Editing Antikythera mechanism

{{Short description|Ancient Greek analogue astronomical computer}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
<!-- see the talk page before changing "analogue computer" to "analog computer" -->
{{Infobox artifact
| name              = Antikythera mechanism
| image             = Antikythera Fragment A (Front).webp
| image2            = Antikythera Fragment A (Back).webp
| image_caption     = The Antikythera mechanism (fragment A{{snd}}front and rear); visible is the largest gear in the mechanism, about {{convert|13|cm|in||sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter.
| type              = [[Analogue computer]]
| writing           = [[Ancient Greek]]
| discovered_place  = [[Antikythera]], Greece
| discovered_date   = 1901
| location          = [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]
| period            = [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]]
| created = 2nd century BC
}}

The '''Antikythera mechanism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|t|ɪ|k|ɪ|ˈ|θ|ɪər|ə}} {{respell|AN|tik|ih|THEER|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|æ|n|t|aɪ|k|ɪ|ˈ|-}} {{respell|AN|ty|kih|-}})<ref name="Auto82-1"/><ref name="Auto82-2"/> is an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] hand-powered [[orrery]] (model of the [[Solar System]]). It is the oldest known example of an [[Analog computer|analogue computer]].<!-- see the talk page before changing "analogue computer" to "analog computer" --><ref name="Auto82-3"/><ref name="Auto82-4"/><ref name="Auto82-5"/> It could be used to predict [[astronomy|astronomical]] positions and [[eclipse]]s decades in advance.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-12/><ref name=pinotsis/> It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games similar to an [[Olympiad]], the cycle of the [[ancient Olympic Games]].<ref name=freeth-08/><ref name="Auto82-6"/><ref name="Iversen"/>

The arte<!-- 'e' - this article uses British spelling -->fact was among wreckage retrieved from [[Antikythera wreck|a shipwreck]] off the coast of the Greek island [[Antikythera]] in 1901.<ref name="Auto82-7"/><ref name=price-74 /> In 1902, it was identified by archaeologist [[Spyridon Stais]]<ref name="Auto82-8"/> as containing a [[gear]]. The device, housed in the remains of a wooden-framed case of (uncertain) overall size {{cvt|34|×|18|×|9|cm|in|adj=on}},<ref name=bibliotec/><ref name=vetenskapens/> was found as one lump, later separated into three main fragments which are now divided into 82 separate fragments after conservation efforts. Four of these fragments contain gears, while inscriptions are found on many others.<ref name=bibliotec/><ref name=vetenskapens/> The largest gear is about {{convert|13|cm|in||sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter and originally had 223 teeth.<ref name=freeth-06-1/> All these fragments of the mechanism are kept at the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]], along with reconstructions and [[replica]]s,<ref name="Auto82-9"/><ref name="Auto82-10"/> to demonstrate how it may have looked and worked.<ref name="Auto82-11"/>

In 2005, a team from [[Cardiff University]] led by [[Mike Edmunds]] used computer [[X-ray]] [[tomography]] and high resolution scanning to image inside fragments of the crust-encased mechanism and read the faintest inscriptions that once covered the outer casing.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Tony Freeth |title=Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism |journal=Nature |date=Nov 1, 2006 |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=587–591 |doi=10.1038/nature05357|pmid=17136087 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..587F }}</ref> These scans suggest that the mechanism had 37 meshing bronze gears enabling it to follow the movements of the Moon and the Sun through the zodiac, to predict eclipses and to model the [[Lunar month#Anomalistic month|irregular orbit of the Moon]], where the Moon's velocity is higher in its [[apsis|perigee than in its apogee]]. This motion was studied in the 2nd century BC by astronomer [[Hipparchus]] of [[Rhodes]], and he may have been consulted in the machine's construction.<ref name=sample-06/> There is speculation that a portion of the mechanism is missing and it calculated the positions of the five [[classical planet]]s. The inscriptions were further deciphered in 2016, revealing numbers connected with the [[synodic cycle]]s of Venus and Saturn.<ref name="FrontCover"/><ref name=Freeth2016/>

The instrument is believed to have been designed and constructed by [[Science in classical antiquity#Hellenistic age|Hellenistic scientists]] and been variously dated to about 87&nbsp;BC,<ref name="Auto82-12"/> between 150 and 100&nbsp;BC,<ref name=freeth-06/> or 205&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Carman Evans"/><ref name="NYT-20141124-JM"/> It must have been constructed before the shipwreck, which has been dated by multiple lines of evidence to approximately 70–60&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Auto82-13"/><ref name="Auto82-14"/> In 2022, researchers proposed its initial calibration date, not construction date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date.<ref name="AT-20220412"/><ref name="ARX-20220328"/> Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the 14th century in western Europe.<ref name=marchant-06 />

==History==
{{see also|Antikythera wreck}}

===Discovery===
[[File:DerekdeSollaPrice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Derek J. de Solla Price]] (1922–1983) with a model of the Antikythera mechanism]]
Captain Dimitrios Kontos ({{lang|el|Δημήτριος Κοντός}}) and a crew of [[Sponge diving|sponge divers]] from [[Symi]] island discovered the Antikythera wreck in early 1900, and recovered arte<!-- 'e' - this article uses British spelling -->facts during the first expedition with the [[Hellenic Navy|Hellenic Royal Navy]], in 1900–01.<ref name="Auto82-15"/> This wreck of a Roman cargo ship was found at a depth of {{convert|45|m}} off Point Glyphadia on the Greek island of [[Antikythera]]. The team retrieved numerous large objects, including bronze and marble statues, pottery, unique glassware, jewellery, coins, and the mechanism. The mechanism was retrieved from the wreckage in 1901, probably July.<ref name="Auto82-16"/> It is unknown how the mechanism came to be on the cargo ship.

All of the items retrieved from the wreckage were transferred to the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens|National Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Athens]] for storage and analysis. The mechanism appeared to be a lump of corroded bronze and wood. The bronze had turned into [[atacamite]] which cracked and shrank when it was brought up from the shipwreck, changing the dimensions of the pieces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alex Wilkins |title=Ancient computer's gears may not have been able to turn |journal=New Scientist |date=Apr 17, 2025 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2476675-ancient-computers-gears-may-not-have-been-able-to-turn/}}</ref> It went unnoticed for two years, while museum staff worked on piecing together more obvious treasures, such as the statues.<ref name=marchant-06/> Upon removal from seawater, the mechanism was not treated, resulting in deformational changes.<ref name="Auto82-17"/>

On 17 May 1902, [[archaeology|archaeologist]] Valerios Stais found one of the pieces of rock had a gear wheel embedded in it. He initially believed that it was an astronomical clock, but most scholars considered the device to be [[Anachronism#Prochronism|prochronistic]], too complex to have been constructed during the same period as the other pieces that had been discovered.

