Editing Ariadne

{{short description|Daughter of Minos in Greek mythology}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Ariadne's thread|the class of algorithm|Ariadne's thread (logic)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Ariadne
| image = Dioniso scopre arianna, da casa dei capitelli colorati a pompei, 9278 (cropped).JPG
| alt = 
| caption = Ariadne asleep at [[Hypnos]]'s side. Detail of ancient fresco in [[Pompeii]]
| god_of = 
| abode = [[Crete]], later [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[String (structure)|String]] / [[Thread (yarn)|Thread]], [[Snake|Serpent]], Bull
| consort = [[Dionysus]], [[Theseus]]
| parents = [[Minos]] and [[Pasiphaë]] (or [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]], daughter of [[Asterion (king of Crete)|Asterius]])
| siblings = [[Acacallis (mythology)|Acacallis]], [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], [[Catreus]], [[Deucalion of Crete|Deucalion]], [[Glaucus (son of Minos)|Glaucus]], [[Androgeus]], [[Xenodice (mythology)|Xenodice]]; the [[Minotaur]]
| children = [[Staphylus (son of Dionysus)|Staphylus]], [[Oenopion]], [[Thoas (king of Lemnos)|Thoas]], Peparethus, [[Phanus (mythology)|Phanus]], [[Eurymedon (mythology)|Eurymedon]], [[Phlias]]us, Ceramus, [[Maron (mythology)|Maron]], [[Evanthes]], Latramys, Tauropolis, [[Enyeus]] and Eunous
| mount = 
| Roman_equivalent = Libera
| member_of = 
}}

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Ariadne''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|i|ˈ|æ|d|n|i|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Ariadne.wav}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀριάδνη}}; {{langx|la|Ariadne}}) was a Cretan princess, the daughter of [[Minos|King Minos]] of [[Cretan|Crete]]. There are variations of Ariadne's myth, but she is known for helping [[Theseus]] escape from the [[Minotaur]] and being abandoned by him on the island of [[Naxos]]. There, [[Dionysus]] saw Ariadne sleeping, fell in love with her, and later married her.  Many versions of the myth recount Dionysus throwing Ariadne's jeweled crown into the sky to create a constellation, the [[Corona Borealis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art |date=4 May 2018 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97358-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corona Borealis {{!}} constellation  |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Corona-Borealis |access-date=6 June 2023 |website= britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ariadne is associated with [[maze]]s and [[labyrinth]]s because of her involvement in the myths of Theseus and the Minotaur.

There are also festivals held in Cyprus and Naxos in Ariadne's honor.<ref name= "Plutarch • Life of Theseus">{{Cite web |author= [[Plutarch]] |title= Life of Theseus |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus*.html#p43 |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Greek Festivals — Ariadneia | work= [[Smith's Dictionary]] | year=1875 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Ariadneia.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |via= penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Titian Bacchus and Ariadne.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Bacchus and Ariadne]]'' by [[Titian]]: Dionysus discovers Ariadne on the shore of [[Naxos (island)|Naxos]]. The painting also depicts the [[Corona Borealis|constellation named after Ariadne]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Arthur |last2=Plesters |first2=Joyce |date=1978 |title=Titian's 'Bacchus and Ariadne' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42616250 |journal=National Gallery Technical Bulletin |volume=2 |pages=25–47 |jstor=42616250 |issn=0140-7430}}</ref>|left]]Greek [[lexicography|lexicographers]] in the [[Hellenistic period]] claimed that ''Ariadne'' is derived from the [[Doric Greek|ancient Cretan dialectical]] elements ''ari'' (ἀρι-) "most" (which is an intensive prefix) and ''adnós'' (ἀδνός) "holy".{{sfn|Hanks|Hodges|1997|page=15}} Conversely, [[Stylianos Alexiou]] has argued that despite the belief being that Ariadne's name is of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] origin, it is actually [[Pre-Greek substrate|pre-Greek]].{{sfn|Alexiou|1969|page=72}}

Linguist [[Robert S. P. Beekes]] has also supported Ariadne having a pre-Greek origin; specifically being [[Minoan language|Minoan]] from Crete because her name includes the sequence ''dn'' (δν),  rare in Indo-European languages and an indication that it is a Minoan [[loanword]].<ref>Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010). ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek''. Volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010. p. 130. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17420-7}}.</ref>

