Editing Antiochus X Eusebes

{{Short description|King of Syria (r. 95–92/88 BC)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Antioco X Eusebes.jpg
| alt          = A coin bearing the portrait of the Seleucid king Antiochus X
| caption      = Antiochus X's portrait on the obverse of a [[tetradrachm]]
| succession   = [[King of Syria]]
| reign        = 95–92 or 88 BC
| predecessor  = [[Seleucus VI]], [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]]
| successor    = Demetrius III, [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]]
| regent       = {{ubl|Seleucus VI (95–94 BC)|Demetrius III (95–92/88 BC)|[[Antiochus XI]] (94–93 BC)|Philip I (94–92/88 BC)}}
| reg-type     = Contenders
| birth_date   = {{circa|113 BC}}
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 92 or 88 BC (aged 21–22 or 24–25)
| death_place  = 
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]]
| issue        = [[Antiochus XIII]]<br>[[Seleucus VII Philometor]]<br>Seleucus Kybiosaktes
| issue-link   = 
| regnal name  = Antiochus Eusebes Philopator
| dynasty      = [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]]
| father       = [[Antiochus IX]]
| mother       = [[Cleopatra IV]] ?
}}

'''Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀντίοχος Εὐσεβής Φιλοπάτωρ}}; {{circa|113&nbsp;BC}}&nbsp;– 92 or 88&nbsp;BC) was a [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] monarch who reigned as [[King of Syria]] during the [[Hellenistic period]] between 95 BC and 92 BC or 89/88 BC (224 [[Seleucid era|SE [Seleucid year]]]).{{#tag:ref|Some dates in the article are given according to the [[Seleucid era]], which is indicated when two years have a slash separating them. Each Seleucid year started in the late autumn of a [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian year]]; a Seleucid year thus overlaps two Gregorian ones.{{sfn|Biers|1992|p= 13}}|group=note}} He was the son of [[Antiochus IX]] and perhaps his Egyptian wife [[Cleopatra IV]]. Eusebes lived during a period of general disintegration in Seleucid Syria, characterized by civil wars, foreign interference by [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and incursions by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]]. Antiochus IX was killed in 95{{nbsp}}BC at the hands of [[Seleucus VI]], the son of his half-brother and rival [[Antiochus VIII]]. Antiochus X then went to the city of [[Arwad|Aradus]] where he declared himself king. He avenged his father by defeating Seleucus VI, who was eventually killed.

Antiochus X did not enjoy a stable reign as he had to face three of Seleucus VI's brothers, [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]], [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]] and [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]]. Antiochus XI defeated Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and expelled him from the capital [[Antioch]] in 93 BC. A few months later, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X regained his position and killed Antiochus XI. This led to both Philip I and Demetrius III becoming involved. The civil war continued but its outcome is uncertain due to the contradictions between different ancient historians' accounts. Antiochus{{nbsp}}X married his stepmother, Antiochus IX's widow [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]], and had several children with her, including a future king [[Antiochus XIII]].

The death of Antiochus X is a mystery. The year of his demise is traditionally given by modern scholars as 92 BC, but other dates are also possible including the year 224 SE (89/88{{nbsp}}BC). The most reliable account of his end is that of the first century historian [[Josephus]], who wrote that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X marched east to fight off the Parthians who were attacking a queen called [[Laodice of the Sameans|Laodice]]; the identity of this queen and who her people were continues to be debated. Other accounts exist: the ancient Greek historian [[Appian]] has Antiochus{{nbsp}}X defeated by the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king [[Tigranes II]] and losing his kingdom; the third century historian [[Eusebius]] wrote that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was defeated by his cousins and escaped to the Parthians before asking the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] to help him regain the throne. Modern scholars prefer the account of Josephus and question practically every aspect of the versions presented by other ancient historians. Numismatic evidence shows that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was succeeded in Antioch by Demetrius III, who controlled the capital in {{circa|225}} SE (88/87 BC).

== Background, early life and name ==
[[File:Antiochos IX Kyzikenos, Tetradrachm, 110-109 BC, HGC 3-1228i.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Antiochus IX]], father of Antiochus X]]
The second century BC witnessed the disintegration of the Syria-based [[Seleucid Empire]] due to never-ending dynastic feuds and foreign [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egyptian]] and [[Roman Republic|Roman]] interference.{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]}}{{sfn|Goodman|2005|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=4me0TRqPOB4C&pg=PA37 37]}} Amid constant civil wars, Syria fell to pieces.{{sfn|Kelly|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=npNUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 82]}} Seleucid pretenders fought for the throne, tearing the country apart.{{sfn|Wright|2005|p=76}} In 113 BC, [[Antiochus IX]] declared himself king in opposition to his half-brother [[Antiochus VIII]].{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}} The siblings fought relentlessly for a decade and a half until Antiochus VIII was killed in 96 BC.{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=eqxipjRXCf4C&pg=PA32 32]}} The following year, Antiochus VIII's son [[Seleucus VI]] marched against Antiochus IX and killed him near the Syrian capital [[Antioch]].{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=eqxipjRXCf4C&pg=PA33 33]}}

Egypt and Syria attempted dynastic marriages to maintain a degree of peace.{{sfn|Tinsley|2006|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=xwrC2CC_QBsC&pg=PA179 179]}} Antiochus IX married several times; known wives are his cousin [[Cleopatra IV of Egypt]], whom he married in 114 BC,{{sfn|Bouché-Leclercq|1913|p= [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredessle01bouc#page/418/mode/2up 418]}}{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165]}} and her sister [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]], the widow of Antiochus VIII.{{#tag:ref|The 6th-century monk and historian [[John Malalas]] wrote that following the war between [[Antiochus VII]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]], a daughter of the Parthian king, named Brittane, was married to Antiochus IX, Antiochus VII's son, to end the conflict.{{sfn|Malalas|1940|p= 19}} The work of Malalas is considered generally unreliable by scholars,{{sfn|Scott|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=RtMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}} but 16 or 17 years separate the death of Cleopatra IV and the marriage of Antiochus IX and Cleopatra Selene; it would be very strange for the king to have remained unmarried throughout this period.{{sfn|Ogden|1999|p= 156}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Bouché-Leclercq|1913|pp= [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredessle02bouc#page/640/mode/2up 641], 643, 416}} Some historians, such as John D. Grainger, maintain the existence of a first wife unknown by name who was the mother of Antiochus X.{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=eqxipjRXCf4C&pg=PA32 32]}} Others, such as [[Auguste Bouché-Leclercq]], believe that the first wife of Antiochus IX and the mother of his son was Cleopatra IV,{{sfn|Bouché-Leclercq|1913|p= [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredessle01bouc#page/418/mode/2up 418]}} in which case Antiochus{{nbsp}}X would have been born in {{circa|113 BC}}.{{sfn|Bennett|2002a|p= [http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/selene_i.htm#Selene.4 note 4]}} None of those assertions are based on evidence, and the mother of Antiochus{{nbsp}}X is not named in ancient sources.{{sfn|Bennett|2002|p=[http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iv.htm#Cleopatra%20IV.14 note 14]}} Antiochus is a Greek name meaning "resolute in contention".{{sfn|Ross|1968|p=47}} The capital Antioch received its name in deference to [[Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)|Antiochus]], the father of the Seleucid dynasty's founder [[Seleucus I]];{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68]}} the name became dynastic and many Seleucid kings bore it.{{sfn|Hallo|1996|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SbsEtMon-dEC&pg=PA142 142]}}{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hodsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 163]}}

