Editing Archaeology of the Americas

{{Short description|Study of the archaeology of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean}}
[[File:Chichen Itza (3326547826).jpg|thumb|300px|[[El Castillo, Chichen Itza|Temple of Kukulcan]] in [[Chichen Itza]] located on top of Kukulcan pyramid]]
The '''archaeology of the Americas''' is the study of the [[archaeology]] of the Western Hemisphere, including [[North America]] ([[Mesoamerica]]), [[Central America]], [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. This includes the study of pre-historic/[[pre-Columbian]] and historic [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American peoples]], as well as [[historical archaeology]] of more recent eras, including the trans-Atlantic slave trade and European colonization.

==Chronology==
{{Further|Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas|Category:Pre-Columbian archaeological sites}}
The [[pre-Columbian era]] is the term generally used to encompass all time period subdivisions in the [[history of the Americas]] spanning the time from the original [[Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia|settlement of the Americas]] in the [[Upper Paleolithic]] until the [[European colonization of the Americas]] during the [[early modern period]]. While technically referring to the era before the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus]] from AD 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|American indigenous cultures]] until the 18th or 19th century. In more recent decades, archaeological scholarship has extended to include enslaved Africans and European and Asian migrant populations.

The pre-Columbian archaeological record in the Americas has conventionally been divided into five phases based on an enduring system established by [[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]]'s 1958 book ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology''.<ref name="Method" /> Their chronology differs from [[Prehistory|old world prehistory]] from Europe and Asia which uses the [[three-age system]], with the [[Stone Age]] divided into [[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], and [[Chalcolithic]], followed by the [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]], remain in general use.
[[File:Folsom point.png|upright|thumb |[[Folsom point|Folsom projectile point]].<br>[[National Park Service]], {{Circa|1961}}]]

Numerous regional and sub-regional divisions have since been defined to distinguish various cultures through time and space, as later archaeologists recognized that these generalised stages did not adequately correspond to the cultural variation that existed in different locations in the Americas.<ref name=Method>{{cite web |title=Method and Theory in American Archaeology |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 |work=[[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]] |publisher=University of Chicago |year=1958 |format= |access-date= |archive-date=2012-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628025551/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Lithic stage]]
:Defined by the ostensible prevalence of big-game hunting. In most places, this can be dated to before 8000 BCE, starting most probably around 16,500 BCE (see [[Paleo-Indians]]). Examples include the [[Clovis culture]] and [[Folsom tradition]] groups.
* The [[Archaic stage]]
:Defined by the increasingly intensive gathering of wild resources with the decline of the big-game hunting lifestyle. Typically, Archaic cultures can be dated from 8000 to 1000 BCE. Examples include the [[Archaic Southwest]], the [[Arctic small tool tradition]], the [[Poverty Point]] culture, and the [[Chan-Chan]] culture in southern Chile.
* The [[Formative stage]]
:Defined as "village agriculture" based. Most of these can be dated from 1000 BCE to 500 CE. Examples include the [[Dorset culture]], [[Zapotec civilization]], [[Mimbres culture]], [[Olmec]], [[Woodland period|Woodland]], and [[Mississippian culture]]s.
* The [[Classic stage]]
[[File:World in 1000 BCE.png|thumb|right|240px|Simplified map of subsistence methods at 1000&nbsp;BCE
{{legend|#FEFE00|[[Hunter-gatherer]]s}}
{{legend|#00FE00|[[Agriculture|Simple farming societies]]}}
{{legend|#FE7334|Complex farming societies ([[Olmecs]], [[Chorrera culture|Chorrera]])}}
{{legend|#7575ff|[[State (polity)|Ancient advanced states]]}}]]
:Defined as "early civilizations", and typically dating from 500 to 1200 CE. Willey and Phillips considered only cultures from Mesoamerica and Peru to have achieved this level of complexity. Examples include the early [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and the [[Toltec]].
* The [[Post-Classic stage]]
:Defined as "later prehispanic civilizations" and typically dated from 1200 CE until the advent of European colonisation. The late [[Maya civilization|Maya]], the Incan civilization, and the [[Aztec]] cultures were Post-Classic.

