Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Araucaria araucana
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{Short description|Chilean and Argentine pine tree}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Speciesbox | image = Araucaria_en_Parque_Nacional_Conguillio.jpg | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Premoli, A. |author2=Quiroga, P. |author3=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Araucaria araucana'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T31355A2805113 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31355A2805113.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Araucaria | species = araucana | parent = Araucaria sect. Araucaria | authority = (Molina) [[K. Koch (taxonomist)|K. Koch]] }} '''''Araucaria araucana''''', commonly called the '''monkey puzzle tree''', '''monkey tail tree''', <!--native Mapudungun name first, used in academic journals-->'''pewen''', '''pehuen pine''' or '''piñonero''', is an [[evergreen]] tree belonging to the family [[Araucariaceae]] and growing to a trunk diameter of {{cvt|1-1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a height of {{cvt|30–40|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is native to central and southern [[Chile]] and western [[Argentina]].<ref>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Araucaria-araucana.htm Native areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516000841/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Araucaria-araucana.htm |date=16 May 2012 }}, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved: 2012-09-20.</ref> It is the hardiest species in the [[conifer]] genus ''[[Araucaria]]''. Because of the prevalence of similar species in ancient prehistory, it is sometimes called an animate [[living fossil|fossil]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} It is also the [[list of national trees|official tree]] of Chile and of the neighboring Argentine province of [[Neuquén]]. The IUCN changed its conservation status to [[Endangered species|Endangered]] in 2013 as logging, forest fires, and grazing caused its population to dwindle.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> == Description == [[File:Zweig der Andentannne.JPG|thumb|left|The leaves of ''A. araucana'']] [[File:A young Araucaria araucana.jpg|thumb|A young cultivated specimen]] The [[leaf|leaves]] are thick, tough, and scale-like, triangular, {{convert|3|–|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1|–|3|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad at the base, and with sharp edges and tips. According to the scientist Christopher Lusk, the leaves have an average lifespan of 24 years<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lusk|first1=Christopher H.|title=Leaf life spans of some conifers of the temperate forests of South America|journal=Revista Chilena de Historia Natural|date=2001|volume=74|issue=3|pages=711–718|doi=10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300017|url=http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/2001/3/Lusk_2001.pdf|access-date=6 November 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> and so cover most of the tree except for the older branches. It is usually [[dioecious]], with the male and female [[Conifer cone|cones]] on separate trees, though occasional individuals bear cones of both sexes. The male (pollen) cones are oblong and cucumber-shaped, {{convert|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long at first, expanding to {{convert|8|–|12|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|5|–|6|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} broad at pollen release. It is wind pollinated. The female (seed) cones, which mature in autumn about 18 months after pollination, are globose, large, {{convert|12|–|20|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, and hold about 200 seeds. The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the {{convert|3|–|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long [[nut (fruit)|nut]]-like seeds. The thick bark of ''Araucaria araucana'' (up to six inches (15 cm) in thickness) may be an adaptation to [[wildfire]].<ref name=SanmayDonoso95>{{cite book |last1=Veblen |first1=Thomas T.|last2=Kitzberger |first2=Thomas|last3=Burns |first3=Bruce R.|last4=Rebertus |first4=Alan J.