Editing Aphotic zone

{{Short description|Portion of a lake or ocean where less than 1% of sunlight penetrates}}
{{aquatic layer topics}}

The '''aphotic zone''' (aphotic from [[Greek language|Greek]] prefix {{lang|grc|ἀ-}} + {{lang|grc|φῶς}} "without light") is the portion of a [[lake]] or [[ocean]] where there is little or no [[sunlight]]. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1 percent of sunlight penetrates. Above the aphotic zone is the [[photic zone]], which consists of the euphotic zone and the disphotic zone. The euphotic zone is the layer of water in which there is enough light for net photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone, also known as the twilight zone, is the layer of water with enough light for predators to see but not enough for the rate of photosynthesis to be greater than the rate of respiration.

The depth at which less than one percent of sunlight reaches begins the aphotic zone. While most of the ocean's biomass lives in the photic zone, the majority of the ocean's water lies in the aphotic zone. [[Bioluminescence]] is more abundant than sunlight in this zone. Most food in this zone comes from [[Marine snow|dead organisms sinking]] to the bottom of the lake or ocean from overlying waters.

The depth of the aphotic zone can be greatly affected by such things as [[turbidity]] and the season of the year. The aphotic zone underlies the photic zone, which is that portion of a lake or ocean directly affected by sunlight.

==The Dark Ocean==
[[File:Pelagiczone.svg|thumb|upright=0.74|left|The layers of the pelagic zone. All but the epipelagic zone make up the aphotic zone.]]
[[File:Light penetration zones in the water column.png|thumb|upright=1.2|right| Zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the dysphotic zone.]]

In the ocean, the aphotic zone is sometimes referred to as the '''dark ocean'''. Depending on how it is defined, the aphotic zone of the ocean begins between depths of about {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} and extends to the [[ocean floor]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Earle, Sylvia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/livingoceanunder00thor |title=The living ocean: understanding and protecting marine biodiversity |author2=Thorne-Miller, Boyce |publisher=Island Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-55963-678-5 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=56–57 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Kunich | first=John C. | title=Killing our oceans: dealing with the mass extinction of marine life | year=2006 | publisher=Praeger Publishers | location=Westport, CT | isbn=978-0-275-98878-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/killingouroceans00john/page/8 8–9] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/killingouroceans00john/page/8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Linda Meyer |url=https://archive.org/details/earthsciencedemy0000will |title=Earth science demystified |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2004 |isbn=0-07-143499-2 |location=London |pages=287 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The majority of the ocean is aphotic, with the average depth of the sea being {{Convert|4267|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep; the deepest part of the sea, the [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]], is about {{Convert|11,000|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep. The depth at which the aphotic zone begins in the ocean depends on many factors. In clear, tropical water sunlight can penetrate deeper and so the aphotic zone starts at greater depths. Around the poles, the angle of the sunlight means it does not penetrate as deeply so the aphotic zone is shallower. If the water is turbid, suspended material can block light from penetrating, resulting in a shallower aphotic zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adaptations |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/adaptations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021194252/https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/adaptations |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa}}</ref> Temperatures can range from roughly {{convert|0|C|0}} to {{convert|6|C|0}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

The aphotic zone is further divided into the [[Mesopelagic zone|mesopelagic]], [[Bathyal zone|bathyal]], [[Abyssal zone|abyssal]], and [[Hadal zone|hadal]] zones. The mesopelagic zone extends from {{convert|200|m|0}} to {{convert|2000|m|0}}. The bathyal zone extends from {{convert|2000|m|0}} to {{convert|4000|m|0}}. The abyssal zone extends from {{convert|4000|m|0}} to {{convert|6000|m|0}} or {{convert|6500|m|0}}, depending on the authority. The hadal zone refers to the greatest depths, deeper than the abyssal zone. Some twilight occurs in the mesopelagic zone, but creatures below the mesopelagic must be able to live in complete darkness.<ref name="invitation">{{Cite book |last=Pinet |first=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2QJNVbdjTYC |title=Invitation to Oceanography |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5993-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=a2QJNVbdjTYC&pg=PA294 294] |url-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freiwald |first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DHqVA02GksC&pg=PA980 |title=Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems (Erlangen Earth Conference Series) (Erlangen Earth Conference Series) |date=20 May 2005 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-24136-2 |pages=980}}</ref>