Today, for Meso- and Andean South America, the later periods are more often classified using the "Horizon" terminology, with "Early Horizon" typically broadly equating to the Late Formative stage. "Horizons" are periods of cultural stability and political unity, with "Intermediate periods" covering the politically fragmented transition between them. In the [[Andes]], there are three Horizon periods, with two Intermediate periods between them. The Horizons, and their dominant cultures are: Early Horizon, [[Chavín culture|Chavin]]; Middle Horizon, [[Tiwanaku]] and [[Wari culture]]; Late Horizon, [[Inca]].<ref>Essential Humanities. "[http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/meso-south-america/ History of Precolonial Meso/South America]". Accessed 9 May 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625004734/http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/meso-south-america/|date=2017-06-25}}.</ref>

==Major regions==

===North America===
{{Further|List of archaeological periods (North America)|Category:Archaeological sites in North America}}

==== NAGPRA ====
Since 1990, in the United States, [[physical anthropology]] and archaeological investigations based on the study of human remains are influenced by the [[Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act]], (NAGPRA), which provides for the bodies of Native Americans and associated [[grave goods]] to be turned over to the recognized tribal body most legally affiliated with the remains; the law applies only to culturally identifiable remains and artefacts found on federally owned public land. In some cases, notably, that of [[Kennewick Man]], these laws have been subject to close judicial scrutiny and great intellectual conflict.<ref>Bones, Discovering the First Americans Elllaine Dewar, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2002, {{ISBN|0-7867-0979-0}}</ref>
[[Image:Mesoamerica geo location.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Exact location of Mesoamerica|alt=We can see that Mesoamerica its between Zacatecas and Aguascalientes, Mexico, &  Nicaragua and El Salvador]]

===Mesoamerica===
{{Further|List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)|Category:Mesoamerican sites}}
[[Mesoamerica]] is a region and [[cultural area]] in the Americas, extending approximately from central [[Mexico]] to [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]], within which a number of [[pre-Columbian]] [[society|societies]] flourished before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] in the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref>"Meso-America."  ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford English Reference Dictionary]]'', 2nd ed. (rev.)  2002. ({{ISBN|0-19-860652-4}}) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 906.</ref><ref>(2000): Atlas del México Prehispánico. Revista Arqueología mexicana. Número especial 5. Julio de 2000. Raíces/ Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México.</ref> Prehistoric groups in this area are characterized by [[agriculture|agricultural]] villages and large ceremonial and politico-religious capitals<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/hohokam/Glossary.htm|title=Hohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin |first1=Linda M. |last1=Gregonis  |first2=Karl J. |last2=Reinhard|chapter=Glossary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134424/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/HOHOKAM/GLOSSARY.HTM |archive-date=2011-06-05 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press }}</ref> This culture area included some of the most complex and advanced [[culture]]s of the Americas, including the [[Olmec]], [[Teotihuacan]], the [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and the [[Aztec]], the most powerful tribe of Mesoamerica in their time.

===South America===
{{Further|Category:Archaeological sites in South America}}Important South American societies include [[Moche culture|the Moche]], [[The Incan Empire|the Inca]], [[Wari culture|the Wari]].

Important South American archaeological sites include: [[Chavín de Huántar]], [[Pikillaqta]], [[Machu Picchu]], [[Tiwanaku]], [[Monte Verde]], and the [[Upano Valley sites]].

=== Central America ===
Central America is a region and cultural area in the Americas located south of Mesoamerica extending from Nicaragua to the southern border of Panama. Important sites include the [[Stone spheres of Costa Rica|Stone Spheres]] of Costa Rica.

==Archaeogenetics==
{{Main article|Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{see also|Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
[[Molecular genetics]] study suggests that ''surviving'' [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] populations derived from a theoretical single [[Founder effect|founding population]], possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas|pmc=1131883 |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pmid=15898833 |last1=Hey |first1=J |pages=e193 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193 |journal=PLOS Biology |doi-access=free }}</ref> Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions (or [[Locus (genetics)|loci]]) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations. The study does not address the question of separate migrations for these groups, and excludes other DNA data-sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/misc/naseq.html |title=Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences|publisher= NC-IUB|year= 1984|access-date=2009-11-19}}</ref>