The German philologist [[Albert Rehm]] became interested in the device and was the first to propose that it was an astronomical calculator.<ref name="Auto82-18"/><ref name="TFreeth2013"/>

Investigations into the object lapsed until British science historian and Yale University professor [[Derek J. de Solla Price]] became interested in 1951.<ref name=haughton2006/><ref name="Auto82-19"/> In 1971, Price and Greek nuclear physicist Charalampos Karakalos made X-ray and [[Gamma camera|gamma-ray images]] of the 82 fragments. Price published a paper on their findings in 1974.<ref name="price-74" />

Two other searches for items at the Antikythera wreck site in 2012 and 2015 yielded art objects and a second ship which may, or may not, be connected with the treasure ship on which the mechanism was found.<ref name="Auto82-20"/> Also found was a bronze disc, embellished with the image of a bull. The disc has four "ears" which have holes in them, and it was thought it may have been part of the Antikythera mechanism, as a "[[gear|cog wheel]]". There appears to be little evidence that it was part of the mechanism; it is more likely the disc was a bronze decoration on a piece of furniture.<ref name="Auto82-21"/>

===Origin===
The Antikythera mechanism is generally referred to as the first known analogue computer.<ref name=angelakis2006/> The quality and complexity of the mechanism's manufacture suggests it must have had undiscovered predecessors during the [[Hellenistic period]].<ref name=allen-07/> Its construction relied on theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by Greek astronomers during the second century BC, and it is estimated to have been built in the late second century BC<ref name=freeth-06/> or the early first century BC.<ref name="Auto82-22"/><ref name="freeth-12" />

In 2008, research by the ''Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''<ref name="isaw/antikythera">{{cite web |title=The Antikythera Mechanism |url=https://isaw.nyu.edu/research/antikythera-mechanism |website=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World |publisher=[[New York University]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |language=en |date=25 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="a-m.gr">{{cite web |title=Antikythera Mechanism Research Project |url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/ |website=www.antikythera-mechanism.gr}}</ref> suggested the concept for the mechanism may have originated in the colonies of [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], since they identified the calendar on the [[Metonic cycle|Metonic]] Spiral as coming from Corinth, or one of its colonies in northwest Greece or Sicily.<ref name="freeth-08" /> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] was a colony of Corinth and the home of [[Archimedes]], and the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project argued in 2008 that it might imply a connection with the school of Archimedes.<ref name=freeth-08/> It was demonstrated in 2017 that the calendar on the Metonic Spiral is of the Corinthian type, but cannot be that of Syracuse.<ref name="Auto82-23"/> Another theory suggests that coins found by [[Jacques Cousteau]] at the wreck site in the 1970s date to the time of the device's construction, and posits that its origin may have been from the ancient Greek city of [[Pergamon]],<ref name="Freeth_SA" /> home of the [[Library of Pergamum]]. With its many scrolls of art and science, it was second in importance only to the [[Library of Alexandria]] during the Hellenistic period.<ref name="Auto82-24"/>

The ship carrying the device contained vases in the [[Rhodes|Rhodian]] style, leading to a hypothesis that it was constructed at an academy founded by [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher [[Posidonius]] on that Greek island.<ref name="Auto82-25"/> Rhodes was a busy trading port and centre of astronomy and mechanical engineering, home to astronomer Hipparchus, who was active from about 140–120 BC. The mechanism uses Hipparchus' theory for the motion of the Moon, which suggests he may have designed or at least worked on it.<ref name=marchant-06/> It has been argued the astronomical events on the [[Parapegma]] of the mechanism work best for latitudes in the range of 33.3–37.0 degrees north;<ref name="Auto82-26"/> the island of Rhodes is located between the latitudes of 35.85 and 36.50 degrees north.

In 2014, a study argued for a new dating of approximately 200 BC, based on identifying the start-up date on the [[Saros (astronomy)|Saros]] Dial, as the astronomical lunar month that began shortly after the new moon of 28 April 205 BC.<ref name="Carman Evans" /><ref name="NYT-20141124-JM"/> According to this theory the Babylonian arithmetic style of prediction fits much better with the device's predictive models than the traditional Greek trigonometric style.<ref name="Carman Evans" /> A study by Iversen in 2017 reasons that the prototype for the device was from Rhodes, but that this particular model was modified for a client from Epirus in northwestern Greece; Iversen argues it was probably constructed no earlier than a generation before the shipwreck, a date supported by Jones in 2017.<ref name="Auto82-27"/>

Further dives were undertaken in 2014 and 2015, in the hope of discovering more of the mechanism.<ref name=NYT-20141124-JM /> A five-year programme of investigations began in 2014 and ended in October 2019, with a new five-year session starting in May 2020.<ref name="Auto82-28"/><ref name="Auto82-29"/>

In 2022, researchers proposed the mechanism's initial calibration date, not construction date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date.<ref name="AT-20220412"/><ref name="ARX-20220328"/> Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the fourteenth century, with early examples being [[astronomical clock]]s of [[Richard of Wallingford]] and [[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio|Giovanni de' Dondi]].<ref name=marchant-06 />

== Design ==

The original mechanism apparently came out of the Mediterranean as a single encrusted piece. Soon afterwards it fractured into three major pieces. Other small pieces have broken off in the interim from cleaning and handling,<ref name="marchant-06-01"/> and others were found on the sea floor by the Cousteau expedition. Other fragments may still be in storage, undiscovered since their initial recovery; Fragment F was discovered in that way in 2005. Of the 82 known fragments, seven are mechanically significant and contain the majority of the mechanism and inscriptions. Another 16 smaller parts contain fractional and incomplete inscriptions.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=wright-07/>

{| class=wikitable
|+ Major fragments
!Fragment
!Size [mm]
!Weight [g]
!Gears
!Inscriptions
!Notes
|- align=center
| A ||180&nbsp;×&nbsp;150 ||369.1 ||27 ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | The main fragment contains the majority of the known mechanism. Clearly visible on the front is the large b1 gear, and under closer inspection further gears behind it (parts of the l, m, c, and d trains are visible as gears to the naked eye). The crank mechanism socket and the side-mounted gear that meshes with b1 is on ''Fragment A''. The back of the fragment contains the rearmost e and k gears for synthesis of the moon anomaly, noticeable also is the pin and slot mechanism of the k train. It is noticed from detailed scans of the fragment that all gears are very closely packed and have sustained damage and displacement due to their years in the sea. The fragment is approximately 30&nbsp;mm thick at its thickest point.

Fragment A also contains divisions of the upper left quarter of the Saros spiral and 14 inscriptions from said spiral. The fragment also contains inscriptions for the exeligmos dial and visible on the back surface the remnants of the dial face. Finally, this fragment contains some back door inscriptions.
|- align=center
| B ||125&nbsp;×&nbsp;60 ||99.4 ||1 ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | Contains approximately the bottom right third of the Metonic spiral and inscriptions of both the spiral and back door of the mechanism. The Metonic scale would have consisted of 235 cells of which 49 have been deciphered from fragment B either in whole or partially. The rest so far are assumed from knowledge of the [[Metonic cycle]]. This fragment also contains a single gear (o1) used in the Olympic train.
|- align=center
| C ||120&nbsp;×&nbsp;110 ||63.8 ||1 ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | Contains parts of the upper right of the front dial face showing calendar and zodiac inscriptions. This fragment also contains the Moon indicator dial assembly including the Moon phase sphere in its housing and a single bevel gear (ma1) used in the Moon phase indication system.
|- align=center
| D ||45&nbsp;×&nbsp;35 ||15.0 ||1 ||
| style="text-align:left" | Contains at least one unknown gear; according to [[Michael T. Wright (curator)|Michael T. Wright]] it contains possibly two, and according to Xenophon Moussas<ref name="Auto82-30"/><ref name="auto"/> it contains one gear (numbered 45 "ME") inside a hollow gear giving the position of Jupiter reproducing it with epicyclic motion. Their purpose and position has not been ascertained to any accuracy or consensus, but lends to the debate for the possible planet displays on the face of the mechanism.
|- align=center
| E ||60&nbsp;×&nbsp;35 ||22.1 || ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | Found in 1976 and contains six inscriptions from the upper right of the Saros spiral.
|- align=center
| F ||90&nbsp;×&nbsp;80 ||86.2 || ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | Found in 2005 and contains 16 inscriptions from the lower right of the Saros spiral. It also contains remnants of the mechanism's wooden housing.
|- align=center
| G ||125&nbsp;×&nbsp;110 ||31.7 || ||Yes
| style="text-align:left" | A combination of fragments taken from fragment C while cleaning.
|}