|author-link1=Thomas T. Veblen |date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán|editor-link3=Mary Kalin Arroyo |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Perturbaciones y dinámica de regeneración en bosques andinos del sur de Chile y Argentina|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=169–198 |isbn=978-9561112841 |language=es|trans-chapter=Natural disturbance and regeneration dynamics in Andean forests of southern Chile and Argentina}}</ref> == Habitat == [[File:Araucana ubicacion.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Distribution map of ''A. araucana'' in central Chile]] The tree's native habitat is the lower slopes of the Chilean and Argentine south-central [[Andes]], approximately between {{convert|1000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} and 1,700 m (5,600 ft).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puchi |first1=Paulina F. |last2=Camarero |first2=J. Julio |last3=Battipaglia |first3=Giovanna |last4=Carrer |first4=Marco |date=December 2021 |title=Retrospective analysis of wood anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes suggests site-specific mechanisms triggering Araucaria araucana drought-induced dieback |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15881 |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=24 |pages=6394–6408 |doi=10.1111/gcb.15881 |pmid=34514686 |issn=1354-1013|doi-access=free |hdl=11577/3416775 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In the [[Chilean Coast Range]] ''A. araucana'' can be found as far south as [[Las Araucarias, Carahue|Villa Las Araucarias]] (latitude 38°30' S) at an altitude of 640 m asl.<ref name="assets">{{Cite web |url=https://patrimonio.bienes.cl/patrimonio/villa-las-araucarias/ |title=Villa las Araucarias |access-date=2023-05-08 |publisher=Ministry of National Assets |language=Spanish}}</ref> Juvenile trees exhibit a broadly pyramidal or conical habit which naturally develops into the distinctive umbrella form of mature specimens as the tree ages.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/308/Old/Lists/second%20ed/Araucariaaraucana.pdf | title=Landscape Plants For Texas And Environs 3rd | chapter=Araucaria Araucana | publisher=[[Aggie Horticulture]] | author=Michael A. Arnold | year=2004 | isbn=978-1588747464 | access-date=13 May 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053339/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/308/Old/Lists/second%20ed/Araucariaaraucana.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic, volcanic [[soil]], but will tolerate almost any soil type provided it drains well. Seedlings are often not competitive enough to survive unless grown in a canopy gap or exposed isolated area. It is almost never found together with ''[[Chusquea culeou]]'', ''[[Nothofagus dombeyi]]'', and ''[[Nothofagus pumilio]]'', because they typically outcompete ''A. araucana''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Finckh |first1=Manfred |last2=Paulsch |first2=Axel |date=November 1995 |title=Araucaria araucana — Die ökologische Strategie einer Reliktkonifere |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30679-5 |journal=Flora |volume=190 |issue=4 |pages=365–382 |doi=10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30679-5 |issn=0367-2530|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Seed dispersal == ''Araucaria araucana'' is a [[Mast (botany)|masting]] species, and rodents are important consumers and dispersers of its seeds. The long-haired grass mouse, ''[[Abrothrix longipilis]]'', is the most important animal responsible for dispersing the seeds of ''A.{{nbsp}}araucana''. This rodent buries seeds whole in locations favorable for seed germination, unlike other animals.<ref>Shepherd, J.D. & R.S. Ditgen, 2013. Rodent handling of ''Araucaria araucana'' seeds. ''[[Austral Ecology]]'', 38: 23–32.</ref> Another important seed dispersal agent is the [[austral parakeet]].<ref name=":0" /> Adult trees are highly resistant to large ecological disturbances caused by volcanic activity, after events like these the parakeets play their role by dispersing the seeds far from affected territory.<ref name=":0" /> ==Threats== Logging, long a major threat, was finally banned in 1990.<ref name=global>{{cite web|url=http://globaltrees.org/threatened-trees/trees/monkey-puzzle/|title=Monkey Puzzle|work=Global Trees}}</ref> Large fires burned thousands of acres of Araucaria forest in 2001–2002,<ref name=global /> and areas of national parks have also burned, destroying trees over 1300 years old.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> Overgrazing and [[invasive species|invasive trees]] are also threats.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name=global /> Extensive human harvesting of piñones (Araucaria seeds) can prevent new trees from growing.