== Reign ==
[[File:Syria under the Seleucids 92 BC.svg|thumb|Divided Syria {{circa|92 BC}}]]
According to [[Josephus]], following the death of his father, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X went to the city of [[Arwad|Aradus]] where he declared himself king;{{sfn|Josephus|1833|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9sA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA421 421]}} it is possible that Antiochus IX, before facing Seleucus VI, sent his son to that city for protection.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 262}} Aradus was an independent city since 137 BC, meaning that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X made an alliance with it, since he would not have been able to subdue it by force at that stage of his reign.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 74}} As the descendants of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX fought over Syria, they portrayed themselves in the likeness of their respective fathers to indicate their legitimacy; Antiochus X's busts on his coins show him with a short nose that ends with an up-turn, like his father.{{sfn|Wright|2011|p= 46}} Ancient [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] kings did not use [[regnal number]]s. Instead, they usually employed epithets to distinguish themselves from other rulers with similar names; the numbering of kings is mostly a modern practice.{{sfn|McGing|2010|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=D8kjH-4ehf4C&pg=247 247]}}{{sfn|Hallo|1996|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SbsEtMon-dEC&pg=PA142 142]}} On his coins, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X appeared with the epithets ''Eusebes'' (the pious) and ''Philopator'' (father-loving).{{sfn|Green|1990|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=S6MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 552]}}{{sfn|Leake|1854|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=bI1pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36 36]}} According to [[Appian]], the king received the epithet Eusebes from the Syrians because he escaped a plot on his life by Seleucus VI, and, officially, the Syrians thought that he survived because of his piety, but, in reality, it was a prostitute in love with Antiochus{{nbsp}}X who saved him.{{sfn|Appian|1899|p= [https://archive.org/stream/romanhistoryapp01whitgoog#page/n426/mode/2up 324]}}

Beginning his reign in 218 SE (95/94 BC),{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 262}} Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was deprived of resources and lacked a queen. He therefore married a woman who could provide what he needed, his stepmother Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 264}} Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was probably no more than twenty years old while his wife was in her forties.{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168]}} This union was not unprecedented in the Seleucid dynasty, as [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochus I]] had married his stepmother [[Stratonice of Syria|Stratonice]],{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 264}} but nevertheless, the marriage was scandalous. Appian commented that he thought the real reason behind the epithet "Eusebes" to be a joke by the Syrians, mocking Antiochus X's piety, as he showed loyalty to his father by bedding his widow.{{#tag:ref|Modern historians David Levenson and [[Thomas R. Martin|Thomas Martin]] explained the epithet Eusebes as an official title of the king that was later used by the Syrians to mock him, which gave rise to the story told by Appian.{{sfn|Levenson|Martin|2009|p=334}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Whitehorne|2002|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0-IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168]}} Appian concluded that it was "divine vengeance" for his marriage that eventually led to Antiochus X's fall.{{sfn|Appian|1899|p= [https://archive.org/stream/romanhistoryapp01whitgoog#page/n426/mode/2up 324]}}

=== First reign in Antioch ===
[[File:Antiochus X Eusebes.jpg|thumb|Antiochus X bearded]]
One of Antiochus X's first actions was to avenge his father;{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 102}} in 94 BC, he advanced on the capital Antioch and drove Seleucus VI out of northern Syria into [[Cilicia]].{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 97}} According to Eusebius, the final battle between Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and Seleucus VI took place near the Cilician city of [[Mopsuestia]],{{sfn|Eusebius|1875|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=1iNSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA259 259]}} ending in Antiochus X's victory while Seleucus VI took refuge in the city, where he perished as a result of a popular revolt.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 97}}

During the Seleucid period, currency struck in times of campaigns against a rival or a usurper showed the king bearded,{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 112}} and what seems to be the earliest bronze coinage of Antiochus{{nbsp}}X shows him with a curly beard,{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 102}} while later currency, apparently meant to show the king in firm control of his realm, depicted Antiochus{{nbsp}}X clean shaven.{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 103}} Early in 93 BC, the brothers of Seleucus VI, [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]] and [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]], avenged Seleucus VI by sacking Mopsuestia. Antiochus XI then advanced on Antioch, defeated Antiochus X, and expelled him from the city, reigning alone in the capital for few months.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p=573}}