Many of the smaller fragments that have been found contain nothing of apparent value, but a few have inscriptions on them. Fragment 19 contains significant back door inscriptions including one reading "...&nbsp;76 years&nbsp;..." which refers to the [[Callippic cycle]]. Other inscriptions seem to describe the function of the back dials. In addition to this important minor fragment, 15 further minor fragments have remnants of inscriptions on them.<ref name=freeth-06-1 />{{rp|7}}

==Mechanics==
Information on the specific data obtained from the fragments is detailed in the supplement to the 2006 ''Nature'' article from Freeth et al.<ref name="freeth-06" />

===Operation===
On the front face of the mechanism, there is a fixed ring dial representing the [[ecliptic]], the twelve [[zodiac]]al signs marked off with equal 30-degree sectors. This matched with the Babylonian custom of assigning one twelfth of the ecliptic to each zodiac sign equally, even though the [[constellation]] boundaries were variable. Outside that dial is another ring which is rotatable, marked off with the months and days of the Sothic [[Egyptian calendar]], twelve months of 30 days plus five [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalary days]]. The months are marked with the Egyptian names for the months transcribed into the [[Greek alphabet]]. The first task is to rotate the Egyptian calendar ring to match the current zodiac points. The Egyptian calendar ignored leap days, so it advanced through a full zodiac sign in about 120 years.<ref name=freeth-12/>

The mechanism was operated by turning a small hand crank (now lost) which was linked via a [[crown gear]] to the largest gear, the four-spoked gear visible on the front of fragment A, gear b1. This moved the date pointer on the front dial, which would be set to the correct Egyptian calendar day. The year is not selectable, so it is necessary to know the year currently set, or by looking up the cycles indicated by the various calendar cycle indicators on the back in the Babylonian [[ephemeris]] tables for the day of the year currently set, since most of the calendar cycles are not synchronous with the year. The crank moves the date pointer about 78 days per full rotation, so hitting a particular day on the dial would be easily possible if the mechanism were in good working condition. The action of turning the hand crank would also cause all interlocked gears within the mechanism to rotate, resulting in the simultaneous calculation of the position of the Sun and Moon, the [[Lunar phase|moon phase]], [[eclipse]], and calendar cycles, and perhaps the locations of [[List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System#Planets|planets]].<ref name=freeth-09/>

The operator also had to be aware of the position of the spiral dial pointers on the two large dials on the back. The pointer had a "follower" that tracked the spiral incisions in the metal as the dials incorporated four and five full rotations of the pointers. When a pointer reached the terminal month location at either end of the spiral, the pointer's follower had to be manually moved to the other end of the spiral before proceeding further.<ref name=freeth-06 />{{rp|10}}

===Faces===
[[File:Computer graphic for front of Antikythera mechanism.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated front panel of the Freeth model]]

====Front face====
The front dial has two concentric circular scales. The inner scale marks the Greek signs of the zodiac, with division in degrees. The outer scale, which is a movable ring that sits flush with the surface and runs in a channel, is marked off with what appear to be days and has a series of corresponding holes beneath the ring in the channel.

Since the discovery of the mechanism more than a century ago, this outer ring has been presumed to represent a 365-day Egyptian solar calendar, but research (Budiselic, et al., 2020) challenged this presumption and provided direct statistical evidence there are 354 intervals, suggesting a lunar calendar.<ref name="budiselic"/> Since this initial discovery, two research teams, using different methods, independently calculated the interval count. Woan and Bayley calculate 354–355 intervals using two different methods, confirming with higher accuracy the Budiselic et al. findings and noting that "365 holes is not plausible".<ref name="Auto82-31"/> Malin and Dickens' best estimate is 352.3±1.5 and concluded that the number of holes (N) "has to be integral and the SE ([[standard error]]) of 1.5 indicates that there is less than a 5% probability that N is not one of the six values in the range 350 to 355. The chances of N being as high as 365 are less than 1 in 10,000. While other contenders cannot be ruled out, of the two values that have been proposed for N on astronomical grounds, that of Budiselic et al. (354) is by far the more likely."<ref name=budiselic /><ref name="Auto82-32"/><ref name="Auto82-33"/>

If one supports the 365&nbsp;day presumption, it is recognized the mechanism predates the [[Julian calendar]] reform, but the [[Sothic cycle|Sothic]] and [[Callippus|Callippic]] cycles had already pointed to a {{sfrac|365|1|4}}&nbsp;day solar year, as seen in [[Ptolemy III Euergetes|Ptolemy&nbsp;III]]'s attempted calendar reform of 238&nbsp;BC. The dials are not believed to reflect his proposed leap day ([[Epag.]]&nbsp;6), but the outer calendar dial may be moved against the inner dial to compensate for the effect of the extra quarter-day in the solar year by turning the scale backward one day every four years.

If one is in favour of the 354&nbsp;day evidence, the most likely interpretation is that the ring is a manifestation of a 354-day lunar calendar. Given the era of the mechanism's presumed construction and the presence of Egyptian month names, it is possibly the first example of the Egyptian civil-based [[lunar calendar]] proposed by [[Richard Anthony Parker]] in 1950.<ref name="Auto82-34"/> The lunar calendar's purpose was to serve as a day-to-day indicator of successive lunations, and would also have assisted with the interpretation of the lunar phase pointer, and the [[Metonic]] and [[Saros (astronomy)|Saros]] dials. Undiscovered gearing, synchronous with the rest of the Metonic gearing of the mechanism, is implied to drive a pointer around this scale. Movement and registration of the ring relative to the underlying holes served to facilitate both a 1-in-76-year [[Callippic cycle]] correction, as well as convenient lunisolar intercalation.

The dial also marks the position of the Sun on the ecliptic, corresponding to the current date in the year. The orbits of the Moon and the five planets known to the Greeks are close enough to the ecliptic to make it a convenient reference for defining their positions as well.

