of ancient Greece}}
{{About|the Greek poet|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Orion (mythology){{!}}Orion}}
[[File:Flute-player_dolphin_Alcesti_Group_MAN.jpg|thumb|A musician riding a dolphin, on a Red-figure stamnos (360–340 BC) from Etruria. In this case the musician is an ''aulete'' rather than a ''kitharode'', as he is playing the flute (''[[aulos]]'') rather than a ''kithara''.]][[File:Arion poet riding a dolphin circa 1514 Dürer.jpg|thumb|''Arion riding a Dolphin'', by [[Albrecht Dürer]] (c. 1514)]][[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Arion on a Sea Horse (1855).jpg|thumb|''Arion on a Sea Horse'', by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]] (1855)]]'''Arion''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|ə|n}}; {{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἀρίων|Ἀρίων]]}}) was a [[kitharode]] in [[ancient Greece]], a [[Dionysus|Dionysiac]] [[poet]] credited with inventing the [[dithyramb]]. The islanders of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]] claimed him as their native son, but Arion found a patron in [[Periander]], [[tyrant]] of [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]]. Although notable for his musical inventions, Arion is chiefly remembered for the fantastic [[myth]] of his kidnapping by pirates and miraculous rescue by [[dolphin]]s, a [[folklore|folktale]] motif.<ref>The dolphin's love of music and of humans was proverbial among Greeks ([[Euripides]], ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]'' 435f; for the folktale motif, see [[Stith Thompson]], ''Motif Index of Folk Literature'' (Bloomington IN) 1955-58) ''s.v.'' B300-B349, and B473, B767.</ref>

== Origins ==
Arion was a native of [[Methymna]] in [[Lesbos]], and, according to some mythological accounts, a son of Cyclon or of [[Poseidon]] and the nymph Oncaea. All traditions about him agree in describing him as a contemporary and friend of [[Periander]], tyrant of Corinth. He appears to have spent a great part of his life at the court of Periander, but respecting his life and his poetical or musical productions, scarcely anything is known beyond the story of his escape from the sailors with whom he sailed from Sicily to Corinth.

== The dithyramb ==
Arion is often called the inventor of the dithyrambic poetry, and of the name dithyramb. As Arthur Wallace writes: "As a literary composition for chorus dithyramb was the creation of Arion of Corinth,"<ref>Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace. 1927. ''Dithyramb Tragedy and Comedy''. Second edition revised by T.B.L. Webster, 1962. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-19-814227-7}}.</ref> His fame was established in antiquity, and [[Herodotus]] says "Arion was second to none of the lyre-players in his time and was also the first man we know of to compose and name the [[dithyramb]] and teach it in Corinth".<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'' 1.23</ref> However, [[John Herbert Sleeman|J. H. Sleeman]] observes of the dithyramb, or circular chorus, "It is first mentioned by [[Archilochus]] (c. 665 BC) ... Arion flourished at least 50 years later ... probably gave it a more artistic form, adding a chorus of 50 people, personating satyrs... who danced around an altar of Dionysus. He was doubtless the first to introduce the dithyramb into Corinth".<ref>J.H. Sleeman, ed. ''Herodotus Book I''.</ref> [[Armand D'Angour]] notes that Arion's contribution to the reform of the dithyramb, which was eventually performed in a circle and called ''kuklios choros'', was recognised by ancient sources by the fact that they named his father ''Kukleus'' ("Circle-man").<ref>'How the Dithyramb got its shape'. ''Classical Quarterly'' 46.2 (1997) 331-351.</ref>

Arion is also associated with the origins of tragedy: of [[Solon]] John the Deacon reports: “Arion of Methymna first introduced the drama [i.e. action] of tragedy, as Solon indicated in his poem entitled ''Elegies''".<ref>Solon, Fragment 30a W, noted in Eric Csapo and Margaret Christina Miller, ''The Origins of Theater in Ancient Greece and beyond: from ritual to drama'', 2007 "Pre-Aristotelian fragments", p. 10.</ref>

