Editing Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie

{{short description|Irish-born French explorer, geographer, ethnologist, linguist and astronomer}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name          = Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie
| image         = Antoine d'Abbadie.gif
| caption       = Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1810|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1897|3|19|1810|1|3|df=y}}
| death_place   = Paris, France
| residence     =
| citizenship   = France
| nationality   = Irish, French, Basque
| alma_mater    =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for     =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| signature     =
| footnotes     =
| ethnicity     =
| field         = [[Geographer]]
| work_institutions =
| prizes        =
}}

'''Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie d'Arrast''' (3 January 1810 – 19 March 1897)<ref name="EB" /> was a French-[[Basques|Basque]] explorer, [[geographer]], [[ethnologist]], [[linguist]] and [[astronomer]] of Irish birth, renowned for his expeditions in [[Ethiopia]]<ref group=nb>Although referred to as Ethiopia here, the region that they traveled is more accurately defined as [[Abyssinia]] or in today's geography northern Ethiopia and [[Eritrea]].</ref> during the early 19th century. He was the elder brother of [[Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie]], who accompanied him on his travels.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Thorne|1984|p=1}}</ref>

==Biography==
Antoine Thomson d’Abbadie was born a British subject in [[Dublin]], Ireland, to a family of partial [[Basques|Basque]] noble descent from the [[Provinces of France|French province]] of [[Soule]]. His mother, Madame Thompson, was Irish, and his father, Michel d’Abbadie, was a native of [[Arrast-Larrebieu]]. He descended from an ancient lineage of [[lay abbot]]s based in Arrast, a commune in the canton of Mauléon. These lay abbots were originally instituted by [[Charlemagne]] to protect the borderlands against [[Saracen |Saracen incursions]]. Residing in the abbeys of the Basque region, they lived with weapons in hand, ever prepared to defend their territories. They were granted the right to collect tithes and participated in the appointment of priests, selecting candidates in collaboration with the bishop. The name "d’Abbadie" originally referred not to a surname but to their ecclesiastical function ("abbatia," "abbadia").

In 1818, the family relocated to France, where Antoine and his brother received a rigorous scientific education.<ref name="EB" />{{refn|group=nb|The date of the move to France by the family is given as 1820 by some.<ref name="ww" /> }} Antoine earned a bachelor's degree in [[Toulouse]] in 1827 and began studying law in Paris in 1829.<ref name="ww">{{harvnb|Debus|Calinger|Collins|Kennedy|1968|p=400}}</ref>

On 21 February 1859, he married Virginie Vincent de Saint-Bonnet.<ref name="ww" /> He later settled in [[Hendaye]] where he acquired 250[[Hectare|ha]] of land to construct a castle. He also served as the mayor of Hendaye from 1871 to 1875.

D’Abbadie was made a Knight of the [[Légion d’honneur|Legion of Honour]] on 27 September 1850<ref name="ww" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014}}</ref> and later served as president of the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. Upon his death in 1897, he bequeathed the Abbadia estate and castle in Hendaye, generating an annual revenue of 40,000 francs, to the Academy of Sciences. This legacy came with the stipulation that the academy compile a catalog of 500,000 stars within fifty years.{{sfn|Keltie|1911}}

==Education==
Michel d’Abbadie returned to France with his family around 1820. Settling initially in Toulouse, he personally oversaw the education of his children, who were placed under the care of a governess. “I was raised,” Antoine later recounted, “in the English tradition alongside my sisters. We spent our days and nights in a dormitory, closely monitored by a servant. In the evenings, we had little opportunity to converse with our parents, save for an occasional story from Father before being sent to play quietly in a corner of the room. We always addressed our parents formally, as ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam.’”

Antoine remained at home for three or four years, “far removed from the strict discipline of a boarding school tutor.” At the age of 13, he entered middle school, where he demonstrated exceptional enthusiasm and academic fervor. Even as a child, he exhibited a deep curiosity about the unknown in his surroundings. He once asked his governess, “What lies at the end of the road?” She replied, “A river, my friend.” “And what lies beyond the river?” he inquired. “A mountain,” came the answer. “And beyond the mountain?” the boy persisted. “I cannot say, for I have never been there,” she admitted. “Then I shall journey forth and discover it myself,” declared the child. This insatiable thirst for knowledge became a defining characteristic of Antoine d’Abbadie's life. Gifted with extraordinary linguistic abilities, he would go on to master numerous languages, including [[English language|English]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], and several [[Languages of Ethiopia|Ethiopian languages]].