The following three [[Egyptian calendar#Months|Egyptian months]] are inscribed in [[History of the Greek alphabet|Greek letters]] on the surviving pieces of the outer ring:{{sfn|Jones|2017|page=97}}
* {{lang|grc-EG|ΠΑΧΩΝ}} ([[Pachon]])
* {{lang|grc-EG|ΠΑΥΝΙ}} ([[Payni]])
* {{lang|grc-EG|ΕΠΙΦΙ}} ([[Epiphi]])

The other months have been reconstructed; some reconstructions of the mechanism omit the five days of the Egyptian intercalary month. The Zodiac dial contains Greek inscriptions of the members of the zodiac, which is believed to be adapted to the [[tropical month]] version rather than the [[Sidereal month|sidereal]]:<ref name=freeth-06-1/>{{rp|8}}{{Failed verification|reason=This page mentions neither tropical nor sidereal|date=September 2016}}
[[Image:Antikythera model front panel Mogi Vicentini 2007.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Front panel of a 2007 re-creation]]
* {{lang|grc|ΚΡΙΟΣ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Krios}} [Ram], Aries)
* ΤΑΥΡΟΣ (Tauros [Bull], Taurus)
* ΔΙΔΥΜΟΙ (Didymoi [Twins], Gemini)
* ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΣ (Karkinos [Crab], Cancer)
* ΛΕΩΝ (Leon [Lion], Leo)
* ΠΑΡΘΕΝΟΣ (Parthenos [Maiden], Virgo)
* ΧΗΛΑΙ (Chelai [Scorpio's Claw or Zygos], Libra)
* ΣΚΟΡΠΙΟΣ (Skorpios [Scorpion], Scorpio)
* ΤΟΞΟΤΗΣ (Toxotes [Archer], Sagittarius)
* ΑΙΓΟΚΕΡΩΣ (Aigokeros [Goat-horned], Capricorn)
* ΥΔΡΟΧΟΟΣ (Hydrokhoos [Water carrier], Aquarius)
* ΙΧΘΥΕΣ (Ichthyes [Fish], Pisces)

Also on the zodiac dial are single characters at specific points (see reconstruction at ref<ref name=isaw-1/>). They are keyed to a ''[[parapegma]]'', a precursor of the modern day [[almanac]] inscribed on the front face above and beneath the dials. They mark the locations of longitudes on the ecliptic for specific stars. The ''parapegma'' above the dials reads (square brackets indicate inferred text):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Α || {{lang|grc|ΑΙΓΟΚΕΡΩΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α}} || [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]] begins to rise
|rowspan="11" style="background:white;"| <!-- blank column to separate separate sides -->
| Ι || ΚΡΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ<br />[...] Α || [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]] begins to rise
|-
| || ΤΡΟΠΑΙ ΧΕΙΜΕΡΙΝΑΙ [...] Α || [[Winter solstice]]
| || ΙΣΗΜΕΡΙΑ ΕΑΡΙΝΗ [...] Α || [[March equinox|Vernal equinox]]
|-
| Β || [...] ΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙ || ... evening
| Κ || [...] ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑ [...] ΙΑ || ... evening
|-
| Γ || [...] ΙΕΣΠΕΡΙ || ... evening
| Λ || ΥΑΔΕΣ ΔΥΝΟΥΣΙΝ<br />ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑΙ [...] ΚΑ || The [[Hyades (star cluster)|Hyades]] set in the evening
|-
| Δ || [...] ΥΔΡΟΧΟΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ || [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]] begins to rise
| Μ || ΤΑΥΡΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />Ε{Π}ΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ || [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] begins to rise
|-
| Ε || [...] ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΣ [...] Ι{Ο} || ... evening
| Ν || ΛΥΡΑ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ<br />ΕΣΠΕΡΙΛ [...] Δ || [[Lyra]] rises in the evening
|-
| Ζ || [...] ΡΙΑΙ [...] Κ || ... {evening}
| Ξ || ΠΛΕΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ<br />ΕΩΙΑ [...] Ι || The [[Pleiades]] rise in the morning
|-
| Η || ΙΧΘΥΕΣ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑΙ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] begins to rise
| Ο || ΥΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΑ [...] Δ || The [[Hyades (star cluster)|Hyades]] rise in the morning
|-
| Θ || [...] {Ι}Α ||
| Π || ΔΙΔΥΜΟΙ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]] begins to rise
|-
<!-- | || || -->
|rowspan="2;" colspan="3;" style="background:white;"| 
| Ρ || ΑΕΤΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΣ || [[Altair]] rises in the evening
|-
<!-- | || || -->
| Σ || ΑΡΚΤΟΥΡΟΣ ΔΥΝΕΙ Ε{Ω}{Ι}ΟΣ || [[Arcturus]] sets in the morning
|}

The ''parapegma'' beneath the dials reads:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Α || ΧΗΛΑΙ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]] begins to rise
|rowspan=12 style="background:white;"| <!-- blank column to separate separate sides -->
| Μ || ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />[...] Α || [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]] begins {to rise}
|-
| || {Ι}ΣΗΜΕΡΙΑ ΦΘΙΝΟΠΩΡΙΝΗ<br />[...] Α || [[September equinox|Autumnal equinox]]
| || ΤΡΟΠΑΙ ΘΕΡΙΝΑΙ [...] Α || [[Summer solstice]]
|-
| Β || [...] ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΟΥΣΙΝ<br />ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΙΙΑ || ... rise in the evening
| Ν || ΩΡΙΩΝ ΑΝΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ || [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] precedes the morning
|-
| Γ || [...] ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑΙΔ || ... rise in the evening
| Ξ || {Κ}ΥΩΝ ΑΝΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ || [[Canis Major]] precedes the morning
|-
| Δ || [...] ΤΕΛΛΕΙΙ{Ο} || ... rise
| Ο || ΑΕΤΟΣ ΔΥΝΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ || [[Altair]] sets in the morning
|-
| Ε || ΣΚΟΡΠΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ || [[Scorpio (constellation)|Scorpio]] begins to rise
| Π || ΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] begins to rise
|-
| Ζ || [...] ||
| Ρ || [...] ||
|-
| Η || [...] ||
| Σ || [...] ||
|-
| Θ || [...] ||
| Τ || [...] ||
|-
| Ι || ΤΟΞΟΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] begins to rise
| Υ || [...] ||
|-
| Κ || [...] ||
| Φ || [...] ||
|-
| Λ || [...] ||
| Χ || [...] ||
|}

At least two pointers indicated positions of bodies upon the ecliptic. A lunar pointer indicated the position of the Moon, and a mean Sun pointer was shown, perhaps doubling as the current date pointer. The Moon position was not a simple mean Moon indicator which would indicate movement uniformly around a circular orbit; rather, it approximated the acceleration and deceleration of the Moon's elliptical orbit, through the earliest extant use of [[epicyclic gearing]].

It also tracked the precession of the Moon's elliptical orbit around the ecliptic in an 8.88&nbsp;year cycle. The mean Sun position is, by definition, the current date. It is speculated that since significant effort was taken to ensure the position of the Moon was correct,<ref name=freeth-06-1/>{{rp|20, 24}} there was likely to have also been a "true sun" pointer in addition to the mean Sun pointer, to track the elliptical anomaly of the Sun (the orbit of Earth around the Sun), but there is no evidence of it among the fragments found.<ref name=freeth-12/> Similarly, neither is there the evidence of planetary orbit pointers for the five planets known to the Greeks among the fragments. But see [[#Proposed gear schemes|Proposed gear schemes]] below.

Mechanical engineer Michael Wright demonstrated there was a mechanism to supply the lunar phase in addition to the position.<ref name=wright-05/> The indicator was a small ball embedded in the lunar pointer, half-white and half-black, which rotated to show the phase (new, first quarter, half, third quarter, full, and back). The data to support this function is available given the Sun and Moon positions as angular rotations; essentially, it is the angle between the two, translated into the rotation of the ball. It requires a [[differential (mechanical device)|differential gear]], a gearing arrangement that sums or differences two angular inputs.

