Editing Arabidopsis

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{About|the genus|the model organism|Arabidopsis thaliana}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Arabidopsis thaliana sl12.jpg
|image_caption = [[Thale cress]] (''Arabidopsis thaliana'')
|taxon = Arabidopsis
|authority = [[Gustav Heynhold|Heynh.]] in Holl & [[Gustav Heynhold|Heynh.]]
|type_species = ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''
|type_species_authority = L.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms = ''Cardaminopsis'' (C.A.Mey.) Hayek
}}

'''''Arabidopsis''''' ('''rockcress''') is a genus in the family [[Brassicaceae]]. They are small [[flowering plant]]s related to [[cabbage]] and [[Mustard plant|mustard]]. This genus is of great interest since it contains [[thale cress]] (''Arabidopsis thaliana''), one of the [[model organism]]s used for studying plant biology and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced. Changes in thale cress are easily observed, making it a very useful model.

==Status==
Currently, the genus ''Arabidopsis'' has nine species and a further eight subspecies recognised. This delimitation is quite recent and is based on morphological and molecular phylogenies by O'Kane and Al-Shehbaz<ref name=Al1997/><ref name=Al2003/> and others.

Their findings confirm the species formerly included in ''Arabidopsis'' made it [[polyphyletic]]. The most recent reclassification moves two species previously placed in ''Cardaminopsis'' and ''Hylandra'' and three species of ''[[Arabis]]'' into ''Arabidopsis'', but excludes 50 that have been moved into the new genera ''[[Beringia (plant)|Beringia]], [[Crucihimalaya]], [[Ianhedgea]], [[Olimarabidopsis]]'', and ''[[Pseudoarabidopsis]]''.

All of the species in ''Arabidopsis'' are indigenous to [[Europe]], while two of the species have broad ranges also extending into [[North America]] and [[Asia]].

In the last two decades, ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' has gained much interest from the scientific community as a [[model organism]] for research on numerous aspects of plant biology.  [[The Arabidopsis Information Resource]] (TAIR)<ref>[http://www.arabidopsis.org/ The Arabidopsis Information Resource]</ref> is a curated online information source for ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' genetic and molecular biology research, and The Arabidopsis Book<ref name="The-A-Book">{{cite web | title=The Arabidopsis Book | publisher=[[American Society of Plant Biologists]] | date=2019-04-13 | url=http://aspb.org/publications/other-aspb-publications/the-arabidopsis-book/ | access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref> is an online compilation of invited chapters on ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' biology. (Note that as of 2013 no further chapters will be published.) In Europe, the model organism resource centre for ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' [[germplasm]], [[bioinformatics]] and [[molecular biology]] resources (including [[GeneChips]]) is the [[Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre]] (NASC) whilst in North America [[germplasm]] services are provided by the [[Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center]] (ABRC) based at [[Ohio State University]]. The ordering system for ABRC was incorporated into the TAIR database in June 2001 whilst NASC has always (since 1991) hosted its own ordering system and genome browser.

In 1982, the crew of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Salyut 7]] space station grew some Arabidopsis, thus becoming the first plants to flower and produce [[Plants in space|seeds in space]]. They had a life span of 40 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-species-of-plant-to-flower-in-space|title=First species of plant to flower in space|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2017-03-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' seeds were taken to the Moon on the [[Chang'e 4|Chang'e 4 lander]] in 2019, as part of a student experiment. As of May 2022 ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' has successfully been grown in samples of lunar soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeter |first=Bill |date=2022-05-12 |title=Scientists Grow Plants in Lunar Soil |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/biological-physical/scientists-grow-plants-in-soil-from-the-moon |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=NASA}}</ref>

''Arabidopsis'' is quite similar to the ''[[Boechera]]'' genus.

