Editing Argiope (spider)

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Neogene|present}}
| taxon = Argiope
| image = Orb weaver spider (Argiope flavipalpis) female on web Nyamebe Bepo.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Argiope flavipalpis|A. flavipalpis]]'' on web with [[Web decoration|stabilimentum]]<br>in [[Ghana]]
| authority = [[Jean Victoire Audouin|Audouin]], 1826<ref name=NMBE/>
| type_species = ''[[Argiope lobata|Aranea lobata]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1772<ref name=NMBE/>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 88, [[#Species|see text]].
| synonyms = *''Austrargiope''
*''Brachygea''
*''Chaetargiope''
*''Coganargiope''
*''Heterargiope''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE />
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Argiope''''' includes rather large [[spider]]s that often have a strikingly coloured [[abdomen]].  These spiders are distributed throughout the world.  Most countries in tropical or temperate climates host one or more species that are similar in appearance.  The etymology of ''Argiope'' is from a Latin word ''[[argentum]]'' meaning silver.<ref name=Field>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |date=2017 |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |location=Clayton South, Vic. |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |page=80 |isbn=9780643107076}}</ref> The [[Glossary of spider terms#carapace|carapace]] of ''Argiope'' species is typically covered in silvery hairs, and when crawling in the sun, they reflect it in a way that gives them a metallic, white appearance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=George |title=Argiope aurantia |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Argiope_aurantia/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
As with most orb weavers, they have a third claw which is used to weave their complex webs. There is significant sexual dimorphism among the various species, with females measuring 19mm-28mm (0.75”-1.1”) and males coming in at 5mm-9mm (0.20”-0.35”).<ref name=":0" /> Their [[#Web|webs]] can be quite large, usually containing a signature zig-zag pattern, called a  [[stabilimentum]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=In Your Face Spiders and Other Orb Weavers |url=https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1686 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=bygl.osu.edu |language=en}}</ref> They sport black and yellow patterning on their abdomen, and occasionally on their legs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argiope spp. |url=https://extensionentomology.tamu.edu/insect_scientific_name/argiope-spp/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=extensionentomology.tamu.edu}}</ref> although most species have black legs with red or yellow patterning closer to the body. Their cephalothorax is covered with short silver hairs, and they have an egg-shaped abdomen.<ref name=":0" />

==Common names==
[[File:Argiope sp.jpg|thumb|''Argiope'' sp. blending in to elaborate stabilimentum in [[Tanzania]]]]

[[File:Writing Spider catches butterfly.jpg|thumb|upright|Writing spider eating a [[swallowtail butterfly]] in [[Holly Springs, North Carolina]]]]

[[File:Argiope-IndependenceMO.jpg|thumb|upright|An argiope's web with stabilimentum in [[Independence, Missouri]]]]

[[File:Argiope and milkweedBug.webm|thumb|thumbtime=5|The [[Argiope trifasciata|banded orb weaving spider]] wraps up a [[Oncopeltus fasciatus|large milkweed bug]] and subsequently cuts it from its web. This illustrates the protection the bug gained from feeding on [[Asclepias|milkweed]].]]

''[[Argiope bruennichi]]'' is commonly known as the '''wasp spider'''.  In [[Australia]], ''[[Argiope keyserlingi]]'' and ''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' are known as '''St Andrew's cross spiders''', for their habit of resting in the [[spider web|web]] with paired legs outstretched in the shape of an X and mirroring the large white web decoration (the [[Saltire|cross of St. Andrew]]<ref name=Field/> having the same form).  This white zigzag in the centre of its web is called the ''[[Web decorations|stabilimentum]]'' or web decoration.<ref name=Field />

In North America, ''[[Argiope aurantia]]'' is commonly known as the '''black and yellow garden spider''', '''zipper spider''', '''corn spider''', or '''writing spider''', because of the similarity of the web stabilimenta to writing.

The [[East Asia]]n species ''Argiope amoena'' is known in [[Japan]] as ''kogane-gumo''.  In the [[Philippines]], they are known as ''gagambang ekis'' ("X spider"), and ''gagambang pari'' ("priest spider", due to the spider's body resembling a priest's head with a [[mitre]]).

==Web==
The average orb web is practically invisible, and it is easy to blunder into one and end up covered with a sticky web.  The visible pattern of banded [[Spider silk|silk]] made by ''Argiope'' is pure white, and some species make an "X" form, or a zigzag type of web (often with a hollow centre).  The spider then aligns one pair of its legs with each of the four lines in the hollow "X", making a complete "X" of white lines with a very eye-catching spider forming its centre.