====Rear face====
[[File:Computer graphic for back of Antikythera mechanism.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated back panel]]
In 2008, scientists reported new findings in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' showing the mechanism not only tracked the [[Metonic calendar]] and predicted [[solar eclipses]], but also calculated the timing of panhellenic athletic games, such as the [[ancient Olympic Games]].<ref name=freeth-08/> Inscriptions on the instrument closely match the names of the months that are used on calendars from [[Epirus]] in northwestern Greece and with the island of [[Corfu]], which in antiquity was known as Corcyra.<ref name=wilford-08/><ref name=connor-08/><ref name="Auto82-35"/>

On the back of the mechanism, there are five dials: the two large displays, the Metonic and the [[Saros (astronomy)|Saros]], and three smaller indicators, the so-called Olympiad Dial,<ref name=freeth-08/> which has been renamed the Games dial as it did not track Olympiad years (the four-year cycle it tracks most closely is the Halieiad),<ref name="Auto82-36"/> the [[Callippic cycle|Callippic]], and the [[exeligmos]].<ref name=freeth-06 />{{rp|11}}

The Metonic dial is the main upper dial on the rear of the mechanism. The Metonic cycle, defined in several physical units, is 235 [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic months]], which is very close (to within less than 13 one-millionths) to 19 tropical years. It is therefore a convenient interval over which to convert between lunar and solar calendars. The Metonic dial covers 235 months in five rotations of the dial, following a spiral track with a follower on the pointer that keeps track of the layer of the spiral. The pointer points to the synodic month, counted from new moon to new moon, and the cell contains the [[Hellenic calendars#Corinthian|Corinthian month names]].<ref name=freeth-08 /><ref name="Auto82-37"/><ref name="auto1"/>

# {{lang|grc-x-doric|ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Phoinikaios}})
# ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ (Kraneios)
# ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ (Lanotropios)
# ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ (Machaneus, ''"mechanic"'', referring to [[Zeus]] the inventor)
# ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ (Dodekateus)
# ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ (Eukleios)
# ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ (Artemisios)
# ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ (Psydreus)
# ΓΑΜΕΙΛΙΟΣ (Gameilios)
# ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ (Agrianios)
# ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ (Panamos)
# ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ (Apellaios)

Thus, setting the correct solar time (in days) on the front panel indicates the current lunar month on the back panel, with resolution to within a week or so.

Based on the fact that the calendar month names are consistent with all the evidence of the Epirote calendar and that the Games dial mentions the very minor Naa games of Dodona (in Epirus), it has been argued that the calendar on the mechanism is likely to be the Epirote calendar, and that this calendar was probably adopted from a Corinthian colony in Epirus, possibly Ambracia.<ref name="auto1"/> It has been argued that the first month of the calendar, Phoinikaios, was ideally the month in which the autumn equinox fell, and that the start-up date of the calendar began shortly after the astronomical new moon of 23 August 205 BC.<ref name="Auto82-38"/>

The Games dial is the right secondary upper dial; it is the only pointer on the instrument that travels in an anticlockwise direction as time advances. The dial is divided into four sectors, each of which is inscribed with a year indicator and the name of two [[Panhellenic Games]]: the "crown" games of [[Isthmian Games|Isthmia]], [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympia]], [[Nemean Games|Nemea]], and [[Pythian Games|Pythia]]; and two lesser games: Naa (held at [[Dodona]])<ref name=bbc-08/> and the [[Halieia]] of Rhodes.<ref name="Auto82-39"/> The inscriptions on each one of the four divisions are:<ref name=freeth-06 /><ref name=freeth-08/>

{| class="wikitable"
 |+ Olympic dial
 |-
 ! Year of the cycle
 ! Inside the dial inscription
 ! Outside the dial inscription
 |-
 ! 1
 | LΑ
 | ΙΣΘΜΙΑ (Isthmia)<br />ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑ (Olympia)
 |-
 ! 2
 | LΒ
 | ΝΕΜΕΑ (Nemea)<br />NAA (Naa)
 |-
 ! 3
 | LΓ
 | ΙΣΘΜΙΑ (Isthmia) <br />ΠΥΘΙΑ (Pythia)
 |-
 ! 4
 | LΔ
 | ΝΕΜΕΑ (Nemea)<br />ΑΛΙΕΙΑ (Halieia)
 |}

The Saros dial is the main lower spiral dial on the rear of the mechanism.<ref name=freeth-06 />{{rp|4–5, 10}} The Saros cycle is 18 years and {{frac|11|1|3}} days long (6585.333... days), which is very close to 223 synodic months (6585.3211 days). It is defined as the cycle of repetition of the positions required to cause solar and lunar eclipses, and therefore, it could be used to predict them—not only the month, but the day and time of day. The cycle is approximately 8 hours longer than an integer number of days. Translated into global spin, that means an eclipse occurs not only eight hours later, but one-third of a rotation farther to the west. Glyphs in 51 of the 223 synodic month cells of the dial specify the occurrence of 38 lunar and 27 solar eclipses. Some of the abbreviations in the glyphs read:{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
* Σ = ΣΕΛΗΝΗ ("Selene", Moon)
* Η = ΗΛΙΟΣ ("Helios", Sun)
* H\M = ΗΜΕΡΑΣ ("Hemeras", of the day)
* ω\ρ = ωρα ("hora", hour)
* N\Y = ΝΥΚΤΟΣ ("Nuktos", of the night)

The glyphs show whether the designated eclipse is solar or lunar, and give the day of the month and hour. Solar eclipses may not be visible at any given point, and lunar eclipses are visible only if the Moon is above the horizon at the appointed hour.<ref name=freeth-06-1 />{{rp|6}} In addition, the inner lines at the cardinal points of the Saros dial indicate the start of a new [[full moon cycle]]. Based on the distribution of the times of the eclipses, it has been argued the start-up date of the Saros dial was shortly after the astronomical new moon of 28 April 205 BC.<ref name="Carman Evans" />

The Exeligmos dial is the secondary lower dial on the rear of the mechanism. The exeligmos cycle is a 54-year triple Saros cycle that is 19,756 days long. Since the length of the Saros cycle is to a third of a day (namely, 6,585 days plus 8 hours), a full exeligmos cycle returns the counting to an integral number of days, as reflected in the inscriptions. The labels on its three divisions are:<ref name=freeth-06 />{{rp|10}}
* Blank or o ? (representing the number zero, assumed, not yet observed)
* H (number 8) means add 8 hours to the time mentioned in the display
* Iϛ (number 16) means add 16 hours to the time mentioned in the display

Thus the dial pointer indicates how many hours must be added to the glyph times of the Saros dial in order to calculate the exact eclipse times.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Doors===
[[File:Manual2021-X MOUSSAS SAROS.jpg|thumb|ΣΚΓ, indicating the [[Saros cycle]] of 223 months]]
The mechanism has a wooden casing with a front and a back door, both containing inscriptions.<ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=freeth-06-1/> The back door appears to be the 'instruction manual'. On one of its fragments is written "76 years, 19 years" representing the [[Callippic cycle|Callippic]] and [[Metonic cycle|Metonic]] cycles. Also written is "223" for the [[Saros cycle]]. On another one of its fragments, it is written "on the spiral subdivisions 235" referring to the Metonic dial.

