Editing Apiaceae

{{short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
 | image = Umbelliferae-apium-daucus-foeniculum-eryngium-petroselinum.jpg
 | image_caption = Apiaceae: ''[[Apium]]'' leaves and tiny inflorescences, ''[[Daucus]]'' habit, ''[[Foeniculum]]'' inflorescences, ''[[Eryngium]]'' inflorescences, ''[[Petroselinum]]'' root.
 | taxon = Apiaceae
 | authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
 | type_genus = ''[[Apium]]''
 | type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 | subdivision = *[[Mackinlayoideae]] <small>Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Azorelloideae]] <small>Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Saniculoideae]] <small>Burnett</small>
*Apioideae <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small>
 | synonyms = Umbelliferae
}}

'''Apiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|eɪ|p|iː|'|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|iː|ˌ|iː}}) or '''Umbelliferae''' is a family of mostly aromatic [[flowering plant]]s named after the [[type genus]] ''[[Apium]],'' and commonly known as the '''celery''', '''carrot''', or '''parsley family''', or simply as '''umbellifers'''. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 [[species]] in about 446 [[genus|genera]],<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/apialesweb.htm#Apiaceae APIACEAE Lindley, nom. cons.]" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> including such well-known, and economically important plants as [[ajwain]], [[angelica]], [[anise]], [[Ferula assa-foetida|asafoetida]], [[caraway]], [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[chervil]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[dill]], [[fennel]], [[lovage]], [[cow parsley]], [[parsley]], [[parsnip]] and [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]], as well as [[Silphium (antiquity)|silphium]], a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorvett |first=Zaria |date=7 September 2017 |title=The mystery of the lost Roman herb |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref>

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of [[phototoxic]] species, such as [[giant hogweed]], and a smaller number of highly [[poisonous]] species, such as [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].

== Description ==

Most Apiaceae are [[annual plant|annual]], [[biennial plant|biennial]] or [[perennial]] [[herbaceous plant|herbs]] (frequently with the leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority are woody [[shrub]]s or small trees such as ''[[Bupleurum fruticosum]]''.<ref name=Heywood>{{cite book |first1=V.H. |last1=Heywood |first2=R.K. |last2=Brummitt |first3=A. |last3=Culham |first4=O. |last4=Seberg |title=Flowering plant families of the world |date=2007 |publisher=Firefly books |location=New York, U.S |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 }}</ref>{{rp|35}} Their leaves are of variable size, and [[phyllotaxis|alternately arranged]], or with the upper leaves becoming nearly opposite. The leaves may be [[petiole (botany)|petiolate]] or [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]. There are no [[stipules]] but the petioles are frequently sheathing, and the leaves may be [[Glossary of leaf morphology#perfoliate|perfoliate]]. The leaf blade is usually dissected, [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ternate|ternate]], or [[Glossary of leaf morphology#pinnatifid|pinnatifid]], but simple, and entire in some genera, e.g. ''[[Bupleurum]]''.<ref name=Stace/> Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to fetid, but absent in some species.

The defining characteristic of this family is the [[inflorescence]], the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal [[umbel]]s, that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]]. The flowers are usually perfect ([[hermaphroditic]]), and [[actinomorphic]], but there may be [[zygomorphic]] flowers at the edge of the umbel, as in [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[coriander]], with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward. Some are [[plant sexual morphology|andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious]] (as in ''[[Acronema]]''), with a distinct [[calyx (botany)|calyx]], and [[corolla (flower)|corolla]], but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while the corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly [[Merosity|pentamerous]], with five [[petal]]s and five [[stamen]]s.<ref name="Taylor-1994">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=94|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-date=1992}}</ref>
There is often variation in the functionality of the stamens even within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may be present but has no ovules capable of being fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are present but their anthers do not produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by the pollen of a different flower of the same plant ([[geitonogamy]]) is common. The [[gynoecium]] consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an [[inferior ovary]].<ref name="Taylor-1994" /> [[Glossary of botanical terms#stylopodium|Stylopodia]] support two styles, and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators like flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a [[schizocarp]] consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing a single seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of ''[[Daucus]]'' spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle ''[[Sanicula europaea]]''<ref name="Heywood" /> and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily [[endosperm]]<ref name="Watson">Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=13 December 2010 }}. Version: 4 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=She, M. |author2=Pu, F. |author3=Pan, Z. |author4=Watson, M. |author5=Cannon, J.F.M. |author6=Holmes-Smith, I. |author7=Kljuykov, E.V. |author8=Phillippe, L.R. |author9=Pimenov, M.G. |year=2005|title= Apiaceae|journal=Flora of China|volume=14|pages=1–205|url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10052}}</ref> and often contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the flavour of commercially important umbelliferous seed such as [[anise]], [[cumin]] and [[coriander]]. The shape and details of the ornamentation of the ripe fruits are important for identification to species level.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| page=88|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}}</ref>{{rp|802}}