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> A [[Global Trees Campaign]] project that planted 2000 trees found a 90{{nbsp}}percent 10-year survival rate.<ref name=global /> Another major threat to the survival of ''A. araucana'', is the presence of non-native seed eating species, in particular mammals, which have been shown to severely restrict the reproduction of the tree in comparison to native seed eaters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tella |first1=José L. |last2=Lambertucci |first2=Sergio A. |last3=Speziale |first3=Karina L. |last4=Hiraldo |first4=Fernando |date=April 2016 |title=Large-scale impacts of multiple co-occurring invaders on monkey puzzle forest regeneration, native seed predators and their ecological interactions |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.01.001 |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=6 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2016.01.001 |issn=2351-9894|hdl=11336/60818 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However it is still unclear as to how large a role these invasive species play in threatening this species of tree. One study in particular found that native species played a larger role in preventing reproduction through seed destruction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Clarissa |last2=Hegel |first2=Carla Grasiele Zanin |last3=Passamani |first3=Marcelo |date=2020-12-04 |title=Seed removal of Araucaria angustifolia by native and invasive mammals in protected areas of Atlantic Forest |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/ZQR6dX35Pv47FMx9QTLty3R/?lang=en |journal=Biota Neotropica |language=en |volume=21 |pages=e20201111 |doi=10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1111 |issn=1676-0611|doi-access=free }}</ref> However this may be due to the relatively recent introduction of the selected species, causing their population to be smaller than other invasive species. A study conducted found that cattle ranching by small landowners and larger timber companies within the range of ''A. araucana'' severely affects regeneration of seedlings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zamorano-Elgueta |first1=Carlos |last2=Cayuela |first2=Luis |last3=González-Espinosa |first3=Mario |last4=Lara |first4=Antonio |last5=Parra-Vázquez |first5=Manuel R. |date=2012-08-01 |title=Impacts of cattle on the South American temperate forests: Challenges for the conservation of the endangered monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) in Chile |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712001802 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=152 |pages=110–118 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.037 |bibcode=2012BCons.152..110Z |issn=0006-3207}}</ref> {{anchor|Cultivation}}{{anchor|Uses}} == Cultivation and uses == ''Araucaria araucana'' is a popular garden tree, planted for the unusual effect of its thick, "reptilian" branches with very symmetrical appearance. It prefers temperate climates with abundant rainfall, tolerating temperatures down to about {{convert|-20|C}}. It is far and away the hardiest member of its genus, and can grow well in western and central [[Europe]] (north to the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Smøla (island)|Smøla]]<ref name="Palms in Scandinavia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scanpalm.no/araucaria_english.html |title=Araucaria araucana in Ålesund, Norway |publisher=Scanpalm |access-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009232055/http://www.scanpalm.no/araucaria_english.html |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}</ref> in western [[Norway]]), the west coast of [[North America]] (north to Baranof Island in Alaska), and locally on the east coast, as far north as [[Long Island]], and in [[New Zealand]], southeastern [[Australia]] and south east Ireland. It is tolerant of coastal [[salt spray]], but does not tolerate exposure to [[pollution]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} [[File:Piñones de araucaria cocinados.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The piñones are similar to [[pine nuts]], but larger; these roasted seeds are 3 cm and 5 cm long, from two different [[cultivars]]. ]] Its seeds ({{langx|arn|ngulliw}}, {{langx|es|piñones}}) are edible,<ref name=global /> similar to large [[pine nut]]s, and are harvested by indigenous peoples in Argentina and Chile.<ref>Gallo, L., F. Izquierdo, L.J. Sanguinetti, A. Pinna, G. Siffredi, J. Ayesa, C. Lopez, A. Pelliza, N. Strizler, M. Gonzales Peñalba, L. Maresca and L. Chauchard. 