===Gearing===
The mechanism is remarkable for the level of miniaturisation and the complexity of its parts, which is comparable to that of 14th-century [[astronomical clock]]s. It has at least 30 gears, although mechanism expert Michael Wright has suggested the Greeks of this period were capable of implementing a system with many more gears.<ref name=freeth-09/>

There is debate as to whether the mechanism had indicators for all five of the planets known to the ancient Greeks. No gearing for such a planetary display survives and all gears are accounted for—with the exception of one 63-toothed gear (r1) otherwise unaccounted for in fragment D.<ref name=freeth-12/>

Fragment D is a small quasi-circular constriction that, according to Xenophon Moussas, has a gear inside a somewhat larger hollow gear. The inner gear moves inside the outer gear reproducing an epicyclical motion that, with a pointer, gives the position of planet Jupiter.<ref name="auto"/> The inner gear is numbered 45, "ME" in Greek, and the same number is written on two surfaces of this small cylindrical box.

The purpose of the front face was to position astronomical bodies with respect to the [[celestial sphere]] along the ecliptic, in reference to the observer's position on the Earth. That is irrelevant to the question of whether that position was computed using a heliocentric or geocentric view of the [[Solar System]]; either computational method should, and does, result in the same position (ignoring ellipticity), within the error factors of the mechanism. The epicyclic Solar System of [[Ptolemy]] ({{circa|100 AD}}–{{circa|170 AD}})—hundreds of years after the apparent construction date of the mechanism—carried forward with more epicycles, and was more accurate predicting the positions of planets than the view of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] (1473–1543), until [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] (1571–1630) introduced the possibility that orbits are ellipses.<ref name=amrp-07-2/>

Evans et al. suggest that to display the mean positions of the five [[classical planets]] would require only 17 further gears that could be positioned in front of the large driving gear and indicated using individual circular dials on the face.<ref name=cte-10/>

Freeth and Jones modelled and published details of a version using gear trains mechanically similar to the lunar anomaly system, allowing for indication of the positions of the planets, as well as synthesis of the Sun anomaly. Their system, they claim, is more authentic than Wright's model, as it uses the known skills of the Greeks and does not add excessive complexity or internal stresses to the machine.<ref name=freeth-12/>

The gear teeth were in the form of [[equilateral triangle]]s with an average circular pitch of 1.6&nbsp;mm, an average wheel thickness of 1.4&nbsp;mm and an average air gap between gears of 1.2&nbsp;mm. The teeth were probably created from a blank bronze round using hand tools; this is evident because not all of them are even.<ref name="freeth-12"/> Due to advances in imaging and [[X-ray computed tomography|X-ray]] technology, it is now possible to know the precise number of teeth and size of the gears within the located fragments. Thus the basic operation of the device is no longer a mystery and has been replicated accurately. The major unknown remains the question of the presence and nature of any planet indicators.<ref name=freeth-06-1 />{{rp|8}}

A table of the gears, their teeth, and the expected and computed rotations of important gears follows. The gear functions come from Freeth et al. (2008)<ref name=freeth-08/> and for the lower half of the table from Freeth et al. (2012).<ref name=freeth-12/> The computed values start with 1 year per revolution for the b1 gear, and the remainder are computed directly from gear teeth ratios. The gears marked with an asterisk (*) are missing, or have predecessors missing, from the known mechanism; these gears have been calculated with reasonable gear teeth counts.<ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=freeth-06-1/> (Lengths in days are calculated assuming the year to be 365.2425 days.)

{| class="wikitable"
|+ The Antikythera Mechanism: known and proposed gears and accuracy of computation
|-
! Gear name<ref group=table>Change from traditional naming: X is the main year axis, turns once per year with gear B1. The B axis is the axis with gears B3 and B6, while the E axis is the axis with gears E3 and E4. Other axes on E (E1/E6 and E2/E5) are irrelevant to this table.</ref>
! Function of the gear/pointer
! Length of time for a full circular revolution
! Mechanism formula<ref group=table>"Time" is the interval represented by one complete revolution of the gear.</ref>
! Computed interval
! Gear direction<ref group=table>As viewed from the front of the Mechanism.  The "natural" view is viewing the side of the Mechanism the dial/pointer in question is actually displayed on.</ref>
|-
! x
| Year gear
| 1 tropical year
| 1 (by definition)
| 1 year (presumed)
| clockwise<ref group=table>The Greeks, being in the northern hemisphere, assumed proper daily motion of the stars was from east to west, anticlockwise when the ecliptic and zodiac is viewed to the south. As viewed on the front of the Mechanism.</ref>
|-
! b
| The Moon's orbit
| 1 sidereal month (27.321661 days)
| Time(b) = Time(x) * (c1/b2) * (d1/c2) * (e2/d2) * (k1/e5) * (e6/k2) * (b3/e1)
| 27.321 days<ref group=table name=epicycle>On average, due to epicyclic gearing causing accelerations and decelerations.</ref>
| clockwise
|-
! r
| Lunar phase display
| 1 synodic month (29.530589 days)
| Time(r) = 1 / (1 / Time(b2: ''mean sun'' or sun3: ''true sun'')) – (1 / Time(b)))
| 29.530 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
|
|-
! n*
| Metonic pointer
| Metonic cycle / 5 turns = 1387.94 days
| Time(n) = Time(x) * (l1/b2) * (m1/l2) * (n1/m2)
| 1387.9 days
| anticlockwise<ref group=table name=boxside>Being on the reverse side of the box, the "natural" rotation is the opposite</ref>
|-
! o*
| Games dial pointer
| 4 years (5551.8 days)
| Time(o) = Time(n) * (o1/n2)
| 4.00 years
| clockwise<ref group=table name=boxside/><ref group=table>This was the only visual pointer naturally travelling in the anticlockwise direction.</ref>
|-
! q*
| Callippic pointer
| 27758.8 days
| Time(q) = Time(n) * (p1/n3) * (q1/p2)
| 27758 days
| anticlockwise<ref group=table name=boxside/>
|-
! e*
| Lunar orbit precession
| 8.88 years (3244.37 days)
| Time(e) = Time(x) * (l1/b2) * (m1/l2) * (e3/m3)
| 8.8826 years
| anticlockwise<ref group=table>Internal and not visible.</ref>
|-
! g*
| Saros cycle
| Saros time / 4 turns = 1646.33 days
| Time(g) = Time(e) * (f1/e4) * (g1/f2)
| 1646.3 days
| anticlockwise<ref group=table name=boxside/>
|-
! i*
| Exeligmos pointer
| 19755.8 days
| Time(i) = Time(g) * (h1/g2) * (i1/h2)
| 19756 days
| anticlockwise<ref group=table name=boxside/>
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |The following are proposed gearing from the 2012 Freeth and Jones reconstruction:
|-
! sun3*
| True sun pointer
| 1 mean year
| Time(sun3) = Time(x) * (sun3/sun1) * (sun2/sun3)
| 1 mean year<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro>Prograde motion; retrograde is obviously the opposite direction.</ref>
|-
! mer2*
| Mercury pointer
| 115.88 days (synodic period)
| Time(mer2) = Time(x) * (mer2/mer1)
| 115.89 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro/>
|-
! ven2*
| Venus pointer
| 583.93 days (synodic period)
| Time(ven) = Time(x) * (ven1/sun1)
| 584.39 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro/>
|-
! mars4*
| Mars pointer
| 779.96 days (synodic period)
| Time(mars) = Time(x) * (mars2/mars1) * (mars4/mars3)
| 779.84 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro/>
|-
! jup4*
| Jupiter pointer
| 398.88 days (synodic period)
| Time(jup) = Time(x) * (jup2/jup1) * (jup4/jup3)
| 398.88 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro/>
|-
! sat4*
| Saturn pointer
| 378.09 days (synodic period)
| Time(sat) = Time(x) * (sat2/sat1) * (sat4/sat3)
| 378.06 days<ref group=table name=epicycle/>
| clockwise<ref group=table name=retro/>
|}
 