==Life in the aphotic zone==
Though photosynthesis cannot occur in the aphotic zone, it is not unusual to find an abundance of [[phytoplankton]] there. Convective mixing due to cooling surface water sinking can increase the concentration of phytoplankton in the aphotic zone and lead to under-estimations of [[primary production]] in the euphotic zone during convective mixing events.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Batistić|first1=Mirna|last2=Jasprica|first2=Nenad|last3=Carić|first3=Marina|last4=Čalić|first4=Marijeta|last5=Kovačević|first5=Vedrana|last6=Garić|first6=Rade|last7=Njire|first7=Jakica|last8=Mikuš|first8=Josip|last9=Bobanović-Ćolić|first9=Svjetlana|date=2012-08-01|title=Biological evidence of a winter convection event in the South Adriatic: A phytoplankton maximum in the aphotic zone|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434311000252|journal=Continental Shelf Research|series=Southern Adriatic Oceanography|language=en|volume=44|pages=57–71|doi=10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.004|bibcode=2012CSR....44...57B |issn=0278-4343}}</ref>

Unusual and unique creatures dwell in this expanse of pitch black water, such as the [[Saccopharyngiformes|gulper eel]], [[giant squid]], [[anglerfish]], and [[vampire squid]]. Some life in the aphotic zone does not rely on sunlight at all. Benthic communities around [[methane seeps]] rely on methane-oxidizing microorganisms to supply energy to other microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruff|first1=S. Emil|last2=Biddle|first2=Jennifer F.|last3=Teske|first3=Andreas P.|last4=Knittel|first4=Katrin|last5=Boetius|first5=Antje|last6=Ramette|first6=Alban|date=2015-03-31|title=Global dispersion and local diversification of the methane seep microbiome|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=13|pages=4015–4020|doi=10.1073/pnas.1421865112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=25775520|pmc=4386351|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.4015R |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In some rare cases, bacteria use chemical energy sources such as sulfides and methane. Many of the animals in the aphotic zone are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their light. Bioluminescence can be used both for navigation and luring small animals into their jaws. An excellent example of this is the angler fish, as it has a light lure protruding in front of its mouth from a unique appendage on its head which provides navigation and as bait for smaller animals.

Some animals can cross between the photic and aphotic zones in search of food. For example, the [[sperm whale]] and the [[southern elephant seal]] occasionally hunt in the aphotic zone despite the water pressure squashing their bodies; however, not fatally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anissimov |first=Michael |title=Which Animals Live in the Aphotic Zone of the Ocean? |url=http://www.infobloom.com/which-animals-live-in-the-aphotic-zone-of-the-ocean.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529013857/https://www.allthescience.org/which-animals-live-in-the-aphotic-zone-of-the-ocean.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Info Bloom |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Aphotic zone migration ==
After sunset, millions of organisms swarm up from the depths to feed on the microorganisms floating in the warm epipelagic zone. Many [[copepod]]s and invertebrate larvae come up to shallower waters to eat the phytoplankton, which attracts many predators like [[squid]], [[Marine hatchetfish|hatchetfish]], and [[Lanternfish|lantern fish]]. The migration of the many bioluminescent animals is visible to the naked eye. This nightly vertical migration is the largest (in terms of the number of animals) on our planet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kazilek |date=2014-11-18 |title=The Endless Blue |url=https://askabiologist.asu.edu/animals-open-ocean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512225014/https://askabiologist.asu.edu/animals-open-ocean |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Ask A Biologist {{!}} Arizona State University |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Expl2270 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|The migration of bioluminescent organisms from aphotic zone]]
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==See also==
* [[Abyssal zone]]
* [[Benthic zone]]
* [[Hadal zone]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|aphotic zone|aphotic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aphotic Zone}}
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]