=== Second reign in Antioch ===
[[File:Antiochus Eusebes tarsus.jpg|thumb|Coin of Antiochus X minted in Tarsus]]
Antiochus X recruited new soldiers and attacked Antioch the same year. He emerged victorious, while Antiochus XI drowned in the [[Orontes River]] as he tried to flee.{{sfn|Ehling|2008|p= 239}} Now Antiochus{{nbsp}}X ruled northern Syria and Cilicia;{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 103}} around this time, Mopsuestia minted coins with the word "autonomous" inscribed. This new political status seems to have been a privilege bestowed upon the city by Antiochus X, who, as a sign of gratitude for Mopsuestia's role in eliminating Seleucus VI, apparently not just rebuilt it, but also compensated it for the damage it suffered at the hands of Seleucus VI's brothers.{{sfn|Sayar|Siewert|Taeuber|1994|pp= 127, 128}} In the view of the numismatist {{ill|Hans von Aulock|de|Hans von Aulock|lt=Hans von Aulock}}, some coins minted in Mopsuestia may carry a portrait of Antiochus X.{{#tag:ref|Several factors support assigning the portrait on the autonomous coins to Antiochus X. First, the city was anti-Seleucus VI, and the aforementioned king was defeated by Antiochus X, making it logical to assume that the latter was the monarch who gave the city its autonomy. Second, two of those coins bear what seems to be the monogram AKZ, which translates to the Seleucid year 224, i.e. 89/88 BC Gregorian, but the monogram is not securely read. This year is within the reign span of Antiochus X. Von Aulock did not affirm the attribution, and left the space open for the possibility that the king depicted is Seleucus VI, or maybe not even a Syrian king altogether.{{sfn|Von Aulock|1963|pp= 233, 234}} The portrait could be that of a god or a hero instead.{{sfn|Rigsby|1996|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y5Ur_7lPW4C&pg=PA471 471]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Rigsby|1996|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y5Ur_7lPW4C&pg=PA471 471]}} Other cities minted their own civic coinage under the king's rule, including [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripolis]], [[Beirut|Berytus]],{{sfn|Mørkholm|1984|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=6NLfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100]}}{{sfn|Murray|1991|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=u6kC46vVRHYC&pg=PA54 54]}} and perhaps the autonomous city of [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]].{{#tag:ref|Ascalon, though not under the direct authority of the Seleucids, minted coinage bearing royal portraits; a coin dating to year 12 of Ascalon's autonomy, 222 SE (91/90 BC), bears a royal portrait resembling that of Antiochus X, and the numismatist Arnold Spaer suggested that it is possible, although he did not affirm it.{{sfn|Spaer|1984|p= 230}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Spaer|1984|p= 230}}

In the capital, Antiochus X might have been responsible for building a library and an attached museum on the model of the [[Library of Alexandria]].{{#tag:ref|The builder could also be Antiochus IX; according to Malalas, king Antiochus Philopator built the library with the money left for that purpose by a Syrian merchant named Maron who died in [[Athens]]. Three Seleucid kings bore the epithet Philopator: Antiochus IX, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and [[Antiochus XII Dionysus|Antiochus XII]]; the latter can not be the builder since he only ruled [[Damascus]] and never took control of Antioch.{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Sartre|2003|p= 295}} Philip I was probably centered at [[Aleppo|Beroea]]; his brother, [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]], who ruled [[Damascus]], supported him and marched north probably in the spring of 93 BC.{{sfn|Ehling|2008|pp= 239, 241}} Antiochus{{nbsp}}X faced fierce resistance from his cousins.{{sfn|Ehling|2008|p= 241}} In the year 220 SE (93/92{{nbsp}}BC), the city of Damascus stopped issuing coins in the name of Demetrius III, then resumed the following year;{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} this could have been the result of incursions by Antiochus X, which weakened his cousin and made Damascus vulnerable to attacks by the [[Judea|Judaean]] king [[Alexander Jannaeus]].{{sfn|Atkinson|2016|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&pg=127 127]}}

== Children ==
The Roman statesman [[Cicero]] wrote about two sons of Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and Cleopatra Selene who visited [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] during his time (between 75 and 73 BC); one of them was named Antiochus.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 268}} The king might have also fathered a daughter with his wife;{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp= 269, 270}} according to the first century historian [[Plutarch]], the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king [[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II]], who killed Cleopatra Selene in 69 BC, "put to death the successors of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity".{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp= 269, 270}} This statement makes it possible to assume that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X had at least one daughter with his wife.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 270}}
* [[Antiochus XIII Asiaticus|Antiochus XIII]]: mentioned by Cicero.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 269}} His epithets raised questions about how many sons with that name Antiochus{{nbsp}}X fathered;{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 267}} when Antiochus XIII issued coins as a sole ruler, he used the epithet ''Philadelphos'' ("brother-loving"), but on [[jugate]] coins that show Cleopatra Selene as regent along with a ruling son named Antiochus, the epithet ''Philometor'' ("mother-loving") is used.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 267}} The historian {{ill|Kay Ehling|de}}, agreeing with the view of Bouché-Leclercq, argued that two sons, both named Antiochus, resulted from the marriage of Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 267}} Cicero, on the other hand, left one of the brothers unnamed, and clearly stated that Antiochus was the name of only one prince.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 268}} Ehling's theory is possible but only if "Antiochus Philometor" was the prince named by Cicero, and the brother, who had a different name, assumed the dynastic name Antiochus with the epithet Philadelphos when he became king following the death of Antiochus Philometor.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 269}} In the view of the historian Adrian Dumitru, such a scenario is complicated; more likely, Antiochus XIII bore two epithets, ''Philadelphos'' and ''Philometor''.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 269}} Several numismatists, such as [[Oliver D. Hoover]], Catharine Lorber and Arthur Houghton, agree that both epithets denoted Antiochus XIII.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p=618}}
* [[Seleucus VII Philometer|Seleucus VII]]: the numismatist [[Brian Kritt]] deciphered and published a newly discovered jugate coin bearing the portrait of Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler in 2002.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 25}}{{sfn|Hoover|2005|p=95}} Kritt's reading gave the name of King Seleucus Philometor and, considering the epithet which means mother loving, equated him with the unnamed son mentioned by Cicero.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 27}} Kritt gave the newly discovered king the regnal name Seleucus VII.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 28}} Some scholars, such as [[Lloyd Llewellyn Jones]] and {{ill|Michael Roy Burgess|de|Robert Reginald|lt=Michael Roy Burgess}}, accepted the reading,{{sfn|Llewellyn Jones|2013|p= 1573}}{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 20}} but Hoover rejected Kritt's reading as the coin is badly damaged and some of the letters cannot be read. Hoover proposed a different reading where the king's name is Antiochus, to be identified with Antiochus XIII.{{sfn|Hoover|2005|p=95}}
* Seleucus Kybiosaktes: the unnamed son mentioned by Cicero does not appear in other ancient literature.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=26}} Seleucus Kybiosaktes, a man who appeared {{c.|58 BC}} in Egypt as a husband of its queen [[Berenice IV of Egypt|Berenice IV]], is identified by modern scholarship with the unnamed prince.{{#tag:ref|According to the second century historian [[Cassius Dio]], a "Seleucus", who in 58{{nbsp}}BC became a husband of Berenice IV, was killed by his wife.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=26}} The first century BC historian [[Strabo]] talks about a man, bearing the epithet "Kybiosaktes" ("salt-fish dealer"), who claimed to be a Seleucid prince, and married Berenice IV who eventually killed him.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=26}} According to Eusebius, who used the work of the third century historian [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] as a source, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X himself attempted to marry Berenice IV but died of a sudden illness.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p=265}} Combining the accounts of Cassius Dio and Strabo, the historian [[Alfred Bellinger]] named the Seleucid husband of Berenice IV "Seleucus Kybiosaktes".{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=26}} The similarities of the accounts of Dio Cassius and Strabo indicate that the same character was the subject of those classical accounts; modern scholars identify Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and Cleopatra Selene's unnamed son with Seleucus Kybiosaktes.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=27}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Kritt|2002|pp= 26, 27}} According to the first century BC historian [[Strabo]], Kybiosaktes pretended to be of Seleucid descent.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p=26}} Kritt considered it plausible to identify Seleucus VII with Seleucus Kybiosaktes.{{sfn|Kritt|2002|p= 28}}