''Table notes:''
{{reflist|group=table|30em}}

There are several gear ratios for each planet that result in close matches to the correct values for synodic periods of the planets and the Sun. Those chosen above seem accurate, with reasonable tooth counts, but the specific gears actually used are unknown.<ref name=freeth-12/>

==== Known gear scheme ====
[[file:AntikytheraMechanismSchematic-Freeth12.png|thumb|upright=1.4|A hypothetical schematic representation of the gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism, including the 2012 published interpretation of existing gearing, gearing added to complete known functions, and proposed gearing to accomplish additional functions, namely true sun pointer and pointers for the five then-known planets, as proposed by Freeth and Jones, 2012.<ref name=freeth-12/> Based also upon similar drawing in the Freeth 2006 Supplement<ref name=freeth-06-1/> and Wright 2005, Epicycles Part 2.<ref name="wright-05-1"/> Proposed (as opposed to known from the arte<!-- 'e' - this article uses British spelling -->fact) gearing crosshatched.]]

It is very probable there were planetary dials, as the complicated motions and periodicities of all planets are mentioned in the manual of the mechanism. The exact position and mechanisms for the gears of the planets is unknown. There is no coaxial system except for the Moon. Fragment D that is an epicycloidal system, is considered as a planetary gear for Jupiter (Moussas, 2011, 2012, 2014) or a gear for the motion of the Sun (University of Thessaloniki group).

The Sun gear is operated from the hand-operated crank (connected to gear a1, driving the large four-spoked mean Sun gear, b1) and in turn drives the rest of the gear sets. The Sun gear is b1/b2 and b2 has 64 teeth. It directly drives the date/mean sun pointer (there may have been a second, "true sun" pointer that displayed the Sun's elliptical anomaly; it is discussed below in the Freeth reconstruction). In this discussion, reference is to modelled rotational period of various pointers and indicators; they all assume the input rotation of the b1 gear of 360 degrees, corresponding with one tropical year, and are computed solely on the basis of the gear ratios of the gears named.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The Moon train starts with gear b1 and proceeds through c1, c2, d1, d2, e2, e5, k1, k2, e6, e1, and b3 to the Moon pointer on the front face. The gears k1 and k2 form an [[epicyclic gearing|epicyclic gear system]]; they are an identical pair of gears that do not mesh, but rather, they operate face-to-face, with a short pin on k1 inserted into a slot in k2. The two gears have different centres of rotation, so the pin must move back and forth in the slot. That increases and decreases the radius at which k2 is driven, also necessarily varying its angular velocity (presuming the velocity of k1 is even) faster in some parts of the rotation than others. Over an entire revolution the average velocities are the same, but the fast-slow variation models the effects of the elliptical orbit of the Moon, in consequence of [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion#Position as a function of time|Kepler's second and third laws]]. The modelled rotational period of the Moon pointer (averaged over a year) is 27.321 days, compared to the modern length of a lunar sidereal month of 27.321661 days. The pin/slot driving of the k1/k2 gears varies the displacement over a year's time, and the mounting of those two gears on the e3 gear supplies a precessional advancement to the ellipticity modelling with a period of 8.8826 years, compared with the current value of precession period of the moon of 8.85 years.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The system also models the [[lunar phase|phases of the Moon]]. The Moon pointer holds a shaft along its length, on which is mounted a small gear named r, which meshes to the Sun pointer at B0 (the connection between B0 and the rest of B is not visible in the original mechanism, so whether b0 is the current date/mean Sun pointer or a hypothetical true Sun pointer is unknown). The gear rides around the dial with the Moon, but is also geared to the Sun—the effect is to perform a [[differential gear]] operation, so the gear turns at the synodic month period, measuring in effect, the angle of the difference between the Sun and Moon pointers. The gear drives a small ball that appears through an opening in the Moon pointer's face, painted longitudinally half white and half black, displaying the phases pictorially. It turns with a modelled rotational period of 29.53 days; the modern value for the synodic month is 29.530589 days.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The Metonic train is driven by the drive train b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, and n1, which is connected to the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the pointer is the length of the 6939.5 days (over the whole five-rotation spiral), while the modern value for the [[Metonic cycle]] is 6939.69 days.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The [[Olympiad]] train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, n1, n2, and o1, which mounts the pointer. It has a computed modelled rotational period of exactly four years, as expected. It is the only pointer on the mechanism that rotates anticlockwise; all of the others rotate clockwise.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The Callippic train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, n1, n3, p1, p2, and q1, which mounts the pointer. It has a computed modelled rotational period of 27758 days, while the modern value is 27758.8 days.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The Saros train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m3, e3, e4, f1, f2, and g1, which mounts the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the Saros pointer is 1646.3 days (in four rotations along the spiral pointer track); the modern value is 1646.33 days.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

The Exeligmos train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m3, e3, e4, f1, f2, g1, g2, h1, h2, and i1, which mounts the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the exeligmos pointer is 19,756 days; the modern value is 19755.96 days.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

It appears gears m3, n1-3, p1-2, and q1 did not survive in the wreckage. The functions of the pointers were deduced from the remains of the dials on the back face, and reasonable, appropriate gearage to fulfill the functions was proposed and is generally accepted.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-08/><ref name=ieeecomp1/>

==Reconstruction efforts==
===Proposed gear schemes===
Because of the large space between the mean Sun gear and the front of the case and the size of and mechanical features on the mean Sun gear, it is very likely that the mechanism contained further gearing that either has been lost in or subsequent to the shipwreck, or was removed before being loaded onto the ship.<ref name=freeth-12/> This lack of evidence and nature of the front part of the mechanism has led to attempts to emulate what the Ancient Greeks would have done and because of the lack of evidence, many solutions have been put forward over the years. But as progress has been made on analyzing the internal structures and deciphering the inscriptions, earlier models have been ruled out and better models developed.<ref name=FrontCover/><ref name=Freeth2016/>

{{multiple image| direction = vertical| width = 150| image1 = Antikythera-proposed-4.svg| caption1 = Wright proposal| image2 = Antikythera-proposed-1.svg| caption2 = Evans et al. proposal| image3 = Antikythera-proposed-3.svg| caption3 = 2012 Freeth et al. proposal<ref name=freeth-12/>}}

[[Derek J. de Solla Price]] built a simple model in the 1970s.<ref name=price-74/>