2004. ''Araucaria araucana'' forest genetic resources in Argentina. Pages 105–132 in Barbara Vinceti, Weber Amaral and Brien Meilleur (eds). Challenges in managing forest genetic resources for livelihoods: examples from Argentina and Brazil. [[International Plant Genetic Resources Institute]]. 271 pp.</ref> The tree has some potential to be a food crop in other areas in the future, thriving in climates with cool oceanic summers, e.g., western [[Scotland]], where other nut crops do not grow well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/its-hard-to-be-leaf-but-scotland-can-save-the-monkey-puzzle-tree-from-extinction/|title=It's hard to be leaf but Scotland can save the monkey puzzle tree from extinction|date=28 November 2017 }}</ref> A group of six female trees with one male for pollination could yield several thousand seeds per year. Since the cones drop, harvesting is easy. The tree, however, does not yield seeds until it is around 30 to 40 years old, which discourages investment in planting orchards (although yields at maturity can be immense); once established, individuals can achieve ages beyond 1,000 years.<ref name="Luning-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Lüning | first1=Sebastian | last2=Gałka | first2=Mariusz | last3=Bamonte | first3=Florencia Paula | last4=Rodríguez | first4=Felipe García | last5=Vahrenholt | first5=Fritz | title=The Medieval Climate Anomaly in South America | journal=[[Quaternary International]] | publisher=[[International Union for Quaternary Research]] ([[Elsevier]]) | volume=508 | year=2019 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.041 | pages=70–87 | bibcode=2019QuInt.508...70L | s2cid=133405753| url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00497/60854/101604.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Betti-et-al-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Aguilera-Betti | first1=Isabella | last2=Muñoz | first2=Ariel A. | last3=Stahle | first3=Daniel | last4=Figueroa | first4=Gino | last5=Duarte | first5=Fernando | last6=González-Reyes | first6=Álvaro | last7=Christie | first7=Duncan | last8=Lara | first8=Antonio | last9=González | first9=Mauro E. | last10=Sheppard | first10=Paul R. | last11=Sauchyn | first11=David | last12=Moreira-Muñoz | first12=Andrés | last13=Toledo-Guerrero | first13=Isadora | last14=Olea | first14=Matías | last15=Apaz | first15=Pablo | last16=Fernandez | first16=Alfonso | title=The First Millennium-Age ''Araucaria Araucana'' in Patagonia | journal=[[Tree-Ring Research]] | publisher=[[Tree-Ring Society]] | volume=73 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1536-1098 | doi=10.3959/1536-1098-73.1.53 | pages=53–56| s2cid=133405753 }}</ref> Pest losses to rodents and [[feral]] ''[[Sus scrofa]]'' limits the yields for human consumption and forage fattening of livestock by ''A. araucana'' [[mast (botany)|mast]].<ref name="Sanguinetti-Kitzberger-2010" /> ''A. araucana'' has a high degree of inter-year variability in mast volume, and this variation is synchronous within a given area.<ref name="Sanguinetti-Kitzberger-2008" /> This evolved to take advantage of [[predator satiation|predator satiety]].<ref name="Sanguinetti-Kitzberger-2008" /> Once valued because of its long, straight trunk, its current rarity and vulnerable status mean its [[wood]] is now rarely used; it is also sacred to some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] [[Mapuche]].<ref>{{Cite book| author= Anna Lewington| author2= Edward Parker| name-list-style= amp | title=Ancient Trees| publisher=[[Collins & Brown]] | year=1999| isbn=978-1-85585-974-6}}</ref> Timber from these trees, was used for railway sleepers in order to access many industrial areas around the port of Chile. Before the tree became protected by law in 1971, lumber mills in [[Araucanía Region]] specialized in Chilean pine. The species is protected under Appendix I of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system and commercial trade in wild sourced specimens is prohibited.<ref name="CITES"/> Many young specimens and seeds were brought or sent back to the UK by Cornish miners in the nineteenth century, during the [[Cornish diaspora]], and as a result Cornwall is reckoned to have a high genetic diversity of the species. [[Christopher Nigel Page]], a botanist working at [[Camborne School of Mines]], [[University of Exeter]] planted specimens in disused [[china clay]] pits in the [[St Austell]] area as part of his research into [[regreening]] former extractive minerals sites, which he presented in 2017 in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]], with Professor Hylke Glass, also of CSM, as co-author.