== Taxonomy ==
Apiaceae was first described by [[John Lindley]] in 1836.<ref>Lindley, J. (1836) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 2nd Edition. Longman, London.</ref> The name is derived from the type genus ''[[Apium]]'', which was originally used by [[Pliny the Elder]] circa 50 AD for a [[celery]]-like plant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael G. Simpson|title=Plant Systematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|year=2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-374380-0}}</ref> The alternative name for the family, Umbelliferae, derives from the [[inflorescence]] being generally in the form of a compound [[umbel]]. The family was one of the first to be recognized as a distinct group in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 ''Historia generalis plantarum''. With [[Robert Morison|Robert Morison's]] 1672 ''Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova'' it became the first group of plants for which a systematic study was published.

The family is solidly placed within the [[Apiales]] order in the [[APG III system]]. It is closely related to [[Araliaceae]] and the boundaries between these families remain unclear. Traditionally groups within the family have been delimited largely based on fruit [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], and the results from this have not been congruent with the more recent molecular [[phylogenetic]] analyses. The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly [[paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyletic]].<ref name=Stevens/>

===Classification and phylogeny===
Prior to [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies, the family was subdivided primarily based on fruit characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses from the mid-1990s onwards have shown that fruit characters evolved in parallel many times, so that using them in classification resulted in units that were not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/> In 2004, it was proposed that Apiaceae should be divided into four subfamilies:<ref name=PlunChanLowrPinn04/>
*[[Apioideae]] <small>Seem.</small>
*[[Azorelloideae]] <small>G.M.Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Mackinlayoideae]] <small>G.M.Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Saniculoideae]] <small>Burnett</small>
Apioideae is by far the largest subfamily with about 90% of the genera. Most subsequent studies have supported this division, although leaving some genera unplaced. A 2021 study suggested the relationships shown in the following cladogram.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

{{clade
|label1=Apiaceae
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Platysace]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Mackinlayoideae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Klotzschia]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Azorelloideae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Hermas (plant)|Hermas]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Phlyctidocarpa]]'' + [[Saniculoideae]]
                  |2=[[Apioideae]]
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The ''[[Platysace]]'' clade and the genera ''[[Klotzschia]]'' and ''[[Hermas (plant)|Hermas]]'' fell outside the four subfamilies. It was suggested that they could be accommodated in subfamilies of their own. ''[[Phlyctidocarpa]]'' was formerly placed in the subfamily Apioideae, but if kept there makes Apioideae [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. It could be placed in an enlarged Saniculoideae, or restored to Apioideae if the latter were expanded to include Saniculoideae.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

The subfamilies can be further divided into tribes and clades, with many clades falling outside formally recognized tribes.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

=== Genera===
{{Main|List of Apiaceae genera}}
The number of genera accepted by sources varies. {{As of|2022|December}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] (PoWO) accepted 444 genera, while GRIN Taxonomy accepted 462. The PoWO genera are not a subset of those in GRIN; for example, ''[[Haloselinum]]'' is accepted by PoWO but not by GRIN, while ''Halosciastrum'' is accepted by GRIN but not by PoWO, which treats it as a synonym of ''[[Angelica]]''. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] had an "approximate list" of 446 genera.<ref name=Stevens/>

<gallery>
File:Chaerophyllum_bulbosum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-177.jpg|''[[Chaerophyllum bulbosum]]''
File:Apiaceae Pimpinella anisum.jpg|[[Anise]] (''Pimpinella anisum'') <br /> from Woodville (1793)<ref>Woodville, W. (1793) Medical Botany. James Phillips, London.</ref>
File:Angelica archangelica (1118596627).jpg|''[[Angelica archangelica]]''
File:Coriandrum sativum 003.JPG|Umbel of ''[[Coriandrum sativum]]'' showing strong zygomorphy (asymmetry) in the outer flowers.
</gallery>