The zigzag patterns, called stabilimenta, reflect [[UV light]].<ref name=Field/>  They have been shown to play a role in attracting prey to the web, and possibly in preventing its destruction by large animals.  The centres of their large webs are often just under 1 metre above the ground, so they are too low for anything much larger than a rabbit to walk under. The overtness of the spider and its web thus has been speculated to prevent larger creatures from accidentally destroying the web and possibly crushing the spider underfoot.

Other studies suggest that the stabilimenta may actually lead predators to the spider; species such as ''A. keyserlingi'' place their web predominantly in closed, complex habitats such as among [[Cyperaceae|sedges]].

As ''Argiope'' sit in the centre of their web during the day, they have developed several responses to predators, such as dropping off the web, retreating to the periphery of the web, or even rapidly pumping the web in bursts of up to 30 seconds, similar to the motion done by the unrelated ''[[Pholcus phalangioides]]''.{{sfnp|Blamires|Hochuli|Thompson|2007}}

<gallery widths="220" heights="165">
File:Florida Argiope - Argiope florida, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, Florida - 01.jpg|''[[Argiope florida]]''
File:Writing Spider.jpg|Writing spider on stabilimentum in [[Iowa]]
File:Silver argiope (Argiope argentata).jpg|Silver argiope (''[[Argiope argentata]]'') in [[Jamaica]]
File:Writing Spider Argiope.jpg|Writing spider in [[South Carolina]]
File:Argiope keyserlingi 5367.jpg|St Andrew's cross spider (''[[Argiope keyserlingi]]''), [[Australia]]
File:Spider DNS SC.jpg|alt=Argiope in Goose Creek, SC.|''Argiope'' sp. spider Found in [[Goose Creek, South Carolina]] in October of 2019.
Argiope reinwardti, Kawah Putih, Bandung 2014-08-21 02.jpg|''Argiope reinwardti'' founded in [[Kawah Putih]], Indonesia
</gallery>

==Reproduction==
The male spider is much smaller than the female,<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.arachne.org.au/_dbase_upl/the_orbweavers_argiope_levi.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.arachne.org.au/_dbase_upl/the_orbweavers_argiope_levi.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live
|title=The orb-weaver genera ''Argiope'', ''Gea'', and ''Neogea'' from the western Pacific region (Araneae: Araneidae, Argiopinae) |last1=Levi |first1=Herbert W. |date=1983 |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=150 |issue=5 |pages=247–338 [253] }}</ref> and unassumingly marked.  When it is time to mate, the male spins a companion web alongside the female's.  After mating, the female lays her eggs, placing her [[egg sac]] into the web. The sac contains between 400 and 1400 eggs.

These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings [[overwinter]] in the sac and emerge during the spring.  The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of [[insect]]s have been observed to [[parasitise]] the egg sacs.

==Bite==
Like almost all other spiders, ''Argiope'' are harmless to humans.  As is the case with most garden spiders, they eat [[insect]]s, and they are capable of consuming [[prey]] up to twice their size.  ''A. savigny'' was even reported to occasionally feed on the small [[bat]] ''[[Rhynchonycteris naso]]''.{{sfnp|Timm|Losilla|2007}}

They can potentially bite if grabbed, but other than for defense, they do not attack large animals.  Their [[venom]] is not regarded as a serious medical problem for humans; it often contains a wide variety of [[polyamine]] toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents.<ref name=StroMell04/> Notable among these is the [[argiotoxin]] ArgTX-636 (''A. lobata'').

A bite by the [[Argiope aurantia|black and yellow garden spider]] (''Argiope aurantia'') is comparable to a bee sting, with redness and swelling.  For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue.<ref name=HawkTamu/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orkin.com/other/spiders/garden-spiders |title=Garden Spiders: Facts, Identification & Control |website=orkin.com |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://owlcation.com/stem/Yellow-Garden-Spider |title=The Yellow Garden Spider (Argiope Aurantia) |website=owlcation.com |last=Spencer |first=Jill |date=2018-10-29 |access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref>

Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, those with compromised immune systems, or those with known venom allergies should exercise caution, just as one would around a beehive.<ref name=HawkTamu/>