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceinparliament.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/SiP-September-20171.pdf|publisher=Science in Parliament|title=Regreening of barren lands as new biodiversity reserves|date=Summer 2017|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> == Naming == [[File:Monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park.jpg|thumb|A monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park, San Francisco]] [[File:Noche_estrellada_sobre_una_araucaria.jpg|thumb|The silhouette of the araucaria is very recognizable and has become a symbol for the southern regions of Argentina and Chile. For example, araucarias appear on the coats of arms of [[Neuquén Province]] and [[Araucanía Region]].]] First identified by Europeans in Chile in the 1780s,<ref>The tree was first mentioned in 1780 by the Spaniard Francisco Dendariarena. See: * {{cite book |last1=Elwes |first1=Henry John |last2=Henry |first2=Augustine |title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1906 | volume=1 |publisher=(Privately printed) |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |pages=45–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-MbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Carl |title=Pinetum danicum |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |date=1892 |volume=14 |pages=257–480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22gXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA341}}, see p. 341. * {{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=Aylmer Bourke |title=A Description of the Genus Pinus … |date=1832 |publisher=Weddell |location=London, England |volume=2 |pages=106–108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6}}</ref><ref>However, there are claims that the monkey puzzle tree was introduced to Europe after [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia|an expedition by the Dutch in 1642 from Brazil to Valdivia, Chile.]] See: * [https://www.devongardenstrust.org.uk/?q=node/54 Devon Gardens Trust] * {{cite book |last1=Diedenhofen |first1=Wilhelm |editor1-last=Hunt |editor1-first=John Dixon |title=The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=49–80 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oY-o3pwNlbEC&pg=PA69 |chapter="Belvedere," or the principle of seeing and looking in the gardens of Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen at Cleves|isbn=9780884021872 }}, see p. 69.</ref> it was named ''Pinus araucana'' by [[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]] in 1782.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina |first1=Giovanni Ignazio |title=Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili |url=https://archive.org/details/saggiosullastori01moli |trans-title=Essay on the natural history of Chile |date=1782 |publisher=S. Tomasso d'Aquino |location=Bologna, (Italy) |page=[https://archive.org/details/saggiosullastori01moli/page/355 355] |language=it, la}} Available at: [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192 ''Real Jardín Botánico'' (Royal Botanical Garden), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108224904/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192 |date=8 November 2016 }}</ref> In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] erected a new genus called ''Araucaria'' based on the species,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jussieu |first1=Antoine Laurent de |title=Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, … |trans-title=The genera of plants: arranged according to the natural orders, … |date=1789 |publisher=Herissant |location=Paris, France |pages=413–414 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/508/mode/1up |language=la}}</ref> and in 1797, [[José Antonio Pavón|Pavón]] published a new description of the species which he called ''Araucaria imbricata'' (an illegitimate name, as it did not use Molina's older species epithet).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavón |first1=Joseph |title=Disertacion botanica sobre los generos Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria y Salmia, con la reunion de algunos que Linneo publicó como distintos |journal=Memorias de la Real Academia Médica de Madrid (Memoirs of the Royal Medical Academy of Madrid) |date=1797 |volume=1 |pages=191–204 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327719583;view=1up;seq=259 |trans-title=Botanical dissertation on the genera Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria and Salmia, with the recombining of some [genera] that Linnaeus had published as [being] distinct |language=es}} ; see p. 199.