==Family==
Ariadne was the daughter of [[Minos]], the King of [[Crete]]<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'', 11.320; Hesiod, ''Theogony'', 947; and later authors.</ref> and son of [[Zeus]], and of [[Pasiphaë]], Minos' queen and daughter of [[Helios]].<ref>Pasiphaë is mentioned as mother of Ariadne in [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]]'', --therefore making Ariadne a granddaughter of Helios, the titan of the sun. 3.1.2 (Pasiphaë, daughter of the Sun); Apollonius, ''[[Argonautica]]'', 3.997; and Hyginus, ''[[Fabulae]]'', 224.</ref> Others denominated her mother [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]], daughter of [[Asterion (king of Crete)|Asterius]], the king of Crete and husband of [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]].

Ariadne was the sister of [[Acacallis (mythology)|Acacallis]], [[Androgeus (son of Minos)|Androgeus]], [[Deucalion (Cretan)|Deucalion]], [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], [[Glaucus (son of Minos)|Glaucus]], [[Xenodice (mythology)|Xenodice]], and [[Catreus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.1.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.1.2].</ref> Through her mother, Pasiphaë, she was also the half-sister of the [[Minotaur]] (who was known in Crete as Asterion).<ref name= "TheCollector-2021">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Rewriting Ariadne: What Is Her Myth? |url=https://www.thecollector.com/ariadne-and-theseus-myth/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=TheCollector.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ariadne married [[Dionysus]] and became the mother of [[Oenopion]], the personification of wine, [[Staphylus (son of Dionysus)|Staphylus]], who was associated with grapes, as well as [[Thoas (king of Lemnos)|Thoas]], [[Peparethus (mythology)|Peparethus]], [[Eurymedon (mythology)|Eurymedon]], [[Phlias]]us, [[Ceramus (mythology)|Ceramus]], [[Maron (mythology)|Maron]], [[Evanthes|Euanthes]], [[Latromis|Latramys]], and [[Tauropolis]].{{efn|Euanthes, Latramys, and Tauropolis are only mentioned in [[scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]]<ref>''Argonautica'', 3. 997</ref> [[Enyeus]], scholia on [[Homer]]<ref>''[[Iliad]]'', 9.668</ref> and [[Eunous]].<ref>[[Theophilus of Antioch]], ''To Autolycus'' 7</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;
|+<big>Ariadne's family</big>
! rowspan="3" |Relation
! rowspan="3" |Names
! colspan="14" |Sources
|-
! colspan="2" |Homer
!Hesiod
! colspan="2" |Apollon.
! rowspan="2" |Diod.
! colspan="2" |Ovid
! rowspan="2" |Apollod.
!Plutarch
!Hyginus
! rowspan="2" |Pausa
! rowspan="2" |Quin.
!Theophilus
|-
|''Ody.''
|''Sch. Ili.''
|''[[Catalogue of Women|Ehoiai]]''
|''Arg.''
|''Sch.''
|''Her.''
|''Met.''
|''Theseus''
|''Fabulae''
|''Autolycus''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Parentage''
|Minos
|✓
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|Minos & Pasiphae
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| rowspan="2" |''Consort''
|Dionysus
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|✓
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|✓
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|✓
|✓ or
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|✓
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|Theseus
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| rowspan="14" |''Children''
|Enyeus
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|Thoas
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|Oenopion
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|Staphylus
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|Latromis
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|Euanthes
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|Tauropolis
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|Peparethus
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|Phliasus
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|Eurymedon
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|Ceramus
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|Maron
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|Eunous
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|}

==Mythology==
[[File:Bacchus and Ariadne LACMA M.79.63.jpg|thumb|''Bacchus and Ariadne'', [[Guido Reni]], {{circa|1620}}|282x282px]]

Minos put Ariadne in charge of the [[labyrinth]] where sacrifices were made as part of reparations either to [[Poseidon]] or [[Athena]], depending on the version of the myth; later, she helped [[Theseus]] conquer the [[Minotaur]] and save the children from sacrifice. In other narrations she was the bride of [[Dionysus]], her status as mortal or divine varying in those accounts.<ref>In creating a "biography" for a historicized Ariadne, Theseus' having abandoned her on Naxos explains her presence there; in assembling a set of biographical narrative episodes, this would have had to be placed ''after'' her abduction from Knossos. In keeping with the office of Minos as King of Crete, Ariadne came to bear the late title of "Princess". The culmination of this rationalization is the realistic historicizing fiction of [[Mary Renault]], ''The Bull from the Sea'' (1962).</ref><ref>Fiana Sidhe, [http://www.matrifocus.com/BEL02/spotlight.htm "Goddess Ariadne in the Spotlight"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220951/http://www.matrifocus.com/BEL02/spotlight.htm|date=10 September 2017}}, ''[[MatriFocus]]'', 2002.</ref>