The ''[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]'' released an article in 2007 stating, "Here we show, by using 86 complete [[mitochondrial]] [[genomes]], that all Indigenous American [[haplogroups]], including [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)]], were part of a single founding population."<ref name="dnaa">{{cite book |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10794.php |title= First Americans|isbn= 9780520267992|access-date=2009-11-17|last1= Meltzer|first1= David J.|date= 2010|publisher= University of California Press}}</ref> Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Siberian peoples]]. The genetic diversity of Amerindian indigenous groups increase with distance from the assumed entry point into the Americas.<ref name="mmm">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html |title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=2009-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html |access-date=2009-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313061401/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html |archive-date=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Certain genetic diversity patterns from West to East suggest at least some coastal migration events.<ref name=PLoSb>{{cite journal |title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans|journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |page=3(11)|year=2007|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Lewis |first2=Cecil M. |last3=Jakobsson |first3=Mattias |last4=Ramachandran |first4=Sohini |author-link4=Sohini Ramachandran|last5=Ray |first5=Nicolas |last6=Bedoya |first6=Gabriel |last7=Rojas |first7=Winston |last8=Parra |first8=Maria V. |last9=Molina |first9=Julio A. |last10=Gallo |first10=Carla |last11=Mazzotti |first11=Guido |last12=Poletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Hill |first13=Kim |last14=Hurtado |first14=Ana M. |last15=Labuda |first15=Damian |last16=Klitz |first16=William |last17=Barrantes |first17=Ramiro |last18=Bortolini |first18=Maria Cátira |last19=Salzano |first19=Francisco M. |last20=Petzl-Erler |first20=Maria Luiza |last21=Tsuneto |first21=Luiza T. |last22=Llop |first22=Elena |last23=Rothhammer |first23=Francisco |last24=Excoffier |first24=Laurent |last25=Feldman |first25=Marcus W. |last26=Rosenberg |first26=Noah A. |last27=Ruiz-Linares |first27=Andrés |volume=3 |issue=11 |pmid=18039031 |pmc=2082466 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42,000 to 21,000 years ago.<ref name="Fagundes">{{cite journal |last=Fagundes |first=Nelson J.R. |author2=Kanitz |first2=Ricardo |author3=Eckert |first3=Roberta |author4=Valls |first4=Ana C.S. |author5=Bogo |first5=Mauricio R. |author6=Salzano |first6=Francisco M. |author7=Smith |first7=David Glenn |author8=Silva |first8=Wilson A. |author9=Zago |first9=Marco A. |author10=Ribeiro-dos-Santos |first10=Andrea K. |author11=Santos |first11=Sidney E.B. |author12=Petzl-Erler |first12=Maria Luiza |author-link12=Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler |author13=Bonatto |first13=Sandro L. |year=2008 |title=Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=583–592 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 |pmc=2427228 |pmid=18313026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325120035/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-25 |access-date=2009-11-19}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Archaeological finds ==
[[File:Mexico-3487 - Avenue of the Dead (2214741272).jpg|thumb|The [[Teotihuacan#Site layout|Avenue of the Dead]] in [[Teotihuacan]]]]
[[File:Machu Picchu (7914096100).jpg|thumb|The iconic [[Machu Picchu]], symbol of the Inca civilization]]
[[File:Steinkreis Burnt Hill Massachusetts gross.jpg|thumb|Burnt Hill Stone Circle, [[Heath, Massachusetts]], United States]]
In February 2021, archaeologists from the [[University of Buenos Aires]]–[[National Scientific and Technical Research Council]] announced the discovery of 12 graves dated to 6,000–1,300 years ago in [[Argentine Northwest]]. Researchers also revealed necklaces and pendants next to some of the bodies. According to archaeologist Leticia Cortés, there were many kinds of [[burial]] methods, in individual or collective graves, and also in the posture of the bodies. Some were hyperflexed, like squatting, with the shoulders touching the knees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prehistoric Burials Excavated in Argentina - Archaeology Magazine|url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/9494-210301-argentina-prehistoric-burials#:~:text=CATAMARCA,%20ARGENTINA%E2%80%94Radio%20Cadena%20Agramonte,over%20the%20past%2015%20years.|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Six thousand-year-old tombs found in northwest Argentina|url=https://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/show/articles/32160:six-thousand-year-old-tombs-found-in-northwest-argentina|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Radio Cadena Agramonte|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302135311/https://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/show/articles/32160:six-thousand-year-old-tombs-found-in-northwest-argentina|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of [[projectile points]] and animal processing implements were discovered at the [[Andes|Andean]] site of Wilamaya Patjxa, [[Puno District]] in [[Peru]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wei-Haas|first=Maya|date=2020-11-04|title=Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/prehistoric-female-hunter-discovery-upends-gender-role-assumptions|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-06-13|website=National Geographic|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217213250/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/prehistoric-female-hunter-discovery-upends-gender-role-assumptions |archive-date=2021-02-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haas |first1=Randall |last2=Watson |first2=James |last3=Buonasera |first3=Tammy |last4=Southon |first4=John |last5=Chen |first5=Jennifer C. |last6=Noe |first6=Sarah |last7=Smith |first7=Kevin |last8=Llave |first8=Carlos Viviano |last9=Eerkens |first9=Jelmer |last10=Parker |first10=Glendon |date=2020-11-06 |title=Female hunters of the early Americas |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=45 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 |pmid=33148651 |pmc=7673694 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..310H |s2cid=226261247 |issn=2375-2548}}</ref>

In September 2021, archaeologists announced the remains of eight 800-year-old bodies nearby ancient town of [[Chilca, Cañete|Chilca]]. Bodies included adults and children who were covered in plant material before being buried. Some dishes and musical instruments were uncovered as well. Researchers think remains belong to the Chilca culture, which was apart from other pre-Hispanic cultures in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Jacob|date=2021-09-24|title=Gas pipe workers uncover remains of eight people buried inside 800-year-old tomb|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1496068/gas-pipe-workers-find-bodies-tomb-peru-lima-chilca-colombia-inca-andes-archaeology-news|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-22|title=Gas pipe workers find 800-year-old bodies in Peru|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210922-gas-pipe-workers-find-800-year-old-bodies-in-peru|access-date=2021-09-27|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=800-Year-Old Tomb Discovered in Peru - Archaeology Magazine|url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/10012-210922-peru-chilca-tomb|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