==Taxonomy==
The first description of the genus ''Argiope'' is attributed to [[Jean Victoire Audouin]] in 1826,<ref name=NMBE/> although he wrote that the genus was established by [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]].{{sfnp|Audouin|1826|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41330143 121]}} In the first edition of the work in which the description appeared (''[[Description de l'Égypte]]: Histoire Naturelle''), Audouin used the spelling "Argyope", for both the French vernacular name and the Latin generic name.{{sfnp|Audouin|1826|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41330143 121]}} In the second edition, he continued to use "Argyope" for the French vernacular name, but the first mention of the Latin generic name had the spelling "''Argiope''", although the binomial names of the species continued to use "''Argyope''".{{sfnp|Audouin|1827|p=[https://archive.org/details/descriptiondelg02pancgoog/page/n239 328]}} This led to controversy as to whether Audouin had intended to correct the spelling of the generic name, which is derived from the Greek αργιόπη. In 1975, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] validated the spelling "''Argiope''", on the basis that the change from the first to the second edition was an intended correction.<ref name=Melv75/><ref name=Levi04/>

===Species===
{{as of|2019|04}}, ''Argiope'' contains 88 species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite web| title=Gen. ''Argiope'' Audouin, 1826| website=World Spider Catalog| access-date=2019-05-11| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/281}}</ref>
{{div col}}
*''[[Argiope abramovi|A. abramovi]]'' <small>Logunov & [[Peter Jäger|Jäger]], 2015</small> – Vietnam
*''[[Argiope aemula|A. aemula]]'' <small>([[Charles Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1841)</small> – India to Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi), Vanuatu
*''[[Argiope aetherea|A. aetherea]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – China to Australia
*''[[Argiope aetheroides|A. aetheroides]]'' <small>Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989</small> – China, Japan
*''[[Argiope ahngeri|A. ahngeri]]'' <small>Spassky, 1932</small> – Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan?
*''[[Argiope amoena|A. amoena]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1878</small> – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
*''[[Argiope anasuja|A. anasuja]]'' <small>[[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1887</small> – Seychelles to India, Pakistan, Maldives
*''[[Argiope anomalopalpis|A. anomalopalpis]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Congo, South Africa
*''[[Argiope appensa|A. appensa]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – Hawaii, Taiwan to New Guinea
*''[[Argiope argentata|A. argentata]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1775)</small> – USA to Chile, Argentina
*''[[Argiope aurantia|A. aurantia]]'' <small>[[Hippolyte Lucas|Lucas]], 1833</small> – Canada to Costa Rica
*''[[Argiope aurocincta|A. aurocincta]]'' <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1898</small> – Central, East, Southern Africa
*''[[Argiope australis|A. australis]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1805)</small> – Central, East, Southern Africa, Cape Verde Is.
*''[[Argiope bivittigera|A. bivittigera]]'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1911</small> – Indonesia
*''[[Argiope blanda|A. blanda]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1898</small> – USA to Costa Rica
*''[[Argiope boesenbergi|A. boesenbergi]]'' <small>[[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1983</small> – China, Korea, Japan
*''[[Argiope bougainvilla|A. bougainvilla]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1847)</small> – New Guinea to Solomon Is.
*''[[Argiope bruennichi|A. bruennichi]]'' <small>([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1772)</small> – Europe, Turkey, Israel, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia to China, Korea, Japan
*''[[Argiope brunnescentia|A. brunnescentia]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
*''[[Argiope buehleri|A. buehleri]]'' <small>Schenkel, 1944</small> – Timor
*''[[Argiope bullocki|A. bullocki]]'' <small>[[William Joseph Rainbow|Rainbow]], 1908</small> – Australia (New South Wales)
*''[[Argiope butchko|A. butchko]]'' <small>LeQuier & Agnarsson, 2016</small> – Cuba
*''[[Argiope caesarea|A. caesarea]]'' <small>Thorell, 1897</small> – India, Myanmar, China
*''[[Argiope caledonia|A. caledonia]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – New Caledonia, Vanuatu
*''[[Argiope cameloides|A. cameloides]]'' <small>Zhu & Song, 1994</small> – China
*''[[Argiope carvalhoi|A. carvalhoi]]'' <small>([[Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão|Mello-Leitão]], 1944)</small> – Brazil
*''[[Argiope catenulata|A. catenulata]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1859)</small> – India to Philippines, New Guinea, Australia
*''[[Argiope chloreis|A. chloreis]]'' <small>Thorell, 1877</small> – Laos, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
*''[[Argiope comorica|A. comorica]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Comoros, Mayotte
*''[[Argiope coquereli|A. coquereli]]'' <small>(Vinson, 1863)</small> – Tanzania (Zanzibar), Madagascar
*''[[Argiope dang|A. dang]]'' <small>Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009</small> – Thailand, Laos
*''[[Argiope dietrichae|A. dietrichae]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Australia)
*''[[Argiope doboensis|A. doboensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – Indonesia, New Guinea
*''[[Argiope doleschalli|A. doleschalli]]'' <small>Thorell, 1873</small> – Indonesia
*''[[Argiope ericae|A. ericae]]'' <small>Levi, 2004</small> – Brazil, Argentina
*''[[Argiope flavipalpis|A. flavipalpis]]'' <small>(Lucas, 1858)</small> – Africa, Yemen
*''[[Argiope florida|A. florida]]'' <small>[[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & [[Wilton Ivie|Ivie]], 1944</small> – USA