== Conflict with Parthia and demise ==
Information about Antiochus X after the interference of Demetrius III is scanty.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} Ancient sources and modern scholars present different accounts and dates for the demise of the king.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}}{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} Antiochus X's end as told by Josephus, which has the king killed during a campaign against the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], is considered the most reliable and likely by modern historians.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p= 166}}{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 265}} Towards the end of his reign, Antiochus X increased his coin production, and this could be related to the campaign undertaken by the Seleucid monarch against Parthia, as recorded by Josephus. The Parthians were advancing in eastern Syria in the time of Antiochus X, which would have made it important for the king to counterattack, thus strengthening his position in the war against his cousins.{{sfn|Overtoom|2020|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=dMnhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 270]}} The majority of scholars accept the year 92 BC for Antiochus X's end:{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p= 181}}

=== Year of death ===
[[File:Market weight of Antiochus X.jpg|thumb|Market weight bearing Antiochus X's name, 92 BC]]
No known coins issued by the king in Antioch contain a date.{{sfn|Schürer|1973|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oG5jAgAAQBAJ&pg=135 135]}} Josephus wrote that the king fell soon after Demetrius III's interference, but this statement is vague.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} Most scholars, such as [[Edward Theodore Newell]], understood Josephus's statement to indicate 92{{nbsp}}BC. According to Hoover, the dating of Newell is apparently based on combining the statement of Josephus with that of Eusebius, who wrote that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was ejected from the capital in 220 SE (93/92 BC) by Philip I. Hoover considered Newell's dating hard to accept; a market weight from Antioch bearing Antiochus X's name, from 92 BC, might contradict the dating of 220 SE (93/92 BC).{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} On the other hand, in the year 221 SE (92/91{{nbsp}}BC), the city of Antioch issued civic coinage mentioning no king;{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} Hoover noted that the civic coinage mentions Antioch as the "metropolis" but not as autonomous, and this might be explained as a reward from Antiochus{{nbsp}}X bestowed upon the city for supporting him in his struggle against his cousins.{{#tag:ref|The civic coins were made of bronze and were minted until 69{{nbsp}}BC; they were produced alongside royal coins, evidenced by the coins of Antiochus X's successors in the city, Demetrius III and Philip I, which were made of silver, indicating that issuing silver coinage remained a royal privilege.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp= 266, 267}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p=290}}

In 2007, using a methodology based on estimating the annual [[Coining (mint)#Ancient coin dies|die]] usage average rate (the Esty formula), Hoover proposed the year 224 SE (89/88 BC) for the end of Antiochus X's reign.{{#tag:ref|The Esty formula was developed by the mathematician Warren W. Esty; it is a mathematical formula that can calculate the relative number of obverse dies used to produce a certain coin series. The calculation can be used to measure the coinage's production of a certain king and thus estimate the length of his reign.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp= 282–284}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 294}} Later in 2011, Hoover noted that this date is hard to accept considering that during Antiochus X's second reign in the capital, only one or two dies were used per year, far too few for the Seleucid average rate to justify a long reign.{{sfn|Hoover|2011|p= 259}} Hoover then noted that there seem to be several indications that the coinage of Antiochus X's second reign in the capital, along with the coinages of Antiochus XI and Demetrius III, were re-coined by Philip I who eventually took Antioch {{circa|87 BC}}, thus explaining the rarity of those kings' coins.{{sfn|Hoover|2011|pp= 259–262}} Hoover admitted that his conclusion is "troubling".{{sfn|Hoover|2011|p= 265}} The historian {{ill|Marek Jan Olbrycht|pl}} considered Hoover's dating and arguments too speculative, as they contradict ancient literature.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p= 181}}

=== Manner of death ===
The manner of the king's death varies depending on which ancient account is used. The main ancient historians providing information on Antiochus X's end are Josephus, Appian, Eusebius and Saint [[Jerome]]:{{sfn|Hoover|2007|pp=290–292}}