==List of species and subspecies==
* ''[[Arabidopsis arenicola]]''  <small>(Richardson ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) Al-Shehbaz, Elven, D.F. Murray & S.I. Warwick</small> — '''Arctic rock cress''' ([[Greenland]], [[Labrador]], [[Nunavut]], [[Québec]], [[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]])
* ''[[Arabidopsis arenosa]]'' <small>(L.) [[André Lawalrée|Lawalrée]]</small> — '''sand rock cress'''
** ''A. arenosa'' subsp. ''arenosa'' (Europe: native in Austria, Belarus, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, NE France, Germany, Hungary, N Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Ukraine; naturalized in Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Russia and W Siberia, and Sweden; absent in Albania, Greece, C and S Italy, and Turkey)
** ''A. arenosa'' subsp. ''borbasii'' (E Belgium, Czech Republic, NE France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, doubtfully occurring in Denmark)
* ''[[Arabidopsis cebennensis]]'' <small>([[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]])</small> (SE [[France]])
* ''[[Arabidopsis croatica]]'' <small>([[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]])</small> ([[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]])
* ''[[Arabidopsis halleri]]'' <small>(L.)</small>
** ''A. halleri'' subsp. ''halleri'' (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, N and C Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and S Ukraine. Probably introduced in N France and extinct in Belgium)
** ''A. halleri'' subsp. ''ovirensis'' <small>(Wulfen)</small> (Albania, Austria, NE Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, SW Ukraine, Yugoslavia)
** ''A. halleri'' subsp. ''gemmifera'' <small>([[Jinzō Matsumura|Matsumura]])</small> (Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan)
* ''[[Arabidopsis lyrata]]'' <small>(L.) O'Kane & [[Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz|Al-Shehbaz]]</small> — '''sand cress'''
** ''A. lyrata'' subsp. ''lyrata'' (NE European Russia, Alaska, Canada (Ontario west into British Columbia), and southeastern and central United States (Vermont south into northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and Mississippi northward into [[Missouri]] and Minnesota))
** ''A. lyrata'' subsp. ''petraea'' <small>(Linnaeus) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz</small> (Austria, Czech Republic, England, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, N. Italy, Norway, Russia (NW Russia, Siberia and Far East), Scotland, Sweden, Ukraine, boreal North America (Alaska and [[Yukon]]). Apparently extinct in Poland)
** ''A. lyrata'' subsp. ''kamchatica'' <small>(Fischer ex D.C.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz</small> (boreal Alaska, Canada (Yukon, Mackenzie District, British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan), Aleutian Islands, eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern China, Japan and Taiwan)
* ''[[Arabidopsis neglecta]]'' <small>([[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]])</small>  ([[Carpathian Mountains]] (Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and adjacent Ukraine))
* ''[[Arabidopsis pedemontana]]'' <small>([[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]])</small> (northwestern Italy and presumably extinct in adjacent SW Switzerland)
* ''[[Arabidopsis suecica]]'' <small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]) [[Johan Petter Norrlin|Norrlin]]</small> (Fennoscandinavia and the Baltic region)
* ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' <small>(L.) [[Gustav Heynhold|Heynh.]]</small> — '''thale cress''' (native range almost all Europe to central Asia, now naturalized worldwide)