*''[[Argiope halmaherensis|A. halmaherensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small> – Indonesia (Moluccas) to New Guinea
*''[[Argiope hinderlichi|A. hinderlichi]]'' <small>Jäger, 2012</small> – Laos
*''[[Argiope hoiseni|A. hoiseni]]'' <small>Tan, 2018</small> – Malaysia (Peninsula)
*''[[Argiope intricata|A. intricata]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1877</small> – Philippines
*''[[Argiope jinghongensis|A. jinghongensis]]'' <small>Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994</small> – China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand
*''[[Argiope kaingang|A. kaingang]]'' <small>Corronca & Rodríguez-Artigas, 2015</small> – Argentina
*''[[Argiope katherina|A. katherina]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Northern Australia
*''[[Argiope keyserlingi|A. keyserlingi]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1878</small> – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.)
*''[[Argiope kochi|A. kochi]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Queensland)
*''[[Argiope legionis|A. legionis]]'' <small>Motta & Levi, 2009</small> – Brazil
*''[[Argiope levii|A. levii]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania
*''[[Argiope lobata|A. lobata]]'' <small>(Pallas, 1772)</small> – Southern Europe to Central Asia and China, northern Africa, South Africa, Israel, India, from Myanmar to New Caledonia and northern Australia
*''[[Argiope luzona|A. luzona]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1841)</small> – Philippines
*''[[Argiope macrochoera|A. macrochoera]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small> – India (Nicobar Is.), China
*''[[Argiope madang|A. madang]]'' <small>Levi, 1984</small> – New Guinea
*''[[Argiope magnifica|A. magnifica]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Australia (Queensland) to Solomon Is.
*''[[Argiope mangal|A. mangal]]'' <small>Koh, 1991</small> – Singapore
*''[[Argiope manila|A. manila]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Philippines
*''[[Argiope mascordi|A. mascordi]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Australia (Queensland)
*''[[Argiope minuta|A. minuta]]'' <small>Karsch, 1879</small> – Bangladesh, East Asia
*''[[Argiope modesta|A. modesta]]'' <small>Thorell, 1881</small> – Borneo to Australia
*''[[Argiope niasensis|A. niasensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small> – Indonesia
*''[[Argiope ocula|A. ocula]]'' <small>Fox, 1938</small> – China, Taiwan, Japan
*''[[Argiope ocyaloides|A. ocyaloides]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Australia (Queensland)
*''[[Argiope pentagona|A. pentagona]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Fiji
*''[[Argiope perforata|A. perforata]]'' <small>Schenkel, 1963</small> – China
*''[[Argiope picta|A. picta]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1871</small> – Indonesia (Moluccas) to Australia
*''[[Argiope pictula|A. pictula]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*''[[Argiope ponape|A. ponape]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Caroline Is.
*''[[Argiope possoica|A. possoica]]'' <small>Merian, 1911</small> – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*''[[Argiope probata|A. probata]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1916</small> – Australia (Queensland)
*''[[Argiope protensa|A. protensa]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1872</small> – New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand
*''[[Argiope pulchella|A. pulchella]]'' <small>Thorell, 1881</small> – India to China and Indonesia
*''[[Argiope pulchelloides|A. pulchelloides]]'' <small>Yin, Wang, Zhang, Peng & Chen, 1989</small> – China
*''[[Argiope radon|A. radon]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Northern Australia
*''[[Argiope ranomafanensis|A. ranomafanensis]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Madagascar
*''[[Argiope reinwardti|A. reinwardti]]'' <small>(Doleschall, 1859)</small> – Malaysia to New Guinea
**''[[Argiope reinwardti|Argiope r. sumatrana]]'' <small>(Hasselt, 1882)</small> – Indonesia (Sumatra)
*''[[Argiope sapoa|A. sapoa]]'' <small>Barrion & Litsinger, 1995</small> – Philippines
*''[[Argiope sector|A. sector]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1776)</small> – North Africa, Middle East, Cape Verde Is.
*''[[Argiope squallica|A. squallica]]'' <small>Strand, 1915</small> – New Guinea
*''[[Argiope submaronica|A. submaronica]]'' <small>Strand, 1916</small> – Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil
*''[[Argiope takum|A. takum]]'' <small>[[Chrysanthus (arachnologist)|Chrysanthus]], 1971</small> – New Guinea
*''[[Argiope tapinolobata|A. tapinolobata]]'' <small>Bjørn, 1997</small> – Senegal, Namibia
*''[[Argiope taprobanica|A. taprobanica]]'' <small>Thorell, 1887</small> – Sri Lanka
*''[[Argiope trifasciata|A. trifasciata]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> – North, Central and South America. Introduced to Africa (Egypt;<ref name="ElBayoumy2024">{{citation |last1=ElBayoumy |first1=Y.M. |last2=Ouf |first2=A. |last3=Zoumides |first3=C. |last4=Bos |first4=A.R. |date=2024 |title=Phylogeny and ecological traits of the spider ''Argiope trifasciata'' (Araneidae) in Egypt clarifying the relationships with Afro-Eurasian and American populations |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=2289139 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2023.2289139 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2023.2289139}}</ref> type locality), Portugal to Israel, Iran, China, Japan, Australia (Tasmania), Pacific Is.
**''[[Argiope trifasciata|Argiope t. deserticola]]'' <small>Simon, 1906</small> – Sudan
**''[[Argiope trifasciata|Argiope t. kauaiensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1900</small> – Hawaii
*''[[Argiope truk|A. truk]]'' <small>Levi, 1983</small> – Caroline Is.
*''[[Argiope versicolor|A. versicolor]]'' <small>(Doleschall, 1859)</small> – China to Indonesia (Java)
*''[[Argiope vietnamensis|A. vietnamensis]]'' <small>Ono, 2010</small> – Vietnam
{{div col end}}