In August 1827, Antoine obtained his baccalaureate and returned to Toulouse to study law. Among his closest friends at the time were [[Pierre Étienne Simon Duchartre]], [[Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac|Bernard-Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac]] and {{Interlanguage link|Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne|fr}}.The young men often discussed their ambitions for the future. “Sometimes,” d’Abbadie later noted, “Granier asks about my plans; I respond with trivialities, and he likely interprets this as indecision. Yet in my heart, I hold the most extraordinary and beautiful project, one that fills me with joy in my idle moments and which I treasure as much as any other pursuit.”

This grand project, to which the young law student alluded, had been germinating in his mind for years. Since his middle school days, it had shaped his focus, his education, and even the smallest details of his life. From an early age, d’Abbadie harbored the passions and aspirations of an adventurer. While initially vague, his ideas gradually crystallized into a more concrete vision. “After completing college in 1829,” he later recounted, “I undertook six years of study specifically aimed at preparing myself for the exploration of Africa’s interior, which I intended to enter through [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]]. Reading the travels of [[James Bruce|Bruce]] transported my imagination to [[East Africa]]—a region marked by extensive migrations and the origins of enduring traditions, yet veiled in mystery. I became convinced that the most noble pursuit a man could dedicate himself to was the study of his fellow human beings.”

During these six formative years, d’Abbadie rigorously prepared himself for the challenges of exploration. Gifted with exceptional physical agility, even by Basque standards, he spent years honing his body and mind through physical training. He became skilled in fencing, practiced gymnastics, competed in endurance races under various weather conditions, and developed into an accomplished swimmer. During a vacation in [[Biarritz]] in 1827, he impressed the local population by swimming to the Boucalot rock, located nearly 500 meters offshore.<ref name="Notice Historique">
{{Cite book
|last=d'Arboux
|first=Gaston
|date=1908
|title=Notice Historique sur Antoine d'Abbadie
|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k32658/f33.item.r=Abbadie
|publisher=Académie des Sciences
|language=French}}</ref>

== Science and explorations ==
[[File:Antoine d'Abbadie (c 1870).jpg|thumb|Antoine d'Abbadie]]

In 1835, the [[French Academy]] commissioned Antoine d’Abbadie to undertake a scientific mission to Brazil. The findings of this expedition were later published in 1873<ref name="EB" />{{refn|group=nb|The date of the trip to Brazil is stated as 1836 by some sources.<ref name="ww" /> }} under the title ''Observations relatives à la physique du globe faites au Brésil et en Éthiopie''. In November 1836, he embarked on the frigate L'Andromède, accompanied by [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], who was then in exile following the failed Strasbourg uprising.

Having successfully completed his assignment in Brazil, Antoine hastened to Cairo in 1837 to join his younger brother, Arnaud, who awaited him there. The two young explorers, aged 26 and 21, subsequently embarked on an expedition that would keep them in Ethiopia for nearly 12 years.

In February 1838, the d’Abbadie brothers landed at [[Massawa]].<ref name="EB">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=8}}</ref> They traveled extensively throughout Ethiopia, reaching as far south as the [[Kingdom of Kaffa]]. Often journeying together but occasionally venturing separately, their explorations encompassed scientific research and political engagement. Antoine, in particular, immersed himself in local political dynamics, advocating for French interests and supporting [[Catholic missions|Catholic missionary]] efforts.<ref name="ce">{{harvnb|Shahan|1907}}</ref>

Arnaud d’Abbadie held several distinguished roles in Ethiopia, including those of general, judge, and diplomat. He actively participated in battles and was granted the title of [[Ras (title)|Ras]], one of the most esteemed honors in the country. Antoine, by contrast, followed an academic path and became a dedicated scholar. Reflecting on his time in Ethiopia, he remarked, "When residing in a foreign country without any known antecedents, it is advisable to adopt a vocation in line with local customs, as failure to do so may result in being branded as a political spy, a hazardous accusation in any nation. As I was unable to engage in combat, agriculture, or merchandising, I identified as a "mamhir", or teacher and scholar, during my time in Christian Ethiopia and received an education from their public and non-compulsory schools."

During their extended stay, the two brothers fully assimilated into local customs. They exchanged their European attire for the turban and [[toga]] of the Ethiopians and traversed the region barefoot, as, at the time, only lepers and Jews wore sandals. This cultural integration earned them warm receptions wherever they traveled.<ref name="Notice Historique" />

The d’Abbadie brothers undertook extensive journeys throughout Ethiopia, meticulously documenting a wide range of topics, including human and physical geography, religion, legislative texts, ethnography, philology, linguistics, numismatics, and history. Antoine, in particular, amassed a remarkable collection of 250 [[Ethiopian manuscript collections|ancient manuscripts]]. With the assistance of the Ethiopian [[Debtera]] Tewelde Medhin of Welkait, he also compiled the first-ever Amharic-French dictionary, encompassing 15,000 words.