== Ecology ==
The black swallowtail butterfly, ''[[Papilio polyxenes]]'', uses the family Apiaceae for food and host plants for [[oviposition]].<ref>Hall, Donald W. 2011 "Featured Creatures - Eastern Black Swallowtail." Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/bfly2/eastern_black_swallowtail.htm#life</ref> The [[22-spot ladybird]] is also commonly found eating mildew on these plants.<ref name="mne">{{cite web |last1=Drugmand |first1=Didier |title=Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata |url=https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/psyllobora-vigintiduopunctata/?lang=en |website=Monaco Nature Encyclopedia |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

== Uses ==

Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. [[Parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa''), [[carrot]] (''[[Daucus carota]]'') and [[Hamburg parsley#Root parsley|Hamburg parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum'') produce [[tap root]]s that are large enough to be useful as food. Many species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves or fruits and as a result are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are [[parsley]] (''[[Petroselinum]] crispum''), [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[culantro]], and [[dill]] (''Anethum graveolens''). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with [[coriander]] (''Coriandrum sativum''), [[fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare''), [[cumin]] (''Cuminum cyminum''), and [[caraway]] (''Carum carvi'').

Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include [[chervil]] (''Anthriscus cerefolium''), [[angelica]] (''Angelica'' spp.), [[celery]] (''Apium graveolens''), [[arracacha]] (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza''), [[Eryngium maritimum|sea holly]] (''Eryngium'' spp.), [[asafoetida]] (''Ferula asafoetida''), [[galbanum]] (''Ferula gummosa''), [[cicely]] (''Myrrhis odorata''), [[anise]] (''Pimpinella anisum''), [[lovage]] (''Levisticum officinale''), and [[Sanicula epipactis|hacquetia]] (''Sanicula epipactis'').<ref name=Watson/>

=== Cultivation ===
Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in the cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm.  Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a [[companion plant]]. One reason is that the tiny flowers, clustered into umbels, are well suited for [[ladybug]]s, [[parasitic wasp]]s, and predatory [[flies]], which drink nectar when not reproducing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peffley |first=Ellen |title=Peffley: Companion planting with herbs |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2021/06/01/peffley-companion-planting-herbs/5255768001/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of the members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find.

=== Other uses ===
The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous ''[[Oenanthe crocata]]'' has been used as an aid in suicides, and [[arrow poison]]s have been made from various other family species.

''[[Daucus carota]]'' has been used as coloring for butter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daucus carota: Beauty or Beast? (Michele Warmund) |url=https://ipm.missouri.edu/MEG/2010/8/Daucus-carota-Beauty-or-Beast/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=ipm.missouri.edu |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Dorema ammoniacum]]'', ''[[Ferula galbaniflua]]'', and ''[[Ferula moschata]]'' (sumbul) are sources of [[incense]].

The woody [[Yareta|''Azorella compacta'' Phil.]] has been used in South America for fuel.

== Toxicity ==
Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called [[furanocoumarins]]) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319001.php |title=Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and light affect the skin |last1=Leonard |first1=Jayne |date=19 August 2017 |website=Medical News Today |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/sun-related-skin-condition-triggered-by-chemicals-in-certain-plants-fruits/ |title=Sun-related Skin Condition Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits |last1=Davis |first1=Dawn |date=12 August 2011 |website=Dermatology, Mayo Clinic |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> a serious skin inflammation. Phototoxic species include ''[[Ammi majus]]'', ''[[Notobubon galbanum]],'' the [[parsnip]] (''[[Pastinaca]] sativa'') and numerous species of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', especially the giant hogweed (''[[Heracleum mantegazzianum]]''). Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae.<ref name="Pathak et al. 1962">{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=M. A. |last2=Daniels |first2=Farrington Jr. |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=T. B. |title=The Presently Known Distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in Plants |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |date=September 1962 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=225–239 |doi=10.1038/jid.1962.106|pmid=13941836 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including [[Conium maculatum|poison hemlock]], [[Cicuta|water hemlock]], [[spotted cowbane]], [[Aethusa cynapium|fool's parsley]], and various species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water dropwort]].