==Injury and pain{{anchor|Injury}}{{anchor|Pain}}==
''Argiope'' use [[autotomy]] – restricting blood flow to their own leg until it falls off – to minimize blood loss due to injury.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> This is triggered by pain.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> [[Honeybee]] and [[wasp]] [[venom]]s induce the same pain in ''Argiope'' – even when the injury is minor – causing ''Argiope'' to drop the affected leg.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" /> The same effect can also be produced by chemically [[fractionation|fractionated]] components of those venoms (specifically [[serotonin]], [[histamine]], and [[phospholipase A2]]) that also cause pain in humans.<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983" /><ref name="Fiorito-1986" />

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=HawkTamu>{{Citation |last1=Hawkinson |first1=Candice |title=Beneficials in the Garden: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Spider |website=www.tamu.edu |publisher=Texas A&M University |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials/beneficial-24_spider_blackandyellow_argiope.htm |access-date=2014-09-24 |mode=cs1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Levi04>{{Citation |last1=Levi |first1=Herbert W. |date=2004 |title=Comments and new records for the American genera ''Gea'' and ''Argiope'' with the description of a new species (Araneae: Araneidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=47–65 |doi=10.3099/0027-4100(2004)158[47:CANRFT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85930723 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/93297 |mode=cs1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Melv75>{{Citation |last1=Melville |first1=R.V. |date=1975 |title=Opinion 1038 ''Argiope'' Audouin (Arachnida, Aranea): placed on the official list of generic names in zoology |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=105–109 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12225716 |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 }}</ref>