</ref> Finally, in 1873, after several further redescriptions, [[Karl Koch (botanist)|Koch]] published the combination ''Araucaria araucana'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Karl |title=Dendrologie. Bäume, Sträucher und Halbsträucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord-Europa im Freien kultivirt werden. |trans-title=Dendrology. Trees, shrubs, and subshrubs which are cultivated outdoors in Middle and Northern Europe. |date=1873 |publisher=Ferdinand Enke |location=Erlangen, Germany |volume= 2, part 2 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYWaYlxL5nMC&pg=PA206 |language=de}}</ref> validating Molina's species name. The name ''araucana'' is derived from the native [[Mapuche|Araucanians]] who used the nuts (seeds) of the tree in Chile – a group of Araucanians living in the Andes, the [[Pehuenche]]s, owe their name to their diet based on the harvesting of the ''A. araucaria'' seeds; hence from ''pewen'' or its Hispanicized spelling ''pehuen'' which means ''Araucaria'' and ''che'' means people in [[Mapudungun]]. They believe the pewen was given by a deity or ''gwenachen'' to nourish their offspring; many pewen gathering festivals (''ngillatun'') are celebrated in both Chile and Argentina in gratitude to the tree's sustenance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canale |first1=Antonella |last2=Ladio |first2=Ana H. |title=La recolección de piñones de pewen (Araucaria araucana): Una situación significativa que conecta a niños mapuches con la naturaleza |language=es |trans-title=Harvesting pewen (Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree) seeds: a significant situation that connects Mapuche children with nature |journal=Gaia Scientia |date=March 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2020v14n1.47620 |page=14|hdl=11336/108775 |s2cid=226066386 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The origin of the popular English language name "monkey puzzle" lies in its early cultivation in [[Great Britain|Britain]] in about 1850, when the species was still very rare in gardens and not widely known. [[Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet|Sir William Molesworth]], the owner of a young specimen at [[Pencarrow (mansion)|Pencarrow]] garden near [[Bodmin]] in [[Cornwall]], was showing it to a group of friends, when one of them – the noted barrister and [[Benthamist]] [[Charles Austin (lawyer)|Charles Austin]] – remarked, "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that".<ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/2298f8dc-dfbf-11e2-9de6-00144feab7de.html#axzz3TPtSgOgB | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221228/https://www.ft.com/content/2298f8dc-dfbf-11e2-9de6-00144feab7de#axzz3TPtSgOgB | archive-date=10 December 2022 | url-access=subscription | url-status=live | title=Riddle of how the monkey puzzle tree came to be a UK favourite | work=[[Financial Times]] | author-link=Matthew Wilson (gardener) | date=5 July 2013 | access-date=14 May 2016 | author=Wilson, Matthew }}</ref> As the species had no existing popular name, first "monkey puzzler", then "monkey puzzle" stuck. Pencarrow in the current century has an avenue of mature Monkey Puzzles.<ref>{{Cite book| author= Alan Mitchell| author-link= Alan Mitchell (botanist)| title=Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain| publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] | year=1996| isbn=978-0-00-219972-8}}</ref> == Relatives == The nearest extant relative is ''[[Araucaria angustifolia]]'', a South American ''Araucaria'' from Brazil which differs in the width of the leaves. Members of other sections of the genus ''Araucaria'' occur in Pacific Islands and in Australia, and include ''Araucaria cunninghamii'', [[hoop pine]], ''Araucaria heterophylla'', the [[Norfolk Island pine]] and ''Araucaria bidwillii'', [[bunya pine]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} The recently found 'Wollemi pine', ''[[Wollemia]]'', discovered in southeast Australia, is classed in the plant family Araucariaceae. Their common ancestry dates to a time when Australia, [[Antarctica]], and South America were linked by land – all three continents were once part of the [[supercontinent]] known as [[Gondwana]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Araucaria araucana playa.