[[File:Portrait of Debtera Tewelde Medhin of Welkait.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Debtera Tewelde Medhin of Welkait]]

By late 1848, after fulfilling and exceeding their ambitious self-imposed goals, the d’Abbadie brothers departed Ethiopia, leaving behind a legacy of unparalleled scholarly and cultural contributions.

Antoine became involved in various controversies relating both to his geographical results and his political intrigues. He was especially attacked by [[Charles Tilstone Beke]], who impugned his veracity, especially with reference to the journey to Kaffa. But time and the investigations of subsequent explorers have shown that Abbadie was quite trustworthy as to his facts, though wrong in his assertion — hotly contested by Beke — that the [[Blue Nile]] was the main stream. The topographical results of his explorations were published in Paris between 1860 and 1873<ref name="EB" /> in ''Géodésie d'Éthiopie'', full of the most valuable information and illustrated by ten maps. Of the ''Géographie de l'Éthiopie'' (Paris, 1890)<ref name="EB" /> only one volume was published. In ''Un Catalogue raisonné de manuscrits éthiopiens'' (Paris, 1859) is a description of 234 Ethiopian [[manuscript]]s collected by Antoine.<ref name="EB" /><ref>His manuscripts and notebooks have been digitized by the [[National Library of France]] and are available on their web portal [[Gallica]] as "Ethiopien d' Abbadie" and "Antoine d' Abbadie – Carnets".</ref> He also compiled various vocabularies, including a ''Dictionnaire de [[Amharic language|la langue amariñña]]'' (Paris, 1881), and prepared an edition of the ''[[Shepherd of Hermas]]'', with the Latin version, in 1860. He published numerous papers dealing with the geography of Ethiopia, Ethiopian coins and ancient inscriptions. Under the title of ''Reconnaissances magnétiques'' he published in 1890 an account of the [[magnetic]] observations<ref name="Delpech" /> made by him in the course of several journeys to the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Levant]]. The general account of the travels of the two brothers was published by [[Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie|Arnaud]] in 1868 under the title of ''Douze ans de séjour dans la Haute Ethiopie''. The book has been translated into English "Twelve Years in Upper Ethiopia".

Antoine was responsible for streamlining techniques in [[geodesy]], along with inventing a new [[theodolite]] for measuring angles.

==Basque and bascophile==
Basque through his father, Abbadie developed a particular interest in the [[Basque Language]] after meeting Prince [[Louis Lucien Bonaparte]] in London. He started his academic work on Basque in 1852.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020|reason=A side of his life not covered in sources cited}}

A speaker of both [[Souletin]] and [[Lapurdian]], a resident of [[Lapurdi]], Abbadie considered himself a [[Basque people|Basque]] from [[Soule]]. The popularity of the [[motto]] ''[[Zazpiak Bat]]'' is attributed to Abbadie, coined in the framework of the ''[[Jocs Florals|Lore Jokoak]]'' Basque festivals that he fostered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie {{!}} Shellers From the Past and Present |url=https://www.conchology.be/?t=9001&id=14096 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.conchology.be |language=en}}</ref>

==Abbadia Castle==
[[File:Chateau-abbadia-exterieur-entree-e1539073553639.webp|thumb|left|Domaine d'Abbadia in [[Hendaye]], designed by [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]]]
Abbadie gave his castle home the name ''Abbadia'', which is the name still used in Basque. However, in French it is usually referred to as ''[[Château d'Abbadie|Chateau d'Abbadie]]'' or ''Domaine d'Abbadia'', and locally it is not unusual for it to be called ''le Chateau d'Antoine d'Abbadie''.
[[File:PSM V54 D090 Chateau dabbadie.png|thumb|Drawing of the castle in an American magazine (Popular Science Monthly, 1898).]]
[[File:Painting depicting Ethiopians.jpg|thumb|Painting of Abbadie Castle depicting Ethiopians]]

The château was built between 1864 and 1879 on a cliff by the Atlantic Ocean, and was designed by [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]] in the [[Neo Gothic]] style. It is considered one of the most important examples of French Gothic Revival Architecture.<ref name="Delpech">{{harvnb|Delpech|2014|p=1}}</ref> It is divided in three parts: the observatory and library, the chapel, and the living quarters.
Over the front entrance door of the château is engraved "Céd míle fáilte" Irish gaelic for one hundred thousand welcomes in honour of his Irish heritage.