A mummy that is approximately 800 years old that is believed to be of pre-Inca cultures was found at the site of [[Cajamarquilla District|Cajamarquilla]] in [[Peru]] in November 2021. Researchers reported that the mummy was tied with strings, covering his face with his hands, so they assumed it was a southern Peruvian funeral custom.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jeevan Ravindran|title=Peruvian mummy at least 800 years old found by archeologists in Lima|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/28/americas/peru-mummy-discovery-archeology-funeral-scn-scli-intl/index.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=CNN|date=28 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=2021-11-27|title=Archaeologists unearth mummy estimated to be at least 800 years old in Peru|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/27/archaeologists-unearth-mummy-estimated-to-be-at-least-800-years-old-in-peru|access-date=2022-02-20|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, archaeologists announced the discovery of six mummified children thought to have been sacrificed, probably to accompany a dead elite man to the afterlife. According to archaeologist Pieter Van Dalen, 1,000-1,200 years old mummies were probably relatives and placed one above the other in different parts of the tomb.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-14|title=Ancient mummies of children, likely sacrificed, unearthed in Peru|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220214-ancient-mummies-of-children-likely-sacrificed-unearthed-in-peru|access-date=2022-02-20|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Update on Mummified Human Remains Uncovered in Peru - Archaeology Magazine|url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/10366-220215-peru-mummified-remains#:~:text=Update%20on%20Mummified%20Human%20Remains%20Uncovered%20in%20Peru%20-%20Archaeology%20Magazine&text=LIMA,%20PERU%E2%80%94The%20AFP%20reports,occupied%20until%20about%20A.D.%201500.|access-date=2022-02-20|magazine=Archaeology Magazine}}</ref>

In May 2022, archaeologists reported the discovery of 1,400-year-old remains of the Mayan site so-called Xiol on the outskirts of [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. They also uncovered a large central plaza and at least 12 buildings, workshops, burial places of adults and children, and an [[altar]] that served a ritual purpose.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kuta |first1=Sarah |title=Construction Crew Stumbles on 1,400-Year-Old Ruins of Maya City |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/construction-crew-stumbles-on-1400-year-old-ruins-of-maya-mayan-city-180980171/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-27 |title=Archaeologists discover ancient Mayan city on construction site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/archaeologists-discover-ancient-mayan-city-construction-site-2022-05-27/ |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref>

In June 2022, archaeologists from the Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) announced the discovery of a 1,300-year-old nine-inch-tall plaster head statue indicating a young [[Hun Hunahpu]], the Maya's mythological maize god. The figure's [[Tonsure|semi-shaved haircut]] that resembles ripe corn gives reason to the possibility that it is a young maize god. Researchers assume that the Mayan inhabitants of Palenque possibly placed a large stone statuette over a pond to represent the entrance to the underworld. According to archaeologist Arnoldo González Cruz, the Mayan people symbolically shuttered the pool by breaking up some of the plaster and filling it with animal remains, including pottery fragments, carved bone remains, shells, obsidian arrowheads, beads, vegetables, and others.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kuta |first1=Sarah |title=1,300-Year-Old Corn God Statue Shows How the Maya Worshipped Maize |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/1300-year-old-corn-god-statue-shows-how-maya-worshipped-maize-180980206/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sculpted head of Mayan maize god uncovered in Mexico |first1=Ariella |last1=Marsden |date= 2022-06-04|url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-708570 |access-date=2022-08-10 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Archaeology of the Americas}}

{|
|----- valign="top"
|
* [[Borax Lake Site]]
* [[Calico Early Man Site]]
* [[Cueva de las Manos]]
* [[Cultural periods of Peru]]
* [[Guitarrero Cave]]
* [[History of the Americas]]
|
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
* [[La Jolla complex]]
* [[List of pre-Columbian civilizations]]
* [[List of Mesoamerican pyramids]]
* [[Luzia Woman]]
|
* [[Mesoamerican chronology]]
* [[Mummy Cave]]
* [[Pecos Classification]]
* [[Post Pattern]]
|
* [[Pre-Columbian South America]]
* [[Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions]]
* [[San Dieguito complex]]
* [[San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán]]
* [[South American Indigenous people]]s
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Americas topic|Archaeology of}}
{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{Archaeology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archaeology Of The Americas}}
[[Category:Archaeology in the Americas| ]]