===Minos and Theseus===
Because [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] myths were orally transmitted, like other myths, that of Ariadne has many variations. According to an Athenian version, [[Minos]] attacked [[Athens]] after his son, [[Androgeus (son of Minos)|Androgeus]], was killed there. The Athenians asked for terms and were required to sacrifice [[Sacrificial victims of Minotaur|7 young men and 7 maidens]] to the [[Minotaur]] every 1, 7 or 9 years (depending on the source).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minotaur {{!}} Definition, Story, Labyrinth, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Minotaur |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> One year, the sacrificial party included [[Theseus]], the son of King [[Aegeus]], who volunteered in order to kill the [[Minotaur]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Tim |date=1999 |title=Lamenting Ariadne? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3128655 |journal=Early Music |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=395–405 |doi=10.1093/earlyj/XXVII.3.395 |jstor=3128655 |issn=0306-1078}}</ref> At first sight, Ariadne fell in love with him and provided him a sword and ball of thread (ο Μίτος της Αριάδνης, "Ariadne's string") so that he could retrace his way out of the labyrinth of the Minotaur.<ref name="TheCollector-2021"/>

[[File:The Abandoned Ariadne, ancient fresco from Pompeii, National Archaeological Museum.jpg|thumb|250px|The abandoned Ariadne, ancient fresco from [[Pompeii]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples]]]]

Ariadne betrayed her father and her country for her lover Theseus. She eloped with [[Theseus]] after he killed the [[Minotaur]], yet according to [[Homer]] in the ''[[Odyssey]]'' "he had no joy of her, for ere that, [[Artemis]] slew her in seagirt Dia because of the witness of [[Dionysus]]". The phrase "seagirt Dia" refers to the uninhabited island of Dia, which lies off the northern coast of the Greek island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Dia may have referred to the island of [[Naxos]].

Most accounts claim that Theseus abandoned Ariadne on [[Naxos]], and in some versions [[Perseus]] mortally wounds her. According to some, [[Dionysus]] claimed Ariadne as wife, therefore causing Theseus to abandon her.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu">{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book V Chapters 47‑84 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/diodorus_siculus/5d*.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Homer does not elaborate on the nature of Dionysus' accusation, yet the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' speculated that she was already married to him when she eloped with Theseus. According to Plutarch, Paion the Amathusian recounted Theseus accidentally abandoned Ariadne only to come back when it was too late.<ref name="TheCollector-2021"/>

=== Naxos ===
[[File:Ariadne_abandoned_on_Naxos_House_of_the_Greek_Epigrams_Pompeii_Plate_IX_by_Geremia_Discanno_02.jpg|thumb|A Greek Epigrams Pompeii Plate by Geremia Discanno depicting Ariadne abandoned on the island Naxos]]
In [[Hesiod]] and in most other versions, [[Theseus]] abandoned Ariadne sleeping on [[Naxos, Greece|Naxos]], and [[Dionysus]] rediscovered and wedded her. In a few versions of the myth,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], 4.61 and 5.51; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], 1.20, § 2, 9.40, § 2, and 10.29, § 2.</ref> [[Dionysus]] appeared to [[Theseus]] as they sailed from [[Crete]], saying that he had chosen Ariadne as his wife and demanding that Theseus leave her on [[Naxos (island)|Naxos]] for him; this had the effect of absolving the Athenian cultural hero of desertion.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu"/> The vase painters of [[Athens]] often depicted [[Athena]] leading Theseus from the sleeping Ariadne to his ship.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Ariadne bore [[Dionysus]] famous children, including Oenopion, Staphylus, and [[Thoas (king of Lemnos)|Thoas]]. Dionysus set her wedding [[diadem]] in the heavens as the constellation [[Corona Borealis]]. Ariadne was faithful to Dionysus. In one version of her myth, [[Perseus]] killed her at [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] by turning her to stone with the head of [[Medusa]] during Perseus' war with Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'', 47.665</ref> The ''[[Odyssey]]'' relates that Theseus took Ariadne away from Crete only for [[Artemis]] to kill her in Dia (usually identified with Naxos) on Dionysus' witness.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 11.321–25</ref> An ancient scholiast wrote that Ariadne and Theseus had sex on a sacred grove, and an angry Dionysus revealed that to Artemis, who proceeded to punish Ariadne with death.<ref>Scholia on the ''Odyssey'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=bys-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA507 11.325]</ref>