==Kidnapping by pirates==
[[File:Boucher, François, Arion on the Dolphin, 1748.jpg|thumb|left|''Arion on the Dolphin'', by [[François Boucher]] (1748) [[Princeton University Art Museum]]]]

According to [[Herodotus]]' account of the [[Lydia]]n empire under the [[List of kings of Lydia#Mermnadae|Mermnads]],<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'' I.23-24.</ref> Arion attended a [[music]]al competition in [[Sicily]], which he won. On his return trip from [[Taranto|Tarentum]], whose [[Taras (mythology)|onomastic founder]] has a similar story, avaricious sailors plotted to kill Arion and steal the rich prizes he carried home. Arion was given the choice of [[suicide]] with a proper burial on land, or being thrown in the sea to perish. He asked for permission to sing a last song to win time.
[[File:Jan Muller, after Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem, Arion on a Dolphin, c.1590, NGA 153993.jpg|alt=Arion sitting on a dolphin having escaped his death. He holds his harp.|thumb|Jan Muller after [[Cornelis van Haarlem]], ''Arion on a Dolphin'' (c. 1590) [[National Gallery of Art]]]]
Playing his [[kithara]], Arion sang a praise to [[Apollo]], the god of poetry, and his song attracted a number of [[Dolphins in mythology|dolphins]] around the ship.  Some argue that the dolphins were sent by Apollo to rescue Arion.<ref>Reading Herodotus: A Guided Tour Through the Wild Boars, Dancing Suitors (Debra Hamel), Dolphins (Jason Skog)</ref> At the end of the song, Arion threw himself into the sea rather than be killed, but one of the dolphins saved his life and carried him to safety at the sanctuary of [[Poseidon]] at [[Cape Matapan|Cape Tainaron]]. When he reached land, being eager for his journey, he failed to return the dolphin to the sea and it perished there. He told his misfortunes to [[Periander]], the Tyrant of Corinth, who ordered the dolphin to be buried, and monument raised to it. Shortly after, word came to Periander that the ship on which Arion had sailed had been brought to Corinth by a storm. He ordered the crew to be led before him, and inquired about Arion, but they replied that he had died and that they had buried him. The tyrant replied: "Tomorrow you will swear to that at the Dolphin's monument." Because of this he ordered them to be kept under guard, and instructed Arion to hide in the dolphin's monument the next morning, attired as he had been when he had thrown himself into the sea. When the tyrant brought the ship's crew to the dolphin's monument and ordered them to swear by the departed spirit of the dolphin that Arion was dead, Arion came out of the monument. In amazement, wondering by what divinity he had been saved, the ship's crew was silent. The tyrant ordered them to be [[Crucifixion|crucified]] at the dolphin's monument. Apollo, because of Arion's skill with the kithara, placed him and the dolphin among the stars.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'', 194</ref> This dolphin was [[Catasterism|catasterised]] as the constellation [[Delphinus]], by the blessing of Apollo.

[[File:Parc de Versailles, Bosquet des Dômes, Arion, Jean-Melchior Raon 01.jpg|thumb|upright|''Arion, playing his [[kithara]] and riding dolphins''. Sculpture by [[Jean Raon]] ({{Interlanguage link multi|Grove of the Domes|fr|3=Bosquet des Dômes}}, [[Gardens of Versailles]])]]

The story as Herodotus tells it was taken up in other literature.<ref>See [[Aulus Gellius]], ''Noctes Atticae'' XVI.19; [[Plutarch]], ''Conv. sept. sap.'' 160-62; see William Roberts, "Classical sources of [[Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant|Saint-Amant]]'s 'L'Arion'", ''French Studies'' '''17'''.4 (1963:341-350).</ref> [[Lucian|Lucian of Samosata]] wittily imagined the dialogue between Poseidon and the very dolphin who bore Arion.<ref>Lucian, ''Dialogi Marini'' 8.</ref>