The château still belongs to the [[Académie des sciences|Academy of Science]] to which it was bequeathed in 1895 on condition of its producing a catalogue of half-a-million [[star]]s within fifty years' time,<ref name="ce" /> with the work to be carried out by members of religious orders.<ref name="ce" />

The château was classified as a protected historical monument by France in 1984. Most of the château property now belongs to the [[Conservatoire du littoral|Coastal Protection Agency]], and is managed by the city of Hendaye.

==Publications==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 50%"
! Year !! Area of Study !! Title !! Translation !! Notes
|-
| 1836 || Basque Language || ''Études grammaticales sur la langue euskarienne'' || Grammatical Studies of the Euskarian Language || [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96578403 On Gallica]
|-
| 1854 || Basque Language || ''Le Dictionnaire de Chaho'' || Dictionary of Chaho ||
|-
| 1854 || Basque Language || ''Lettres sur l'orthographe basque'' || Letters on the Basque Spelling ||
|-
| 1859 || Basque Language || ''Travaux récents sur la langue basque'' || Recent Studies on the Basque language || [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528985n.r On Gallica]
|-
| 1859 || Ethiopia || ''Catalogue raisonné de manuscrits éthiopiens'' || Catalog of Ethiopian Manuscripts || Paris<ref name="ww" /><ref name="ce" /> [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1044499.r On Gallica]
|-
| 1859 || Ethiopia, Geography of || ''Résumé Géodésique des positions déterminées en Éthiopie'' || Summarized Geodetic Positions Determined in Ethiopia || Paris<ref name="ce" /> [https://www.babordnum.fr/items/show/1107 On Babordnum]
|-
| 1860–1873 || Ethiopia, Geography of || ''Géodésie d'Éthiopie ou triangulation d'une partie de la Haute Éthiopie'' || Surveying of Ethiopia and Triangulation of Parts of Upper Ethiopia || 4 Vols. Paris:Gauthier-Villars<ref name="ww" /><ref name="ce" />
[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5751392n/f6.item On Gallica]
|-
| 1862–1869 || Ethiopia, Geography of || ''Éthiopie'' || Ethiopia || Map in 10 sections<ref name="ww" />
|-
| 1864 || Basque Language || ''Zuberoatikaco gutun bat'' || || [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8868394.r On Gallica]
|-
| 1867 || Exploration || ''Instructions pour les voyages d'exploration'' || Guidelines for Exploratory Voyages || [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5802083t Available] on [[Gallica]]
|-
| 1868 || Basque Language || ''Sur la carte de la langue basque'' || The Map of the Basque Language ||
|-
| 1868 || Ethiopia, History of || ''L'Abyssinie et le roi Théodoros'' || Abyssinia and King Theodore || [https://www.academia.edu/129088331/Abyssinia_And_King_Theodore_Translated_ In English on Academia]
|-
| 1868 || Ethiopia || ''Monnaie d'Éthiopie'' || Ethiopian Currency ||
|-
| 1872 || Language || ''Notice sur les langues de Kam'' || Brochure of Languages Kam ||[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4222985n On Gallica]
|-
| 1873 || Basque, History of || ''Le basque et le berbère'' || Both Basque and the Berber ||
|-
| 1873 || Geography || ''Observations relatives à la physique du globe, faites au Brésil et en Éthiopie'' || Observations on Earth Physics, Made in Brazil and Ethiopia || Paris:Gauthier-Villars<ref name="ce" />
|-
| 1880 || Exploration || ''Préparation des voyageurs aux observations astronomiques et géodésiques'' || Preparation of Travelers With Astronomical Observations and Geodetic Surveys ||<ref name="ww" />
|-
| 1880 || Ethiopia || ''Sur les Oromo grande nation africaine désignée souvent sous le nom de "Galla"'' || On the Oromo: great African nation often designated under the name "Galla" || JOS volume 14 Number 1
|-
| 1881 || Science || ''Recherches sur la verticale'' || Researching the Vertical ||
|-
| 1881 || Language || ''Dictionnaire de la langue Amarrinna'' || Dictionary of the Amharic Language ||<ref name="ww" /><ref name="ce" />
|-
| 1884 || Exploration || ''Credo d'un vieux voyageur'' || The Creed of an Old Traveler ||
|-
| 1890 || Geography || ''Reconnaissances magnétiques'' || Magnetic Reconnaissance || Paris
|-
| 1890 || Geography of Ethiopia || ''Géographie de l'Éthiopie, ce que j'ai entendu, faisant suite à ce que j'ai vu'' || Geography of Ethiopia, What I Heard, Which Followed What I Saw ||<ref name="ww" /> [https://archive.org/details/geographiedelet00abba On Internet Archive]
|-
| 1895 || Basque Language || ''Lettre sur la préservation de la langue basque'' || Letter on Preserving the Basque Language ||
|-
| 1896 || Abolition of slavery || ''Sur l'abolition de l'esclavage en Afrique'' || On the abolition of slavery in Africa || [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106162z.r On Gallica]
|-
| 1898 || Ethiopia, History of || ''Des conquêtes faites en Abyssinie au XVIe siècle par l'imam Muhammad Ahmad dit Grâgne; version française de la chronique arabe du Chahâb ad-Dîn Ahmad'' || Translation of a chronicle of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]'s conquests in 16th-century Ethiopia || Completed by Philipp Paulitschke and published posthumously. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103787k On Gallica]
|}