'''The account of Josephus''': "For when he was come as an auxiliary to [[Laodice of the Sameans|Laodice]], queen of the [[Gileadite]]s, when she was making war against the Parthians, and he was fighting courageously, he fell."{{sfn|Josephus|1833|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9sA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA421 421]}} The Parthians might have been allied with Philip I.{{sfn|Wright|2011|p=12}} The people of Laodice, their location, and who she was are hard to determine,{{sfn|Sievers|1986|p=134}}{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp=264, 266}} as surviving manuscripts of Josephus's work transmit different names for the people.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p=166}} Gileadites is an older designation based on the Codex Leidensis (Lugdunensis) manuscript of Josephus's work, but the academic consensus [[Laodice of the Sameans#The name of the tribe|uses the designation Sameans]],{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 264}} based on the ''Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus'' manuscript.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2009|p= 166}}
* Based on the reading Gileadites: In the view of Bouché-Leclercq, the division of Syria between Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and his cousins must have tempted the Parthian king [[Mithridates II of Parthia|Mithridates II]] to annex the kingdom. Bouché-Leclercq, agreeing with the historian [[Alfred von Gutschmid]], identified the mysterious queen with Antiochus X's cousin [[Laodice VII Thea|Laodice]], daughter of Antiochus VIII, and wife of [[Mithridates I Callinicus|Mithridates I]], the king of [[Commagene]], which had recently detached from the Seleucids, and suggested that Laodice resided in [[Samosata]].{{sfn|Bouché-Leclercq|1913|p=[https://archive.org/stream/histoiredessle01bouc#page/420/mode/2up 421]}}{{sfn|Von Gutschmid|1888|p= [https://archive.org/stream/geschichteirans01nlgoog#page/n90/mode/2up 80]}} Bouché-Leclercq hypothesized that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X did not go to help his rivals' sister, but to stop the Parthians before they reached his own borders.{{sfn|Bouché-Leclercq|1913|p=[https://archive.org/stream/histoiredessle01bouc#page/420/mode/2up 421]}} The historian Adolf Kuhn, on the other hand, considered it implausible that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X would support a daughter of Antiochus VIII and he questioned the identification with the queen of Commagene.{{#tag:ref|The ''Codex Leidensis (Lugdunensis)'' manuscript have Γαλιχηνών (which was rendered as Gileadites by the seventeenth century historian [[William Whiston]] in his English translation of the work of Josephus) as the name of Laodice's people.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p=264}}{{sfn|Josephus|1833|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9sA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA421 421]}} The name from the manuscript is obviously damaged and altered; von Gutschmid identified the Laodice mentioned by Josephus with the queen of Commagene and corrected Gilead to Kαλλινιχηνών (the people of Callinicos, i.e. modern [[Raqqa]]).{{sfn|Dobiáš|1931|pp= [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.105038/2015.105038.Archiv-Orientalni-Journal-Of-The-Czechoslovak-Oriental-Institute-Prague-Vol3#page/n233/mode/2up 222–223]}}{{sfn|Von Gutschmid|1888|p= [https://archive.org/stream/geschichteirans01nlgoog#page/n90/mode/2up 80]}} Kuhn, citing the archaeologist [[Otto Puchstein]]'s rejection of von Gutschmid's identification, questioned von Gutschmid's reading of Kαλλινιχηνών, and noted that the name came to designate Raqqa at a much later date than the period of Antiochus X.{{sfn|Kuhn|1891|p=[https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurgesch01kuhngoog#page/n41/mode/2up 36]}} The historian {{ill|Josef Dobiáš (historian)|cs|Josef Dobiáš (historik)|lt=Josef Dobiáš}} noted that regardless of when Callinicos started to be applied to Raqqa, it is doubtful that the city belonged to Commagene at all.{{sfn|Dobiáš|1931|p= 223}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Kuhn|1891|p=[https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurgesch01kuhngoog#page/n41/mode/2up 36]}} Ehling, attempting to explain Antiochus X's assistance of Laodice, suggested that the queen was a daughter of Antiochus IX, a sister of Antiochus X.{{sfn|Ehling|2008|p= 241}}
* Based on the reading Sameans: the historian {{ill|Josef Dobiáš (historian)|cs|Josef Dobiáš (historik)|lt=Josef Dobiáš}} considered Laodice a queen of a nomadic tribe based on the similarities between the name from the ''Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus'' with the Samènes, a people mentioned by the sixth century geographer [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] as an Arab nomadic tribe. This would solve the problems posed by the identification with the queen of Commagene, and end the debate regarding the location of the people, as the nature of their nomadic life makes it impossible to determine exactly the place where the fight took place. Dobiáš attributed the initiative to Antiochus{{nbsp}}X who was not merely trying to defend his borders but actively attacking the Parthians.{{sfn|Dobiáš|1931|p= 223}}

'''The account of Appian''': Antiochus X was expelled from Syria by Tigranes II of Armenia.{{sfn|Appian|1899|p= [https://archive.org/stream/romanhistoryapp01whitgoog#page/n426/mode/2up 324]}} Appian gave Tigranes II a reign of fourteen years in Syria ending in 69 BC.{{sfn|Sayar|Siewert|Taeuber|1994|p=128}} That year witnessed the retreat of the Armenian king due to a war with the Romans. Hence, the invasion of Syria by Tigranes, based on the account of Appian, probably took place in 83 BC.{{#tag:ref|Eusebius gave Tigranes a reign of seventeen years in Syria, thus, according to this account, Tigranes conquered the country in 86 BC.{{sfn|Sayar|Siewert|Taeuber|1994|p=128}} Based on several arguments contradicting Appian's account, Hoover suggested that [[Philip I Philadelphus#Succession|Tigranes invaded Syria only in 74{{nbsp}}BC]].{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 297}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Sayar|Siewert|Taeuber|1994|p=128}}{{sfn|Brennan|2000|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=LZW_IKQciiQC&pg=PA410 410]}} Bellinger dismissed this account, and considered that Appian confused Antiochus{{nbsp}}X with his son Antiochus XIII.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}} Kuhn considered a confusion between father and son to be out of the question because Appian mentioned the epithet Eusebes when talking about the fate of Antiochus X. In the view of Kuhn, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X retreated to Cilicia after being defeated by Tigranes II, and his sons ruled that region after him and were reported visiting Rome in 73 BC.{{sfn|Kuhn|1891|p=[https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurgesch01kuhngoog#page/n41/mode/2up 36]}} However, numismatic evidence proves that Demetrius III controlled Cilicia following the demise of Antiochus X, and that [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] minted coins in his name {{circa|225}} SE (88/87 BC).{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|pp= 103, 104}} The Egyptologist [[The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project|Christopher J. Bennett]], considered it possible that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X retreated to [[Ptolemais in Phoenicia|Ptolemais]] after being defeated by Tigranes since it became his widow's base.{{sfn|Bennett|2002a|p= [http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/selene_i.htm#Selene.31 note 31]}} In his history, Appian failed to mention the reigns of Demetrius III and Philip I in the capital which preceded the reign of Tigranes II. According to Hoover, Appian's ignorance of the intervening kings between Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and Tigranes II might explain how he confused Antiochus XIII, who is known to have fled from the Armenian king, with his father.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 291}}

