Editing Apiales

{{Short description|Order of eudicot flowering plants in the asterid group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Umbella.jpg
| image_caption = Inflorescence of a wild carrot, ''[[Daucus carota]]'', in the family [[Apiaceae]].
| taxon = Apiales
| authority = [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=APGIII2009/>
| subdivision = 
* [[Apiaceae]] ([[carrot]] family)
* [[Araliaceae]] ([[ginseng]] family)
* [[Griseliniaceae]]
* [[Myodocarpaceae]]
* [[Pennantiaceae]]
* [[Pittosporaceae]]
* [[Torricelliaceae]]
}}

The '''Apiales''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s, included in the [[asterid]] group of [[dicotyledon]]s. Well-known members of Apiales include [[carrot]]s, [[celery]], [[coriander]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]]s, [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Panax ginseng|ginseng]], [[Hedera|ivies]], and [[pittosporum]]s.

Apiales consist of nine families, with the [[Type (biology)|type]] family being the celery, carrot or parsley family, [[Apiaceae]].

==Taxonomy==
There are nine accepted families within the Apiales, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may also be divided.<ref name="plunkett2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Plunkett | first1 = Gregory M. | last2 = Chandler | first2 = Gregory T. | last3 = Lowry | first3 = Porter P. | last4 = Pinney | first4 = Steven M. | last5 = Sprenkle | first5 = Taylor S. | year = 2004 | title = Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification | journal = South African Journal of Botany | volume = 70 | issue = 3| pages = 371–381 | doi=10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30220-9| doi-access = free }}</ref>

* [[Apiaceae]] ([[carrot]] family)
* [[Araliaceae]] ([[ginseng]] family)
* [[Griseliniaceae]]
* [[Myodocarpaceae]]
* [[Pennantiaceae]]
* [[Pittosporaceae]]
* [[Torricelliaceae]]

The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of [[DNA sequences]] by [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] methods.<ref name="gregory2004">{{Cite journal| last1 = Chandler | first1 = G. T.| last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M.| title = Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony| journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society| volume = 144| issue = 2| pages = 123| year = 2004| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x| doi-access = free}}</ref> The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="nicolas2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nicolas | first1 = A. N. | last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M. | title = The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the re-alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 134–151 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010 | pmid=19549570}}</ref>

The order Apiales is placed within the asterid group of [[eudicots]] as circumscribed by the APG III system.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Within the asterids, Apiales belongs to an [[Taxonomic rank|unranked]] group called the [[campanulids]],<ref name="winkworth2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Winkworth | first1 = Richard C. | last2 = Lundberg | first2 = Johannes | last3 = Donoghue | first3 = Michael J. | year = 2008 | title = Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales | journal = Taxon | volume = 57 | issue = 1| pages = 53–65 }}</ref> and within the campanulids, it belongs to a [[clade]] known in [[phylogenetic nomenclature]] as [[Apiidae]].<ref name="cantino2007">{{cite journal |author1=Philip D. Cantino |author2=James A. Doyle |author3=Sean W. Graham |author4=Walter S. Judd |author5=Richard G. Olmstead |author6=Douglas E. Soltis |author-link6=Douglas E. Soltis |author7=Pamela S. Soltis |author-link7 = Pamela S. Soltis|author8=Michael J. Donoghue | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846 | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705223344/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 5 July 2008 | doi = 10.2307/25065865|jstor=25065865 }}</ref> In 2010, a [[subclade]] of Apiidae named [[Dipsapiidae]] was defined to consist of the three orders: Apiales, [[Paracryphiales]], and [[Dipsacales]].<ref name="tank2010">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Tank | first1 = D. C. 
| last2 = Donoghue | first2 = M. J. 
| title = Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa 
| journal = Systematic Botany 
| volume = 35 
| issue = 2 
| pages = 425 
| year = 2010 
| doi = 10.1600/036364410791638306
| s2cid = 27856073 
}}</ref>

Under the [[Cronquist system]], only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids. The [[Pittosporaceae]] were placed within the [[Rosales]], and many of the other forms within the family [[Cornaceae]]. ''[[Pennantia]]'' was in the family [[Icacinaceae]]. In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the families Apiaceae and Araliaceae were placed in the order Ariales, in the [[superorder]] Araliiflorae (also called Aralianae).

==Gynoecia==
The largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are [[Araliaceae]], [[Myodocarpaceae]] and
[[Apiaceae]], which resemble each other in the structure of their [[gynoecium|gynoecia]]. In this respect however, the [[Pittosporaceae]] is notably distinct from them.<ref name="osk">{{cite journal|last1=Oskolski |first1=Alexei A. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Van Wyk |first3=Ben-Erik |title=False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=106 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcq084|url=http://ben-erikvanwyk.com/239%20-%202010,%20Oskolski,%20Sokoloff,%20Van%20Wyk,%20False%20paracarpy%20in%20Seemannaralia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ben-erikvanwyk.com/239%20-%202010,%20Oskolski,%20Sokoloff,%20Van%20Wyk,%20False%20paracarpy%20in%20Seemannaralia.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2017|pmc=2889795 |pmid=20462851}}</ref>

Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants, the synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules.<ref name="pan">{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=R. J. |title=Morphology of flowers and inflorescences |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9780521438322 |pages=153–155 |edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").<ref name="osk"/>

In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have [[Locule|unilocular]] ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.<ref name="osk"/>

==References==
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{{Wikispecies|position=left}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21138}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Apiales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai]]