According to [[Plutarch]], one version of the myth tells that Ariadne hanged herself after being abandoned by Theseus.<ref>Plutarch, ''Theseus'', 20.1</ref> Dionysus then went to Hades, and brought her and his mother [[Semele]] to [[Mount Olympus]], where they were deified.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ariadne |first1= greekmythology.com |title= greekmythology.com |url= https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Ariadne/ariadne.html#:~:text=Ariadne%20was%20the%20daughter%20of,of%20Theseus%20and%20the%20Minotaur. |website=greekmythology.com}}</ref>

Some scholars have posited, because of Ariadne's associations with thread-spinning and winding, that she was a [[Weaving (mythology)|weaving goddess]],<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Berg
 |first1               = Nicole M.
 |year                 = 2020
 |chapter              = Inserting Sources in ''Spartacus''
 |title                = Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=U3D0DwAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = Jefferson, North Carolina
 |publisher            = McFarland
 |page                 = 207
 |isbn                 = 9781476680491
 |access-date          = 12 February 2023
|quote                = In the movie, Bacchus himself is reclining in the arms of Ariadne (the weaving goddess) [...].
}} 
</ref>
like [[Arachne]], and support this theory with the [[mytheme]] of the Hanged Nymph<ref>
{{cite book
 |editor-last1         = Wedeck
 |editor-first1        = Harry E. |editor-link=Harry E. Wedeck
 |translator-last1     = Elton
 |translator-first1    = C. A.
 |translator-link1     = Charles Abraham Elton
 |year                 = 1963
 |chapter              = Tibullus
 |title                = Classics of Roman Literature
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=nHivCwAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = Lanham, Maryland
 |publisher            = Rowman & Littlefield
 |pages                 = 121–122
 |isbn                 = 9781442233812
 |access-date          = 12 February 2023
|quote                = <br>Know, father Bacchus hates the mournful lay.<br>So thou, O Cretan maid! didst once deplore<br>A perjured tongue, left lonely on the shore,<br>As skill'd Catullus tells, who paints in song<br>The ingrate Theseus, Ariadne's wrong.<br>Take warning, Youths! oh blest! whoe'er shall know<br>The art to profit by another's woe.<br>Let not the hanging nymph's embrace deceive,<br>Nor protestations of base tongues believe [...].
}} 
<br><br>
Compare an alternative translation of the equivalent passage from  Tibullus' Sixth Elegy by [[Theodore Chickering Williams]]:
<br><br>
  "Delightful Bacchus at his mystery
<br>    Forbids these words of woe.
<br>
<br>  Once, by the wave, lone Ariadne pale,
 <br>   Abandoned of false Theseus, weeping stood:—
<br>  Our wise Catullus tells the doleful tale
<br>    Of love's ingratitude.
<br>
<br>  Take warning friends! How fortunate is he,
<br>    Who learns of others' loss his own to shun!
<br>  Trust not caressing arms and sighs, nor be
<br>    By flatteries undone!"
<br><br>
([https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/9610/pg9610-images.html The Elegies of Tibullus])
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Larson
 |first1               = Jennifer Lynn
 |year                 = 1995
 |chapter              = The Wrongful Death of the Heroine
 |title                = Greek Heroine Cults
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=fasGIzLTlBEC
 |series               = Wisconsin studies in classics
 |publication-place    = Madison
 |publisher            = University of Wisconsin Press
 |page                 = 141
 |isbn                 = 9780299143701
 |access-date          = 12 February 2023
|quote                = The motif of the hanged goddess or heroine is quite widespread. [...] the thread running through most of these stories is that they involve heroines who die a wrongful death. The same [[Etiology|aetion]] is used all over the Greek world to explain hanging or swinging rituals. Hanging is a particularly feminine form of death in the Greek mind [...].
}} 
</ref>
(see [[weaving (mythology)|weaving in mythology]]).{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==As a goddess==
[[File:Las Incantadas Louvre Ma1392 side B.jpg|thumb|left|Ariadne of [[Las Incantadas]] from the agora of [[Thessalonica]], 2nd century, [[Louvre]].]]