'''Eusebius and others''': According to Eusebius, who used the account of the third century historian [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was ejected from the capital by Philip I in 220 SE (93/92 BC) and fled to the Parthians.{{#tag:ref|In the view of the numismatist Edgar Rogers, Philip I was able to rule Antioch immediately after Antiochus XI,{{sfn|Rogers|1919|p= 32}} but it cannot be maintained that Philip I held the capital at any time before the demise of his cousin Antiochus{{nbsp}}X and his brother Demetrius III; this would contradict both the numismatic evidence and ancient literature, since no source indicates that Demetrius III pushed Philip I out of Antioch.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 294}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}}{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}} Eusebius added that following the Roman conquest of Syria, Antiochus{{nbsp}}X surrendered to [[Pompey]], hoping to be reinstated on the throne, but the people of Antioch paid money to the Roman general to avoid a Seleucid restoration. Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was then invited by the people of [[Alexandria]] to rule jointly with the daughters of [[Ptolemy XII Auletes|Ptolemy XII]], but he died of illness soon after.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 265}} This account has been questioned by many scholars, such as Hoover and Bellinger.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}}{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}} The story told by Eusebius contains factual inaccuracies, as he wrote that in the same year Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was defeated by Philip I, he surrendered to Pompey,{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p=565}} while at the same time Philip I was captured by the governor of Syria [[Aulus Gabinius]].{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}}{{sfn|Eusebius|1875|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=1iNSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA261 261]}} However, Pompey arrived in Syria only in 64 BC,{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p=566}} and left it in 62 BC.{{sfn|Burns|2007|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=cYqCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46]}} Aulus Gabinius was appointed governor of Syria in 57 BC.{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 148]}} Also, the part of Eusebius's account regarding the surrender to Pompey echoes the fate of Antiochus XIII;{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 292}} the writer seems to be confusing the fate of Antiochus{{nbsp}}X with that of his son.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}}{{sfn|Schürer|1973|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oG5jAgAAQBAJ&pg=135 135]}} The second century historian [[Justin (historian)|Justin]], writing based on the work of the first century BC historian [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Trogus]], also confused the father and son, as he wrote that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was appointed king of Syria by the Roman general [[Lucullus]] following the defeat of Tigranes II in 69 BC.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 291}}{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 265}}

== Succession ==
[[File:Cleopatra Selene of Syria.jpg|thumb|alt= A coin depicting a queen and a king. The queen's portrait is in the front.|The coin of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII from Seyrig's collection]]
It is known from numismatic evidence that Demetrius III eventually succeeded Antiochus{{nbsp}}X in Antioch.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 295}} Eusebius's statement that Antiochus{{nbsp}}X was ejected from the capital by Philip I in 220 SE (93/92 BC) is contradicted by the coins of Demetrius III, who was not mentioned at all by Eusebius.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 290}} Any suggestions that Philip I controlled Antioch before the demise of Demetrius III can be dismissed; in addition to the numismatic evidence, no ancient source claimed that Demetrius III had to push Philip I out of the city.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 294}}