<ref name=StroMell04>{{Citation |last1=Strømgaard |first1=K. |last2=Mellor |first2=I. |date=2004 |title=AMPA receptor ligands: Synthetic and pharmacological studies of polyamines and polyamine toxins |journal=Medicinal Research Reviews |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=589–620 |doi=10.1002/med.20004 |pmid=15224382 |s2cid=24802888 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name="Eisner-Camazine-1983">{{cite journal | last1=Eisner | first1=Thomas | last2=Camazine | first2=Scott | title=Spider leg autotomy induced by prey venom injection: An adaptive response to "pain"? | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume=80 | issue=11 | date=1983-06-01 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.80.11.3382 | pages=3382–3385| pmid=16593325 | pmc=394047 | bibcode=1983PNAS...80.3382E | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Fiorito-1986">{{cite journal | last=Fiorito | first=G. | title=Is there "pain" in invertebrates? | journal=[[Behavioural Processes]] | volume=12 | issue=4 | year=1986 | doi=10.1016/0376-6357(86)90006-9 | pages=383–388| pmid=24924695 | s2cid=26181117 }}</ref>

}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last1=Audouin |first1=Victor |date=1826 |orig-year=title page 1809 |contribution=Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie |editor-last=Savigny |editor-first=Jules-César |title=Description de l'Egypte : Histoire Naturelle |volume=1 |issue=4 |edition=1st [Imperial] |pages=99–186 |language=fr |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41330121 |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 }} (The actual date of publication to be used in zoological nomenclature is explained in {{Citation |last1=Tollitt |first1=M.E. |date=1986 |title=Dates and authorship of the text volumes of the ''Histoire Naturelle'' section of Savigny's ''Description de l'Egypte''. Z.N.(S.) 2515 |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=43 |pages=107–112 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12757271 |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.388 |doi-access=free }})
* {{Citation |last1=Audouin |first1=Victor |date=1827 |editor1-last=Savigny |editor1-first=Jules-César |contribution=Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie |title=Description de l'Egypte : Histoire Naturelle |pages=291–430 |volume=22 |edition=2nd [Panckoucke] |language=fr |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291 |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Rodríguez |first1=R.L. |last2=Gamboa |first2=E. |date=2000 |title=Memory of captured prey in three web spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae) |journal=Animal Cognition |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=91–97 |url=http://www.biosci.missouri.edu/cocroft/Rafa/pdfs/Rodriguez%20&%20Gamboa%202000.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.biosci.missouri.edu/cocroft/Rafa/pdfs/Rodriguez%20&%20Gamboa%202000.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-08-21 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1007/s100710000066|s2cid=5649823 }} (''Argiope argentata'')
* {{Citation |last1=Craig |first1=C.L. |last2=Wolf |first2=S.G. |last3=Davis |first3=J.L.D. |last4=Hauber |first4=M.E. |last5=Maas |first5=J.L. |date=2001 |title=Signal polymorphism in the web-decorating spider ''Argiope argentata'' is correlated with reduced survivorship and the presence of stingless bees, its primary prey |journal=Evolution |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=986–993 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00615.x |pmid=11430658 |s2cid=221734793 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |last1=Blamires |first1=Sean J. |last2=Hochuli |first2=Dieter F. |last3=Thompson |first3=Michael B. |date=2007 |title=Does decoration building influence antipredator responses in an orb-web spider (''Argiope keyserlingi'') in its natural habitat? |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=55 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1071/ZO06098 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp }}
* {{Citation |last1=Timm |first1=Robert M. |last2=Losilla |first2=Mauricio |date=2007 |title=Orb-weaving spider, ''Argiope savignyi'' (Araneidae), predation on the proboscis bat ''Rhynchonycteris naso'' (Emballonuridae) |journal=Caribbean Journal of Science |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=282–284 |doi=10.18475/cjos.v43i2.a1 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/4463/1/Timm%26Losilla%20CARRIB%20J%20SCI.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/4463/1/Timm%26Losilla%20CARRIB%20J%20SCI.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |hdl=1808/4463 |s2cid=85919783 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{Citation |last1=Fromhage |first1=L. |last2=Uhl |first2=G. |last3=Schneider |first3=J. |date=2003 |title=Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female ''Argiope bruennichi'' |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=60–64 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0656-6|bibcode=2003BEcoS..55...60F |s2cid=9215208 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Argiope}}
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=11805 Pictures of ''Argiope'' species] — Forestry Images, University of Georgia (free for noncommercial use)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801230414/http://museumvictoria.com.au/spiders/detail.aspx?pid=17&pic=0 St. Andrews Cross Spider ''Argiope keyserlingii''] —  [[Museum Victoria]]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q862644}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Argiope (Spider)}}
[[Category:Argiope (spider)| ]]
[[Category: Araneidae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean Victoire Audouin]]