[[Augustine of Hippo]]<ref>Augustine, ''[[City of God (book)|City of God]]'', i.14.</ref> asserted that pagans "believed in what they read in their own books" and took Arion to be a historical individual. "There is no historicity in this tale", according to Eunice Burr Stebbins,<ref>Stebbins, ''The Dolphin in the Literature and Art of Greece and Rome'', 1929:67.</ref> Arion and the dolphins are given as an example of "a folkloristic motif especially associated with Apollo" by Irad Malkin.<ref>Malkin, ''Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece'', 1987:219.</ref> [[Erasmus]] instanced Arion as one of the traditional poet's topics that sound like ''historia'' rather than ''fabulae'', though he misremembered that Augustine had taken the Arion story to be historical.<ref>Erasmus, ''divus Augustinus historiam estimat'', quoted by Peter G. Bietenholz, ''Historia and Fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the Modern Age'' 1994:155.</ref>

=== Mythological parallels ===
The pirates episode may be seen as a doublet of the fate of [[Melicertes]], where the leap into the sea was that of his mother, Ino, transformed into the "white goddess" [[Leucothea]]. Melicertes was carried more dead than alive to the shores where the [[Isthmian Games]] were celebrated in his honour, as he was transformed to the hero Palaimon, who was placated with a nocturnal chthonic rite, and the whose winners were crowned with a barren wreath of spruce.<ref>Burkert 1983:198f. "To [[Plutarch]] this seemed more a mystery initiation (τελετή) than an athletic and folk festival" (p 197).</ref>

A similar story of told of the founding of [[Taranto|Taras]] in Megale Hellas ([[Magna Graecia]]), modern Taranto, Apulia, Italy. When a son of Poseidon called Taras was shipwrecked, his father rescued him by sending a dolphin which he rode to traverse the sea from the promontory of Taenarum to the south of Italy. Brought ashore, Taras founded the city of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newworldtreasures.com/dolphin.htm|title=Boy On A Dolphin Ancient Greek Coin Jewelry|website=Newworldtreasures.com|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], he was worshiped as a hero who named both the city and the river, Taras after himself.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' 10. 10. 8</ref>

Another parallel is the myth of Dionysus and the sailors, related in the [[Homeric Hymns]]: Tyrrhenian pirates try to lash the god to the mast, but the wood itself starts to sprout and the mast is entwined with ivy (like the god's [[thyrsus]]); the sailors leap into the sea and are transformed into dolphins. This is especially interesting because Arion is credited with the invention of the [[dithyramb]], a dionysiac song form.

===Scholarly interpretations===
In light of the above parallels, [[Walter Burkert]] interprets the story as a significant development in the history of Dionysiac cult: "Released from this gloomy background, the cheerful and liberating legend of the sixth century further developed the image of the dolphin-rider under the colours of the renewed cult of Dionysus.".<ref>Burkert 1983:198f</ref> [[C. M. Bowra]]<ref>Bowra, "Arion and the dolphin", ''MR'' '''20''' (1963:121-34, reprinted in Bowra, ''On Greek Margins'' (1970:164-81).</ref> tied the myth to the period following the expulsion from Corinth of the aristocratic [[Bacchiadae]], who traced their descent from Dionysus: "the cult of the god had to develop new and more democratic forms."<ref>Burkert 1983:201)</ref>

Stewart Flory<ref>Stewart Flory, "Arion's Leap: Brave Gestures in Herodotus" ''The American Journal of Philology'' '''99'''.4 (Winter 1978:411-421).</ref> identified Herodotus' characteristic use of the episode in a historicising context as an example of what Flory calls his "brave gestures", a man faced with death performs with calm dignity some spirited but unnecessary gesture that demonstrates contempt for danger.