In 1949, a jugate coin of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII, from the collection of the French archaeologist [[Henri Arnold Seyrig]], was dated by the historian [[Alfred Bellinger]] to 92{{nbsp}}BC and ascribed to Antioch.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 75}} Based on Bellinger's dating, some modern historians, such as Ehling, proposed that Cleopatra Selene enjoyed an ephemeral reign in Antioch between the death of her husband and the arrival of his successor.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 266}} Bellinger doubted his own dating and the coin's place of issue in 1952, suggesting Cilicia instead of Antioch.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 267}} This coin is dated by many twenty-first century scholars to 82{{nbsp}}BC.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 266}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* [[List of Syrian monarchs]]
* [[Timeline of Syrian history]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|colwidth=40em}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=The Roman History of Appian of Alexandria|author=Appian|translator-first=Horace|translator-last=White|publisher= The Macmillan Company|volume=I: The Foreign Wars|year= 1899|orig-year=c. 150|oclc=582182174}}
* {{cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Kenneth|year= 2016|title=A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian Texts|volume=23|isbn=978-0-567-66903-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bellinger|first=Alfred R.|year= 1949|title=The End of the Seleucids|journal=Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences|publisher=Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=38|oclc=4520682}}
* {{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Christopher J.|publisher=C. J. Bennett. [[The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project]] hosted by the [[Tyndale House (Cambridge)|Tyndale House]] Website|url=http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iv.htm#Cleopatra%20IV.14|date=2002|title=Cleopatra IV|access-date=25 October 2018}}
* {{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Christopher J.|publisher=C. J. Bennett. The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project hosted by the [[Tyndale House (Cambridge)|Tyndale House]] Website|date=2002a|title=Cleopatra Selene|url=http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/selene_i_fr.htm|access-date=25 October 2018}}
* {{cite book|series=Approaching the Ancient World|volume=2|last=Biers|first=William R.|year=1992|title=Art, Artefacts and Chronology in Classical Archaeology|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-06319-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Histoire Des Séleucides (323–64 avant J.-C.)|language=fr|first=Auguste|last=Bouché-Leclercq|publisher= Ernest Leroux|year= 1913|oclc=558064110}}
* {{cite book|title=The Praetorship in the Roman Republic|volume= 2: 122 to 49 BC|first= T. Corey|last=Brennan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-511460-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Burgess|first=Michael Roy|year=2004|title=The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress– The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria|journal=The Celator|publisher=Kerry K. Wetterstrom|volume=18|issue=3|issn=1048-0986}}
* {{cite book|title=Damascus: A History|first=Ross|last=Burns|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|orig-year=2005|isbn=978-1-134-48849-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dobiáš|first=Josef|year= 1931|title=Les Premiers Rapports des Romains avec les Parthes et L'occupation de la Syrie|journal=Archiv Orientální|publisher=[[Oriental Institute, ASCR|Czechoslovak Oriental Institute]]|language=fr|volume=3|issn=0044-8699}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest|first=Robert Emory Glanville|last=Downey|publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-year=1961|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4008-7773-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Dumitru|first=Adrian|editor1-first=Altay|editor1-last=Coşkun|editor2-first=Alex|editor2-last=McAuley|year=2016|chapter=Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side|title=Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|series=Historia{{nbsp}}– Einzelschriften|volume=240|issn=0071-7665|isbn=978-3-515-11295-6|pages=253–272}}
* {{cite book|last=Ehling|first=Kay|year=2008|title=Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte Der Späten Seleukiden (164–63 v. Chr.) Vom Tode Antiochos IV. Bis Zur Einrichtung Der Provinz Syria Unter Pompeius|language=de|series=Historia{{nbsp}}– Einzelschriften|volume=196|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-09035-3|issn=0071-7665|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu0000ehli}}
* {{cite book|title=Eusebii Chronicorum Libri Duo|volume=1|language=la|author=Eusebius|orig-year=c. 325|editor-first=Alfred|editor-last=Schoene|translator-first=Julius Heinrich|translator-last=Petermann|publisher=Apud Weidmannos|year= 1875|oclc=312568526}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|first= Martin|last=Goodman|editor1-first=Martin|editor1-last=Goodman|editor2-first=Jeremy|editor2-last=Cohen|editor3-first=David Jan|editor3-last=Sorkin|orig-year=2002|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928032-2|pages=36–52}}
* {{cite book|last=Grainger|first=John D.|year=1997|title=A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer|publisher=Brill|series=Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplementum|volume=172|issn=0169-8958|isbn=978-9-004-10799-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=Peter|year=1990|title=Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08349-3|series=Hellenistic Culture and Society|volume=1|issn=1054-0857|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree}}
* {{cite book|last=Hallo|first=William W.|year= 1996|title=Origins. The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Some Modern Western Institutions|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10328-3|series=Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East|volume=6|issn=0169-9024}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hoover|first=Oliver D.|year= 2005|title=Dethroning Seleucus VII Philometor (Cybiosactes): Epigraphical Arguments Against a Late Seleucid Monarch|journal= Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|publisher=Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH|volume=151|issn=0084-5388}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/15347294|last=Hoover|first=Oliver D.|year= 2007|title=A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0–64 BC)|journal= Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|volume=56|issue=3|pages=280–301 |doi=10.25162/historia-2007-0021 |s2cid=159573100 |issn=0018-2311}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/534189|last=Hoover|first=Oliver D.|editor1-first=François|editor1-last=de Callataÿ|year=2011|chapter=A Second Look at Production Quantification and Chronology in the Late Seleucid Period|title=Time is Money? Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times|publisher=Edipuglia|series=Pragmateiai|volume=19|issn=2531-5390|isbn=978-8-872-28599-2|pages=251–266}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/27953486|last=Houghton|first=Arthur|year= 1987|title=The Double Portrait Coins of Antiochus XI and Philip I: a Seleucid Mint at Beroea?|journal=Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau|publisher=Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft|volume=66|issn=0035-4163}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/8889545|last=Houghton|first=Arthur|year=1989|editor1-first=Georges Charles|editor1-last=Le Rider|editor2-first=Kenneth|editor2-last=Jenkins|editor3-first=Nancy|editor3-last=Waggoner|editor4-first=Ulla|editor4-last=Westermark|chapter=The Royal Seleucid Mint of Seleucia on the Calycadnus|title=Kraay-Mørkholm Essays. Numismatic Studies in Memory of C.M. Kraay and O. Mørkholm|publisher=Université Catholique de Louvain: Institut Supérieur d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Art. Séminaire de Numismatique Marcel Hoc|series=Numismatica Lovaniensia|volume=10|oclc=910216765|pages=77–98}}
* {{cite book|last1=Houghton|first1=Arthur|first2=Catherine|last2=Lorber|first3=Oliver D.|last3=Hoover|year=2008|title=Seleucid Coins, A Comprehensive Guide: Part 2, Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII|volume=1|publisher=The American Numismatic Society|isbn=978-0-9802387-2-3|oclc=920225687}}
* {{cite book|title=The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus, the Jewish Historian|author=Josephus|orig-year=c. 94|editor-first=Samuel|editor-last=Burder|editor-link=Samuel Burder|translator-first=William|translator-last=Whiston|publisher=Kimber & Sharpless|year= 1833|oclc=970897884}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Sara E.|editor1-last=Phang|editor2-first=Iain|editor2-last=Spence|editor3-first=Douglas|editor3-last=Kelly|editor4-first=Peter|editor4-last=Londey|title=Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia (3 Vols.)|chapter=Alexander II Zabinas (Reigned 128–122)|first=Douglas|last=Kelly|publisher=ABC-CLIO|volume=I|year= 2016|isbn=978-1-61069-020-1|page=82}}
* {{cite book|title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire.|first= Paul J.|last=Kosmin|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 2014|isbn=978-0-674-72882-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kritt|first=Brian|year=2002|title=Numismatic Evidence for a New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor|journal=The Celator|publisher=Kerry K. Wetterstrom|volume=16|issue=4|issn=1048-0986}}
* {{cite book|title=Beiträge zur Geschichte der Seleukiden vom Tode Antiochos VII. Sidetes bis auf Antiochos XIII. Asiatikos 129–64 V. C|first=Adolf|last=Kuhn|publisher=Altkirch i E. Buchdruckerei E. Masson|year=1891|oclc=890979237|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Leake|first=William Martin|year= 1854|title=Numismata Hellenica: a Catalogue of Greek Coins|publisher=John Hearne|oclc=36274386}}