[[Karl Kerenyi]] and [[Robert Graves]] theorized that Ariadne, whose name they thought derived from [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]]' enumeration of "Άδνον", a Cretan-Greek form of "''arihagne''" ("utterly pure"), was a [[Mother goddess|Great Goddess]] of [[Crete]], "the first divine personage of Greek mythology to be immediately recognized in Crete",<ref>{{Citation | last = Kerenyi | title = Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life | year = 1976 | page = 89}}.</ref> once archaeological investigation began. Kerenyi observed that her name was merely an [[epithet]] and claimed that she was originally the "Mistress of the [[Labyrinth]]", both a winding dancing ground and, in the Greek opinion, a prison with the dreaded [[Minotaur]] in its centre. Kerenyi explained that a [[Linear B]] inscription from [[Knossos]] "to all the gods, honey… [,] to the mistress of the labyrinth honey" in equal amounts, implied to him that the Mistress of the Labyrinth was a Great Goddess in her own right.{{Sfn | Kerenyi | 1976 | p = 90f}}  Professor Barry Powell suggested that she was the [[Snake Goddess]] of Minoan Crete.<ref>Barry B. Powell, ''Classical Myth'', 2nd ed., with new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe, Upper Saddle River, [[New Jersey|NJ]], USA, Prentice-Hall, 1998, p. 368.</ref>

[[File:Dionysos Ariadne BM 311.jpg|thumb|Ariadne as the [[Spouse|consort]] of [[Dionysus]]: bronze appliqué from [[Chalki]], [[Rhodes]], late fourth century BCE, in the [[British Museum]].]]

[[Plutarch]], in his Life of [[Theseus]], which treats him as a historical person, reported that in contemporary [[Naxos]] was an earthly Ariadne, who was distinct from a divine one:
{{blockquote | Some of the Naxians also have a story of their own, that there were two Minoses and two Ariadnes, one of whom, they say, was married to Dionysos in Naxos and bore him Staphylos and his brother, and the other, of a later time, having been carried off by Theseus and then abandoned by him, came to Naxos, accompanied by a nurse named Korkyne, whose tomb they show; and that this Ariadne also died there.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Theseus'', xx.5</ref>}}

In a [[Kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]] by the painter Aison ({{Circa|425|410 BC}}),{{Efn | The kylix is conserved at the [[National Archaeological Museum of Spain]], Madrid; see [[:File:Kylix Theseus Aison MNA Inv11365 n1.jpg|image]].}} [[Theseus]] drags the [[Minotaur]] from a temple-like labyrinth, yet the goddess who attends him in this Attic representation is [[Athena]].

[[File:Sleeping Ariadne 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vatican Museums|Vatican]] ''[[Sleeping Ariadne]]'', long erroneously identified as ''Cleopatra'', a Roman marble in late Hellenistic style]]

An ancient cult of [[Aphrodite]]-Ariadne was observed at [[Amathus]], [[Cyprus]], according to the obscure [[Hellenistic]] mythographer [[Paeon of Amathus]]; his works are lost, but his narrative is among the sources that [[Plutarch]] cited in his ''[[Biography|vita]]'' of [[Theseus]] (20.3–5). According to the myth that was current at Amathus, the second most important Cypriot cult centre of Aphrodite, Theseus' ship was swept off course and the pregnant and suffering Ariadne put ashore in the storm. Theseus, attempting to secure the ship, was inadvertently swept out to sea, thus being absolved of abandoning Ariadne. The Cypriot women cared for Ariadne, who died in childbirth and was memorialized in a shrine. Theseus, overcome with grief upon his return, left money for sacrifices to Ariadne and ordered two [[cult image]]s, one of silver and one of bronze, erected.