== Surviving fragment ==
A fragment of a hymn to Poseidon, quoted by [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] and by him ascribed to Arion, has survived, and is contained in [[Theodor Bergk|Bergk]]'s ''Poetae Lyrici Graeci.''<ref>Aelian, ''De Natura Animalium'' xii. 43.</ref> A poetic translation was made by the English schoolmaster [[Herbert Kynaston]].<ref>Stone, Edward Daniel (1912). [https://archive.org/details/herbertkynastons00kynauoft/page/12/mode/2up ''Herbert Kynaston: A Short Memoir'']. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14.</ref> A more literal prose rendering follows: 
<blockquote>
Chiefest of Gods, sea-lord Poseidon of the trident of gold, earth-shaking king of the swelling{{efn|''or'' teeming}} brine, the beasts that swim dance all about thee with fins, and lightly bound with nimble flingings of the foot, the snub-nosed coarsing hounds of bristling mane, the dolphin-lovers of the Muse, sea-creatures of Nereus' goddess-daughters that he had of Amphitrite, the beasts that bore a wanderer on the Sicilian sea to Taenarum's shore in Pelops' land, ploughing to the untrodden furrow of Nereus' field astride their humpèd back, when crafty men had cast me from out the hollow wave-going ship into the sea-purple billows of the ocean.<ref>Edmonds, John Maxwell (1927). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183399/page/n487/mode/2up ''Lyra Graeca III'']. London: Heinemann. pp. 478–479.</ref>
</blockquote>

==In literature==
{{wikisource|Landon in The Literary Gazette 1822/Arion|Arion, a poem by L. E. L.}}[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s narrative poem ''Arion'' examines and illustrates the story of Arion's return to Greece.<ref> {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=The Improvisatrice, and Other Poems|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8t4GAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA242|section=poem|year=1824|publisher=Hurst, Robinson & Co.}}</ref>

[[Alexander Pushkin]]'s 1827 ''[[: ru : Арион (стихотворение Пушкина)|Arion]]'' poem, where Arion is the sole survivor of a shipwreck after a sea storm and continues to sing the same songs with which he used to delight his shipmates, is thought to be a thinly veiled allusion to his own situation after the [[Decembrist revolt]] of 1825.

[[George Eliot]]'s poem of the same name recounts Arion's murder by pirates ("sailors"), with, however, no mention of him being saved by dolphins.

In [[Amor Towles]]' 2016 novel [[A Gentleman in Moscow]], the Count tells Anna the story of Arion, after tracing freckles that reminded him of a dolphin on her back.

==In Astronomy==
Inspired by the lifeguard dolphin story, the name '''Arion''' was given in 2015 to a possible [[exoplanet]] orbiting the star [[18 Delphini]], which was named Musica at the same time.<ref name=NameExoWorlds-Vote>{{cite web | title=Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Announced | publisher=IAU | url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/ | access-date=2021-01-10 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arion (journal)|''Arion'' (journal)]], named for the poet
* [[Arion (horse)]], also from Greek myth but unrelated to the poet
* [[Taras (mythology)]], founder of the city of Taranto, saved by dolphins after a shipwreck
* [[Melicertes]] (Palaemon), deified son of [[Ino (Greek mythology)|Ino]] ([[Leucothea]]), often depicted mounted on a dolphin
* [[Amphitrite]], wife of [[Poseidon]], carried to him by [[Delphinus]]
* [[Acoetes (Bacchic myth)]], in whose myth the god [[Dionysus]] is kidnapped by pirates but turns the pirates into dolphins instead
* {{section link|Delphi|Myths regarding the origin of the precinct}}, in which [[Apollo]] transforms himself into a dolphin

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=arion-bio-1 "Arion (1)"], William Smith (ed.) ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''. '''3'''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1867.{{PD-notice}}
*[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], ''Homo Necans'' (University of California Press) 1983, III.7 "The Return of the Dolphin" pp 196–204.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Arion (mythology)}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060114023419/http://www.mythome.org/bfchxxv.html Arion in ''Bulfinch's Mythology'']}} A longer version of the myth, synthesized from selected sources.
*[http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=text:arion_poems Fragments on Arion]
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000265 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Arion)]

[[Category:6th-century BC Greek poets]]
[[Category:Cult of Dionysus]]
[[Category:6th-century BC musicians]]