* {{cite journal|first1=David B.|last1=Levenson|last2=Martin|first2=Thomas R.|year= 2009|title=Akairos or Eukairos? The Nickname of the Seleucid King Demetrius III in the Transmission of the Texts of Josephus' War and Antiquities|journal= Journal for the Study of Judaism|publisher=Brill|volume=40|issue=3|issn=0047-2212}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Roger S.|editor1-last=Bagnall|editor2-first=Kai|editor2-last=Brodersen|editor3-first=Craige B.|editor3-last=Champion|editor4-first=Andrew|editor4-last=Erskine|editor5-first=Sabine R.|editor5-last=Huebner|editor-link5=Sabine R. Huebner |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)|chapter=Cleopatra Selene|first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn Jones|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|volume=III: Be-Co|orig-year=2012|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5|pages=1572–1573}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/959661|first1=Catharine C.|last1=Lorber|first2=Panagiotis|last2=Iossif|year= 2009|title=Seleucid Campaign Beards|journal=L'Antiquité Classique|publisher=l'asbl L'Antiquité Classique|volume=78|issn= 0770-2817}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Malalas|translator1-last=Spinka|translator1-first=Matthew|translator2-first=Glanville|translator2-last=Downey|orig-year=c. 565|year=1940|title=Chronicle of John Malalas, Books VIII–XVIII. Translated from the Church Slavonic|publisher=University of Chicago Press|oclc=601122856}}
* {{cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|year= 2017|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene. Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-004-35070-0|volume=26|issn=1572-0500|series=Impact of Empire}}
* {{cite book|title=Polybius' Histories|first= Brian C.|last=McGing|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-971867-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Mørkholm|first=Otto|editor1-first=Waldemar|editor1-last=Heckel|editor2-first=Richard|editor2-last=Sullivan|year= 1984|chapter=The Monetary System in the Seleucid Empire After 187 B.C.|title=Ancient Coins of the Graeco-Roman World: The Nickle Numismatic Papers|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-130-9}}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Provenance and Date: The Evidence of the Symbols|first=William M.|last=Murray|editor1-first=Lionel|editor1-last=Casson|editor2-first=Richard|editor2-last=Steffy|title=The Athlit Ram|year=1991|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-451-4|series=Ed Rachal Foundation Nautical Archaeology Series|volume=3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ogden|first=Daniel|year= 1999|title=Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties|publisher=Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales|isbn=978-0-7156-2930-7}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/865473|last=Olbrycht|first=Marek Jan|editor1-first=Jakob Munk|editor1-last=Højte|year=2009|chapter=Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran|title=Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom|publisher=Aarhus University Press|series=Black Sea Studies|volume=9|issn=1903-4873|isbn=978-8-779-34443-3|pages=163–190}}
* {{cite book|last=Overtoom|first=Nikolaus Leo|year= 2020|title=Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-190-88834-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World|first=Kent J.|last=Rigsby|year= 1996|publisher=University of California Press|series=Hellenistic Culture and Society|volume=22|isbn=978-0-520-20098-2}}
* {{cite journal|first= Edgar|last=Rogers|title=Three Rare Seleucid Coins and their Problems|publisher=Royal Numismatic Society|year=1919|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society|series=fourth|volume=19|issn=2054-9199}}
* {{cite journal|first= Alan S. C.|last=Ross|title=Aldrediana XX: Notes on the Preterite-Present Verbs|publisher=W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd for the University of Birmingham|year=1968|journal=English Philological Studies|volume=11|issn=0308-0129}}
* {{cite book|last=Sartre|first=Maurice|orig-year=2001|year= 2003|edition=nouvelle édition revue et mise à jour|title=D'Alexandre à Zénobie: Histoire du Levant Antique, IV<sup>e</sup> Siècle Avant J.-C. – III<sup>e</sup> Siècle Après J.-C|language=fr|publisher=Fayard|isbn=978-2-213-60921-8}}
* {{cite journal|first1=Mustafa|last1=Sayar|first2=Peter|last2=Siewert|first3=Hans|last3=Taeuber|year= 1994|title=Asylie-Erklärungen des Sulla und des Lucullus für das Isis- und Sarapisheiligtum von Mopsuhestia (Ostkilikien)|language=de|journal=TYCHE: Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik|publisher=Universität Wien. Verlag A. Holzhauscns|volume=9|issn=1010-9161}}
* {{cite book|last=Schürer|first=Emil|editor1-first=Geza|editor1-last=Vermes|editor2-first=Fergus|editor2-last=Millar|editor3-first=Matthew|editor3-last=Black|orig-year=1874|year= 1973|edition=2014|title=The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ|publisher=Bloomsbury T&T Clark|volume=I|isbn=978-1-4725-5827-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Roger|last=Scott|editor1-first=Elizabeth|editor1-last=Jeffreys|editor2-first=Brian|editor2-last=Croke|editor3-first=Roger|editor3-last=Scott|orig-year=1989|year=2017|chapter=Malalas and his Contemporaries|title=Studies in John Malalas|series=Byzantina Australiensia|volume=6|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-004-34462-4|pages=67–85}}
* {{cite book|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antiochus-1--thirteen-kings-of-the-seleucid-dynasty#A10|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-last=Yarshater|last=Sievers|first=Joseph|year= 1986|chapter=Antiochus X|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=2|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=978-0-7100-9110-9|issn=2330-4804}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Arthur|editor1-last=Houghton|editor2-first=Silvia|editor2-last=Hurter|editor3-first=Patricia Erhart|editor3-last=Mottahedeh|editor4-first=Jane Ayer|editor4-last=Scott|last=Spaer|first=Arnold|year= 1984|chapter=Ascalon: From Royal Mint to Autonomy|title=Festschrift Für Leo Mildenberg: Numismatik, Kunstgeschichte, Archäologie = Studies in Honor of Leo Mildenberg: Numismatics, Art History, Archeology|publisher=Wetteren: Editions NR|isbn=978-9-071-16501-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity|first=Barbara Sher|last=Tinsley|year= 2006|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|isbn=978-1-57591-095-6}}
* {{cite journal|last=Von Aulock|first=Hans|year= 1963|title=Die Münzprägungen der kilikischen Stadt Mopsos|journal=Archäologischer Anzeiger|publisher=Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts|volume=78|language=de|issn=0003-8105}}
* {{cite book|title=Geschichte Irans und seiner Nachbarländer von Alexander dem Grossen bis zum Untergang der Arsaciden|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TxtXAAAAMAAJ|first=Alfred|last=Von Gutschmid|editor-last=Nöldeke|editor-first=Theodor|publisher=Verlag der H. Laupp'schen Buchhandlung|year=1888|oclc=4456690|language=de}}
* {{cite book|title=Antiochus the Great|first=Michael J.|last=Taylor|year=2013|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-84884-463-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Cleopatras|first=John|last=Whitehorne|orig-year= 1994|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-05806-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Nicholas L.|year= 2005|title=Seleucid Royal Cult, Indigenous Religious Traditions and Radiate Crowns: The Numismatic Evidence|journal=Mediterranean Archaeology|publisher=Sydney University Press|volume=18|issn=1030-8482}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/252851|title=Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection|chapter=The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids|editor-first=Nicholas L.|editor-last=Wright|first=Nicholas L.|last=Wright|year=2011|publisher=The Numismatic Association of Australia|isbn=978-0-646-55051-0}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://seleucidaddenda.wordpress.com/2014/10/07/scads42-antiochus-x-sc-2427a/ Antiochus X's] recently discovered coin (after 2008) in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover. Exhibiting what might be the king's first coin bearing a date, 221 SE (92/91 BC).
* [https://seleucidaddenda.wordpress.com/2014/10/06/scads33-antiochus-x-sc-2426a/ Antiochus X's] recently discovered coin (after 2008) in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover. Exhibiting the king's first known coin minted in Tarsus.
* [https://seleucidaddenda.wordpress.com/2014/10/22/scads70-antiochus-iv-sc-1388ad/ The coin (SNG Levante 1306) possibly depicting Antiochus X from Mopsuestia] in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover.
* [http://guberman.blogspot.com/2009/09/greeceseleucid-antiochus-x-c-bce-94.html The coin possibly dating to 221 SE (92/91 BC)] exhibited in the blog of the numismatist Jayseth Guberman.

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[List of Seleucid rulers|Seleucid dynasty]]||113 BC||92 or 88 BC}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Seleucus VI]]|before2=[[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Syria]]|years=95–92 or 88 BC
|regent1=Demetrius III|years1=95–92 or 88 BC
|regent2=[[Antiochus XI]]|years2=94–93 BC
|regent3=[[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]]|years3=94–92 or 88 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=Demetrius III|after2=Philip I}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hellenistic rulers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eusebes, Antiochus 10}}
[[Category:110s BC births]]
[[Category:92 BC deaths]]
[[Category:88 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Seleucid monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]