At the observation in her honour on the second day of the month [[wikt:Γορπιαῖος|Gorpiaeus]], a young man lay on the ground and vicariously experienced the throes of labour. The [[sacred grove]] in which the shrine was located was denominated the "Grove of Aphrodite-Ariadne".<ref>Edmund P. Cueva, "Plutarch's Ariadne in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe", ''American Journal of Philology'', 117.3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 473–84.</ref> According to Cypriot legend, Ariadne's tomb was located within the ''temenos'' of the sanctuary of Aphrodite-Ariadne.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology|last= Breitenberger|first=Barbara|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|location= New York, NY|pages=32}}</ref> The primitive nature of the cult at Amathus in this narrative appears to be much older than the Athenian sanctioned shrine of Aphrodite, who at Amathus received "Ariadne" (derived from "''hagne''", "sacred") as an [[epithet]].{{citation needed|date = April 2021}}

===Libera===
The [[ancient Rome|Roman]] author [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] identified Ariadne as the Roman [[Libera (mythology)|Libera]], bride to [[Liber]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=T. P. |year=1988 |title=Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0075435800014040/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |language=en |volume=78 |page=7 n54 |doi=10.2307/301447 |jstor=301447 |s2cid=161849654 |issn=0075-4358}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hyginus |url=https://lateinlex.de/?call=Puc&permalink=Hyg_fab_224 |title=Fabulae |at=224 |language=la |quote="Qui facti sunt ex mortalibus immortales ... Ariadnen Liber pater Liberam appellavit, Minois et Pasiphaes filiam;"}}</ref>

==Festivals==
{{Unsourced section|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Cratère de Derveni 0030.jpg|thumb|Ariadne on the [[Derveni krater]].]]

[[Ariadneia]] (ἀριάδνεια) festivals honored Ariadne and were held in [[Naxos]] and [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Greek Festivals — Ariadneia (Smith's Dictionary, 1875) |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Ariadneia.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> According to [[Plutarch]], some Naxians believed there were two Ariadnes, one of which died on the island of Naxos after being abandoned by Theseus. The Ariadneia festival honors Naxos as the place of her death with sacrifices and mourning.<ref name="Plutarch • Life of Theseus"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Greek Festivals — Ariadneia (Smith's Dictionary, 1875) |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Ariadneia.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> [[Paeon of Amathus|Paeon]], as stated by Plutarch, attributes the Ariadneia festival in Cyprus to Theseus, who left money to the island so sacrifices could be made to commemorate Ariadne. Sacrifices were held in the grove of Ariadne Aphrodite, where Ariadne's tomb resided. During these sacrifices, a young man shall lie down and mimic a woman in labour by crying out and gesturing on the second day of the month, [[wiktionary:Γορπιαῖος|Gorpiaeus]]. One silver and one bronze statuette were also constructed in her honor.

==In Etruscan culture==<!--Areatha redirects here-->
Ariadne, in [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ''Areatha'', is paired with [[Dionysus]], in Etruscan "[[Fufluns]]", on Etruscan engraved [[bronze mirror]] backs, where the Athenian cultural hero [[Theseus]] is absent, and [[Semele]], in Etruscan "[[Semla (mythology)|Semla]]", as mother of Dionysus, may accompany the pair,<ref>For example on the mirror engraving reproduced in [[Larissa Bonfante]] and [[Judith Swaddling]], ''Etruscan Myths'', ''The Legendary Past'' series, University of Texas/British Museum, 2006, fig. 25, p. 41.</ref> lending an especially Etruscan air<ref>"The married couple is ubiquitous in Etruscan art. It is appropriate to the social situation of the Etruscan aristocracy, in which the wife's family played as important a role in the family's genealogy as that of the husband." (Bonfante and Swaddling, 2006, 51f.).</ref> of familial authority.