===Reclassified species===
The following species previously placed in ''Arabidopsis'' are not currently considered part of the genus.
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ''A. bactriana'' → ''[[Dielsiocharis bactriana]]''
* ''A. brevicaulis'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya himalaica]]''
* ''A. bursifolia'' → ''[[Beringia bursifolia]]''
* ''A. campestris'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya wallichii]]''
* ''A. dentata'' → ''[[Murbeckiella pinnatifida]]''
* ''A. drassiana'' →
* ''A. erysimoides'' → ''[[Erysimum hedgeanum]]''
* ''A. eseptata'' → ''[[Olimarabidopsis umbrosa]]''
* ''A. gamosepala'' → ''[[Neotorularia gamosepala]]''
* ''A. glauca'' → ''[[Thellungiella salsuginea]]''
* ''A. griffithiana'' → ''[[Olimarabidopsis pumila]]''
* ''A. himalaica'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya himalaica]]''
* ''A. huetii'' → ''[[Murbeckiella huetii]]''
* ''A. kneuckeri'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya kneuckeri]]''
* ''A. korshinskyi'' → ''[[Olimarabidopsis cabulica]]''
* ''A. lasiocarpa'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa]]''
* ''A. minutiflora'' → ''[[Ianhedgea minutiflora]]''
* ''A. mollis'' → ''[[Beringia bursifolia]]''
* ''A. mollissima'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya mollissima]]''
* ''A. monachorum'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa]]''
* ''A. mongolica'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya mongolica]]''
* ''A. multicaulis'' → ''[[Arabis tibetica]]''
* ''A. novae-anglicae'' → ''[[Neotorularia humilis]]''
* ''A. nuda'' → ''[[Drabopsis nuda]]''
* ''A. ovczinnikovii'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya mollissima]]''
* ''A. parvula'' → ''[[Thellungiella parvula]]''
* ''A. pinnatifida'' → ''[[Murbeckiella pinnatifida]]''
* ''A. pumila'' → ''[[Olimarabidopsis pumila]]''
* ''A. qiranica'' → ''[[Sisymbriopsis mollipila]]''
* ''A. richardsonii'' → ''Neotorularia humilis''
* ''A. russeliana'' → ''[[Crucihimalaya wallichii]]''
* ''A. salsugineum'' → ''[[Eutrema salsugineum]]''
* ''A. sarbalica'' → ''Crucihimalaya wallichii''
* ''A. schimperi'' → ''[[Robeschia schimperi]]''
* ''A. stenocarpa'' → ''Beringia bursifolia''
* ''A. stewartiana'' → ''Olimarabidopsis pumila]]''
* ''A. stricta'' → ''Crucihimalaya stricta]]''
* ''A. taraxacifolia'' → ''Crucihimalaya wallichii''
* ''A. tenuisiliqua'' → ''[[Arabis tenuisiliqua]]''
* ''A. tibetica'' → ''Crucihimalaya himalaica''
* ''A. tibetica'' → ''[[Arabis tibetica]]''
* ''A. toxophylla'' → ''[[Pseudoarabidopsis toxophylla]]''
* ''A. trichocarpa'' → ''Neotorularia humilis''
* ''A. trichopoda'' → ''Beringia bursifolia''
* ''A. tschuktschorum'' → ''Beringia bursifolia''
* ''A. tuemurnica'' → ''Neotorularia humilis''
* ''A. verna'' → ''Drabopsis nuda''
* ''A. virgata'' → ''Beringia bursifolia''
* ''A. wallichii'' → ''Crucihimalaya wallichii''
* ''A. yadungensis'' →
}}

==Cytogenetics==
[[Cytogenetics|Cytogenetic]] analysis has shown the [[haploid]] [[chromosome]] number (n) is variable and varies across species in the genus:<ref name=Al2002/>

''A. thaliana'' is n=5<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510791103|pmid=16549785|title=Mechanisms of chromosome number reduction in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and related Brassicaceae species|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|issue=13|pages=5224–5229|year=2006|last1=Lysak|first1=M. A|last2=Berr|first2=A|last3=Pecinka|first3=A|last4=Schmidt|first4=R|last5=McBreen|first5=K|last6=Schubert|first6=I|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.5224L|pmc=1458822|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the [[DNA sequencing]] of this species was completed in 2001. ''A. lyrata'' has n=8 but some subspecies or populations are tetraploid.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1139/b03-134|title=Characterizing polyploidy in ''Arabidopsis lyrata'' using chromosome counts and flow cytometry|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=82|issue=2|pages=185|year=2004|last1=Dart|first1=Sara|last2=Kron|first2=Paul|last3=Mable|first3=Barbara K}}</ref> Various subspecies ''A. arenosa'' have n=8 but can be either 2n (diploid) or 4n (tetraploid).<ref name=plos>{{cite journal|last1=Joly|first1=Simon|last2=Schmickl|first2=Roswitha|last3=Paule|first3=Juraj|last4=Klein|first4=Johannes|last5=Marhold|first5=Karol|last6=Koch|first6=Marcus A.|title=The Evolutionary History of the ''Arabidopsis arenosa'' Complex: Diverse Tetraploids Mask the Western Carpathian Center of Species and Genetic Diversity|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=8|year=2012|pages=e42691|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042691|bibcode=2012PLoSO...742691S|pmid=22880083|pmc=3411824|doi-access=free}}</ref>
''A. suecica'' is n=13 (5+8) and is an [[Polyploidy|amphidiploid]] species originated through hybridization between ''A. thaliana'' and diploid ''A. arenosa''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/molbev/msk006|pmid=16549398|title=A Unique Recent Origin of the Allotetraploid Species ''Arabidopsis suecica'': Evidence from Nuclear DNA Markers|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=6|pages=1217–31|year=2006|last1=Jakobsson|first1=Mattias|last2=Hagenblad|first2=Jenny|last3=Tavaré|first3=Simon|last4=SäLl|first4=Torbjörn|last5=Halldén|first5=Christer|last6=Lind-Halldén|first6=Christina|last7=Nordborg|first7=Magnus|doi-access=free}}</ref>