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' in the [[Andes|Argentine Andes]] File:Conguillio National Park.jpg|Bark of a tree in [[Conguillío National Park]], Chile File:Araucaria araucana cones.jpg|Female cones File:Araucaria araucana0.jpg|Male cones File:Araucaria araucana2.jpg|Part of a branch of a cultivated tree File:Araucaria araucana 03.jpg|''A. araucana'', Botanical Garden, [[Wrocław]], Poland File:Araucaria araucana-branch.JPG|''A. araucana'' branch File:Araucaria araucana1.jpg|Monkey puzzle trees are popularly grown as [[ornamental tree]]s. File:Monkey Puzzle Tree in snow at Kew.jpg|Juvenile tree in winter File:P.N.Nahuelbuta2.jpg|Mixed forest of ''Araucaria'' and [[nothofagus dombeyi|coigüe]] in [[Nahuelbuta National Park]], Chile Araucaria araucana (8).JPG|''Araucaria araucana'' in Botanical Garden Jevremovac (Belgrade) </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Sanguinetti-Kitzberger-2010">{{cite journal | last1=Sanguinetti | first1=Javier | last2=Kitzberger | first2=Thomas | title=Factors controlling seed predation by rodents and non-native ''Sus scrofa'' in ''Araucaria araucana'' forests: potential effects on seedling establishment | journal=[[Biological Invasions]] | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science and Business Media LLC]] | volume=12 | issue=3 | date=2009-05-10 | issn=1387-3547 | doi=10.1007/s10530-009-9474-8 | pages=689–706| s2cid=21054740 }}</ref> <ref name="Sanguinetti-Kitzberger-2008">{{cite journal | last1=Sanguinetti | first1=Javier | last2=Kitzberger | first2=Thomas | title=Patterns and mechanisms of masting in the large-seeded southern hemisphere conifer ''Araucaria araucana'' | journal=Austral Ecology | publisher=[[Wiley Publishing]] | volume=33 | issue=1 | date=2008-01-06 | issn=1442-9985 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01792.x | pages=78–87| bibcode=2008AusEc..33...78S }}</ref> }} == External links == {{Commons category|Araucaria araucana}} {{Wikispecies}} * {{cite iucn |author=Premoli, A. |author2=Quiroga, P. |author3=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Araucaria araucana'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T31355A2805113 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31355A2805113.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c v2.3) * {{cite web|website=Conifers.org|url= http://conifers.org/ar/Araucaria.php |title=Gymnosperm Database: ''Araucaria araucana''}} * {{cite news|url= http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/HighResPages/EH0089.htm |work=Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora|title=Araucaria araucana}} * {{cite web|url= http://chilebosque.cl/tree/aarau.html |website=Chilebosque|title=Araucaria araucana}} * {{cite news| url= http://globaltrees.org/threatened-trees/trees/monkey-puzzle/ |work=Global trees campaign| title=Threatened Trees: Monkey Puzzle}} * {{cite news|url= http://araucariaaraucana.wordpress.com/ |title=The growth stages |work= Araucaria araucana}} * {{cite news | url=http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/araucaria_araucana_monkey_puzzle_tree | work=Conifers Around the World | title=Araucaria araucana – Monkey Puzzle Tree | access-date=26 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906120918/http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/araucaria_araucana_monkey_puzzle_tree | archive-date=6 September 2013 | url-status=dead }} {{Nuts}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q158780}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Araucaria|araucana]] [[Category:Trees of Argentina]] [[Category:Flora of central Chile]] [[Category:Trees of Chile]] [[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]] [[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]] [[Category:Ornamental trees]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Plants described in 1782]] [[Category:Pinales of Argentina]] [[Category:Pinales of Chile]] [[Category:Flora of the Valdivian temperate forests]]
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Templates used on this page:
Template:Anchor
(
edit
)
Template:Authority control
(
edit
)
Template:Citation needed
(
edit
)
Template:Cite book
(
edit
)
Template:Cite iucn
(
edit
)
Template:Cite journal
(
edit
)
Template:Cite news
(
edit
)
Template:Cite web
(
edit
)
Template:Commons category
(
edit
)
Template:Convert
(
edit
)
Template:Cvt
(
edit
)
Template:Langx
(
edit
)
Template:Nbsp
(
edit
)
Template:Nuts
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:Short description
(
edit
)
Template:Speciesbox
(
edit
)
Template:Taxonbar
(
edit
)
Template:Use dmy dates
(
edit
)
Template:Webarchive
(
edit
)
Template:Wikispecies
(
edit
)
Search
Search
Editing
Araucaria araucana
Add topic