===Awards and memberships===
Antoine received the French [[Legion of Honor]] on 27 September 1850 with the order of chevalier or knight.<ref name="ww" /> He was a member of the [[Bureau des Longitudes]],<ref name="ww" /> founding president of the [[Société de Linguistique de Paris]] in 1864,<ref>{{cite web|title=Société de linguistique de Paris |url=http://www.cths.fr/an/societe.php?id=515 |website=Le Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS) }}{{In lang|fr}}</ref> and president of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1892.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatt|1898|p=180}}</ref> Both brothers received the grand medal of the [[Paris Geographical Society]]<ref name="ww" /> in 1850.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web|author=Anon |year=2014 |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH001/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL0001060v012.htm |website=Le Site du Ministére de la Culture et de la Communication |location=France |language=fr |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907143024/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH001/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL0001060v012.htm |title=Dossier |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last = Debus | editor1-first = Allen G. | editor2-last = Calinger | editor2-first = Ronald S. | editor3-last = Collins | editor3-first = Edward J. | editor4-last = Kennedy | editor4-first = Stephen J. | encyclopedia = World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists From Antiquity to the Present | publisher = The A. N. Marquis Company | location = Chicago, Illinois | year = 1968 | isbn = 0-8379-1001-3 | lccn = 68056149 | title = D'Abbadie, Antoine Thomas | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse }}
* {{cite web |last=Delpech |first=Viviane |title=The Château d'Abbadia (Pays Basque, France): Antoine d'Abbadie's Romantic and Political Utopia |url=http://www.otranto.co.uk/fileuploads/publication/doc/Delpech_Abbadia_Otranto004.pdf |website=The New Strawberry Hill Press |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513135337/http://www.otranto.co.uk/fileuploads/publication/doc/Delpech_Abbadia_Otranto004.pdf |year=2014 |pages=1–25 |url-status=dead  }}
* {{Citation | last = Hatt | first = Philippe-Eugène | title = Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. d'Abbadie | journal = Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences | volume = 126 | pages = 173–181 | date = 17 January 1898 | language = fr | url = https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3082d/f179.item | access-date = January 24, 2025 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbadie, Antoine-Thomson d'; and Abbadie, Arnaud-Michel d' | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = I: A-Ak – Bayes | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Abbadie, Antoine Thomson D' and Arnaud Michel D'|volume=1|page=9|first=John Scott|last=Keltie|authorlink=John Scott Keltie}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Shahan | first = Thomas Joseph | editor1-last = Herbermann | editor1-first = Charles George | editor2-last = Pace | editor2-first = Edward A. | editor3-last = Pallen | editor3-first = Condé Bénoist | editor4-last = Shahan | editor4-first = Thomas J. | editor5-last = Wynne | editor5-first = John J. | encyclopedia = The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church | location = New York, NY | title = Antoine d'Abbadie | publisher = The Encyclopedia Press, Inc. | lccn = 30023167 | year = 1907 }} – [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01006e.htm Antoine d'Abbadie]
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Thorne | editor-first = John | encyclopedia = Chambers Biographical Dictionary | title = Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d' | isbn = 0-550-18022-2 | year = 1984 | publisher = Chambers | edition = Revised }}
* {{cite Appletons|wstitle = Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d'}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Darboux
 |first=Gaston
 |title="Notice Historique sur Antoine d'Abbadie"
}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbadie, Antoine Thomson D}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century French explorers]]
[[Category:People from Soule]]
[[Category:19th-century French astronomers]]
[[Category:French-Basque people]]
[[Category:Basque-language writers]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Lincean Academy]]
[[Category:Irish people of Basque descent]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Ethiopianists]]