==Reference in post-classical culture==
{{In popular culture|date=December 2017}}
[[File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805) - Ariadne - P421 - The Wallace Collection.jpg|thumb|''[[Ariadne (painting)|Ariadne]]'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]], 1804]]
===Non-musical works===
* ''Ariadne: A Tragedy in Five Acts'', a play by [[Thomas Corneille]].
* In [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s poem {{ws|[[s:Landon in The New Monthly 1825/Ariadne|"Ariadne"]]}} from ''Ideal Likenesses'' (1825), she sees her as "a lesson how inconstancy should be repaid again by like inconstancy".<ref>{{cite journal |last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth| title= Moore's Life of Sheridan| journal= The New Monthly Magazine |year=1825 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=0DUaAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA484|page=485| location=Ideal Likenesses| publisher=Henry Colburn}}</ref> She returned to the subject of Ariadne in 1838 with her {{ws|[[s:Landon in The New Monthly 1838/Ariadne watching the Sea after the Departure of Theseus|"Ariadne watching the Sea after the Departure of Theseus"]]}}:<ref>{{cite journal |last = Landon| first=Letitia Elizabeth| title= Subjects for Pictures | journal= The New Monthly Magazine| year= 1838| volume= 52| url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=yygaAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA78|page= 79| format=poem| publisher=Henry Colburn}}</ref> one of her ''Subjects for Pictures''.
* [[Johann Heinrich von Dannecker]]'s marble sculpture ''Ariadne on the Panther'' (1814), was well known in 19th-century Germany.
* The narrative of Ariadne is a theme throughout the second volume of [[George Eliot]]'s novel ''[[Romola]]''.
* "[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]", a poem by [[Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg]]
* "Ariadne", a story by [[Anton Chekhov]]
* "Klage der Ariadne", a poem by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* Metaphysical painter [[Giorgio de Chirico]] painted eight works with a classical statue of Ariadne as a prop.
* ''[[Ariadne (play)|Ariadne]]'' (1924), a play by [[A. A. Milne]]
* [[Ariadne (poem)|''Ariadne'']] (1932), an epic poem by [[F. L. Lucas]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Ariadne {{!}} English literature 1830–1900 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/literature/english-literature-1830-1900/ariadne,%20https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/literature/english-literature-1830-1900|access-date=15 December 2020|website= Cambridge.org| publisher= Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref>

===Musical works===
* [[Richard Strauss]]'s [[List of important operas|standard repertory]] opera ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]'' of 1912 was preceded by a ''[[L'Arianna]]'' each by [[Claudio Monteverdi]] in 1608, and [[Carlo Agostino Badia]] in 1702; ''Ariadne'' by German composer [[Johann Georg Conradi]] in 1691; ''Arianna'' in ca. 1727 by [[Benedetto Marcello]]; ''Arianna e Teseo'' (1727) and ''[[Arianna in Nasso (Porpora)|Arianna in Nasso]]'' (1733) by [[Nicola Porpora]]; ''[[Arianna in Creta]]'' (1734) by [[George Frideric Handel]]; and by non-operatic ''Ariadne auf Naxos'' works including a cantata based on the [[Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg]] poem, [[Georg Benda|Jiri Antonin Benda]]'s 1775 melodrama ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos (Benda)|Ariadne auf Naxos]]'', and [[Joseph Haydn]]'s 1790 cantata ''Arianna a Naxos''.
* [[Albert Roussel]]'s 1931 ballet score ''[[Bacchus and Ariadne (ballet)|Bacchus and Ariadne]]''

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Alexiou |first1=Stylianos |author-link1=Stylianos Alexiou |translator-last=Ridley |translator-first=Cressida |title=Minoan Civilization |date=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/AlexiouStylianosMinoanCivilization |access-date=8 May 2020 |edition=6th revised |location=[[Heraklion]], [[Greece]] }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Hodges |first2=Flavia |author-link1=Patrick Hanks |title=A Concise Dictionary of First Names |date=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00hank |access-date=8 May 2020 |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York City, United States |isbn=978-0198662594}}
* {{cite book |author1=Henry Liddell |author-link1=Henry Liddell |author2=Robert Scott |author-link2=Robert Scott (philologist)  |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Henry Stuart |editor1-link=Henry Stuart Jones |title=[[A Greek–English Lexicon]] |date=1940 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press#Clarendon Press|Clarendon Press]] }}
* [[Karl Kerenyi|Kerenyi, Karl]]. ''Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life'', part I.iii "The Cretan core of the Dionysos myth" Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
* Peck, Harry Thurston. ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (1898).
* Ruck, Carl A. P. and Danny Staples. ''The World of Classical Myth.'' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1994.
* [[Roland Barthes|Barthes, Roland]], "Camera Lucida". Barthes quotes Nietzsche, "A labyrinthine man never seeks the truth, but only his Ariadne," using Ariadne in reference to his mother, who had recently died.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ariadne}}
* [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Ariadne.html Theoi Project – Ariadne] Assembles Greek and Latin quotations concerning Ariadne, in translation.
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000350 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Ariadne)]

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Metamorphoses in Greco-Roman mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ariadne| ]]
[[Category:Cretan women]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Princesses in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Deeds of Artemis]]
[[Category:Mythology of Dionysus]]
[[Category:Theseus]]
[[Category:Textiles in folklore]]
[[Category:Olympian deities]]
[[Category:Mythological Cretans]]
[[Category:Consorts of Dionysus]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into inanimate objects in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Cypriot mythology]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]