Some members of the family Apiaceae, including [[carrot]], [[celery]], [[fennel]], [[parsley]] and [[parsnip]], contain [[polyyne]]s, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities |author=C. Zidorn |author2=K. Jöhrer |author3=M. Ganzera |author4=B. Schubert |author5=E.M. Sigmund |author6=J. Mader |author7=R. Greil |author8=E.P. Ellmerer |author9=H. Stuppner |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=2005 |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=2518–2523 |doi=10.1021/jf048041s |pmid=15796588}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Minto | first1 = Robert E. | last2 = Blacklock | first2 = Brenda J | year = 2008 | title = Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products | journal = From Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 233–306 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002 | pmid = 18387369 | pmc = 2515280 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21>{{Citation |last1=Clarkson |first1=James J. |last2=Zuntini |first2=Alexandre R. |last3=Maurin |first3=Olivier |last4=Downie |first4=Stephen R. |last5=Plunkett |first5=Gregory M. |last6=Nicolas |first6=Antoine N. |last7=Smith |first7=James F. |last8=Feist |first8=Mary Ann E. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=Karime |last10=Malakasi |first10=Panagiota |last11=Bailey |first11=Paul |last12=Brewer |first12=Grace E. |last13=Epitawalage |first13=Niroshini |last14=Zmarzty |first14=Sue |last15=Forest |first15=Félix |last16=Baker |first16=William J. |date=2021 |title=A higher-level nuclear phylogenomic study of the carrot family (Apiaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=108 |issue=7 |pages=1252–1269 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1701 |pmid=34287829 |s2cid=236159639 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=PlunChanLowrPinn04>{{Citation |last1=Plunkett |first1=G.M. |last2=Chandler |first2=G.T. |last3=Lowry |first3=P.P. |last4=Pinney |first4=S.M. |last5=Sprenkle |first5=T.S. |last6=van Wyk |first6=B.-E. |last7=Tilney |first7=P. M. |date=2004 |title=Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=371–381 |doi=10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30220-9 |mode=cs1 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* Constance, L. (1971). "History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 1–11. Academic Press, London.
* Cronquist, A. (1968). The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
* {{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@USFWS/dont-touch-these-plants-six-lookalikes-you-want-to-avoid-edbe291b69e4 |title=Don't touch these plants! Six lookalikes you want to avoid |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |date=19 July 2017 |website=Medium |access-date=11 August 2018}}
* French, D. H. (1971). "Ethnobotany of the Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 385–412. Academic Press, London.
* Hegnauer, R. (1971) "Chemical Patterns and Relationships of Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 267–277. Academic Press, London.
* Heywood, V. H. (1971). "Systematic survey of Old World Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 31–41. Academic Press, London.
* Judd, W. S. et al. (1999). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Plunkett | first1 = G. M. | last2 = Downie | first2 = S. R. | s2cid = 38655452 | year = 1999 | title = Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 86 | issue = 7| pages = 1014–1026 | doi=10.2307/2656619| jstor = 2656619 | pmid = 10406725 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Plunkett | first1 = G. M. | last2 = Soltis | first2 = D. E. |author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis | last3 = Soltis | first3 = P. S. | author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis| year = 1996 | title = Higher Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of rbcL Sequences | journal =   American Journal of Botany| volume = 83 | issue = 4| pages = 499–515 | doi=10.2307/2446219| jstor = 2446219 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Plunkett | first1 = G. M. | last2 = Soltis | first2 = D. E. |author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis | last3 = Soltis | first3 = P. S. | author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis| year = 1996 | title = Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data | journal = Systematic Botany| volume = 21 | issue = 4| pages = 477–495 | doi=10.2307/2419610| jstor = 2419610 }}
* Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) ''Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares.'' [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030175423/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=484 |date=30 October 2014 }} (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).
* {{cite web |url=https://www.greenmountainclub.org/wild-parsnip-and-friends-in-vermont/ |title=Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont |last1=Scavo |first1=Tom |date=11 August 2011 |website=Green Mountain Club |access-date=11 August 2018}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Apiaceae}}
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/umbellif.htm Umbelliferae] at ''The Families of Flowering Plants (DELTA)''
* [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Apiaceae Apiaceae] at ''Discover Life''
* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/URC/frames.html?http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/URC/urchomepage.html Umbellifer Resource Centre] at the ''Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050504120603/http://umbelliferae.cs.msu.su/en_index.php?menu_item_id=4 Umbellifer Information Server] at ''Moscow State University''

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q145794|from2=Q10387485}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Apiaceae| ]]
[[Category:Asterid families]]