''A. neglecta'' is n=8, as are the various subspecies of ''A. halleri''.<ref name=plos />

As of 2005, ''A. cebennensis'', ''A. croatica'' and ''A. pedemontana'' have not been investigated cytologically.

==See also==
* [[Calcium signaling in Arabidopsis|Calcium signaling in ''Arabidopsis'']]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Al1997>{{cite journal|title=A synopsis of ''Arabidopsis'' (Brassicaceae)|journal=Novon|volume=7|issue=3|pages=323|doi=10.2307/3391949|jstor=3391949|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/27031|year=1997|last1=O'Kane|first1=Steve L.|last2=Al-Shehbaz|first2=Ihsan A.}}</ref>
<ref name=Al2002>{{cite book|title=The Arabidopsis Book. Volume 1|journal=The Arabidopsis Book|volume=1|author1=Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.|author2=O'Kane Jr, Steve L.|publisher=The American Society of Plant Biologists|year=2002|pages=e0001|chapter=Taxonomy and Phylogeny of ''Arabidopsis'' (Brassicaceae)|doi=10.1199/tab.0001|pmid=22303187|pmc=3243115}}</ref>
<ref name=Al2003>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3298545|jstor=3298545|title=Phylogenetic position and generic limits of ''Arabidopsis'' (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=90|issue=4|pages=603|year=2003|last1=O'Kane|first1=Steve L.|last2=Al-Shehbaz|first2=Ihsan A.|s2cid=85316468|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/10181 }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Al-Shehbaz, I. A., O'Kane, Steve L. (2002). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). ''[http://aspb.org/publications/other-aspb-publications/the-arabidopsis-book/ The Arabidopsis Book]'': 1-22.
* Ceccato, Luca; Masiero, Simona; Sinha Roy, Dola; Bencivenga, Stefano; Roig-Villanova, Irma; Ditengou, Franck Anicet; Palme, Klaus; Simon, Rüdiger; Colombo, Lucia (2013-06-17). Grebe, Markus (ed.). "[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066148 Maternal Control of PIN1 Is Required for Female Gametophyte Development in Arabidopsis]". ''PLoS ONE''. '''8''' (6): e66148. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1371/journal.pone.0066148. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;1932-6203. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;3684594. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;23799075.
* O'Kane Jr, S. L., i Al-Shehbaz, I. A. (1997). A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae): ''Novon'' 7: 323–327.
* O'Kane Jr, S. L., i Al-Shehbaz, I. A. (2003). Phylogenetic position and generic limits of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 90 (4): 603–612.
* {{cite web | title=The Arabidopsis Book | publisher=[[American Society of Plant Biologists]] | date=2019-04-13 | url=http://aspb.org/publications/other-aspb-publications/the-arabidopsis-book/ | access-date=2021-08-14}} (Note that in 2013 ASPB decided to stop publishing new chapters.)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q157892}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arabidopsis| ]]
[[Category:Brassicaceae genera]]