In 2002 [[Michael T. Wright (curator)|Michael Wright]] designed and built the first workable [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eUibFQKJqI model] with the known mechanism and his emulation of a potential [[planetarium]] system. He suggested that along with the lunar anomaly, adjustments would have been made for the deeper, more basic solar anomaly (known as the "first anomaly"). He included pointers for this "true sun", Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, in addition to the known "mean sun" (current time) and lunar pointers.<ref name=freeth-12/>

Evans, Carman, and Thorndike published a solution in 2010 with significant differences from Wright's.<ref name=cte-10/> Their proposal centred on what they observed as irregular spacing of the inscriptions on the front dial face, which to them seemed to indicate an off-centre sun indicator arrangement; this would simplify the mechanism by removing the need to simulate the solar anomaly. They suggested that rather than accurate planetary indication (rendered impossible by the offset inscriptions) there would be simple dials for each individual planet, showing information such as key events in the cycle of planet, initial and final appearances in the night sky, and apparent direction changes. This system would lead to a much simplified gear system, with much reduced forces and complexity, as compared to Wright's model.<ref name=cte-10/>

Their proposal used simple meshed gear trains and accounted for the previously unexplained 63 toothed gear in fragment D. They proposed two face plate layouts, one with evenly spaced dials, and another with a gap in the top of the face, to account for criticism that they did not use the apparent fixtures on the b1 gear. They proposed that rather than bearings and pillars for gears and axles, they simply held weather and seasonal icons to be displayed through a window.<ref name=cte-10/> In a paper published in 2012, Carman, Thorndike, and Evans also proposed a system of epicyclic gearing with pin and slot followers.<ref name=cte-12/>

Freeth and Jones published a proposal in 2012. They proposed a compact and feasible solution to the question of planetary indication. They also propose indicating the solar anomaly (that is, the sun's apparent position in the zodiac dial) on a separate pointer from the date pointer, which indicates the mean position of the Sun, as well as the date on the month dial. If the two dials are synchronised correctly, their front panel display is essentially the same as Wright's. Unlike Wright's model however, this model has not been built physically, and is only a 3-D computer model.<ref name=freeth-12/>

[[Image:Gearing Relationships of the Antikythera Mechanism.svg|thumb|upright|Internal gearing relationships of the Antikythera Mechanism, based on the Freeth and Jones proposal]]

The system to synthesise the solar anomaly is very similar to that used in Wright's proposal: three gears, one fixed in the centre of the b1 gear and attached to the Sun spindle, the second fixed on one of the spokes (in their proposal the one on the bottom left) acting as an idle gear, and the final positioned next to that one; the final gear is fitted with an offset pin and, over said pin, an arm with a slot that in turn, is attached to the sun spindle, inducing anomaly as the mean Sun wheel turns.<ref name=freeth-12/>

The inferior planet mechanism includes the Sun (treated as a planet in this context), Mercury, and Venus.<ref name=freeth-12/> For each of the three systems, there is an epicyclic gear whose axis is mounted on b1, thus the basic frequency is the Earth year (as it is, in truth, for epicyclic motion in the Sun and all the planets—excepting only the Moon). Each meshes with a gear grounded to the mechanism frame. Each has a pin mounted, potentially on an extension of one side of the gear that enlarges the gear, but doesn't interfere with the teeth; in some cases, the needed distance between the gear's centre and the pin is farther than the radius of the gear itself. A bar with a slot along its length extends from the pin toward the appropriate coaxial tube, at whose other end is the object pointer, out in front of the front dials. The bars could have been full gears, although there is no need for the waste of metal, since the only working part is the slot. Also, using the bars avoids interference between the three mechanisms, each of which are set on one of the four spokes of b1. Thus there is one new grounded gear (one was identified in the wreckage, and the second is shared by two of the planets), one gear used to reverse the direction of the sun anomaly, three epicyclic gears and three bars/coaxial tubes/pointers, which would qualify as another gear each: five gears and three slotted bars in all.<ref name=freeth-12/>

The superior planet systems—Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—all follow the same general principle of the lunar anomaly mechanism.<ref name=freeth-12/> Similar to the inferior systems, each has a gear whose centre pivot is on an extension of b1, and which meshes with a grounded gear. It presents a pin and a centre pivot for the epicyclic gear which has a slot for the pin, and which meshes with a gear fixed to a coaxial tube and thence to the pointer. Each of the three mechanisms can fit within a quadrant of the b1 extension, and they are thus all on a single plane parallel with the front dial plate. Each one uses a ground gear, a driving gear, a driven gear, and a gear/coaxial tube/pointer, thus, twelve gears additional in all.

In total, there are eight coaxial spindles of various nested sizes to transfer the rotations in the mechanism to the eight pointers. So in all, there are 30 original gears, seven gears added to complete calendar functionality, 17 gears and three slotted bars to support the six new pointers, for a grand total of 54 gears, three bars, and eight pointers in Freeth and Jones' design.<ref name=freeth-12/>

On the visual representation Freeth provides, the pointers on the front zodiac dial have small, round identifying stones. He refers to a quote from an ancient papyrus:

{{blockquote|...a voice comes to you speaking. Let the stars be set upon the board in accordance with [their] nature except for the Sun and Moon. And let the Sun be golden, the Moon silver, Kronos [Saturn] of obsidian, Ares [Mars] of reddish onyx, Aphrodite [Venus] lapis lazuli veined with gold, Hermes [Mercury] turquoise; let Zeus [Jupiter] be of (whitish?) stone, crystalline (?)...<ref name=papyrus/>}}

However, more recent discoveries and research have shown that the above models are not correct. In 2016, the numbers 462 and 442 were found in [[computed tomography]] scans of the inscriptions dealing with Venus and Saturn, respectively.<ref name=FrontCover/> These relate to the [[synodic cycle]]s of these planets, and indicated that the mechanism was more accurate than previously thought.
In 2018, based on the CT scans, the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project proposed changes in gearing and produced mechanical parts based on this.<ref name="Auto82-40"/>

In March 2021, the Antikythera Research Team at [[University College London]], led by Freeth, published a new proposed reconstruction of the entire Antikythera Mechanism. They were able to find gears that could be shared among the gear-trains for the different planets, by using rational approximations for the synodic cycles which have small prime factors, with the factors 7 and 17 being used for more than one planet. They conclude that none of the previous models "are at all compatible with all the currently known data", but their model is compatible with it.<ref name="Freeth2016"/><ref name="Auto82-41"/>
Freeth has directed a video explaining the discovery of the synodic cycle periods and the conclusions about how the mechanism worked.<ref name="Auto82-42"/>

In 2025 researchers using a computer simulation of the mechanism that took into account the exact shape of the teeth in its gears, concluded that it would have jammed and stopped working after 4 months.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=2504.00327 |author1=Esteban Guillermo Szigety y Gustavo Francisco Arenas |title=The Impact of Triangular-Toothed Gears on the Functionality of the Antikythera Mechanism |date=2025 |class=astro-ph.IM }}</ref>

===Accuracy===

Investigations by Freeth and Jones reveal their simulated mechanism is inaccurate. The Mars pointer is up to 38° wrong in some instances (these inaccuracies occur at the nodal points of Mars' retrograde motion, and the error recedes at other locations in the orbit). This is not due to inaccuracies in gearing ratios in the mechanism, but inadequacies in the Greek theory of planetary movements. The accuracy could not have been improved until {{Circa|160 AD}} when [[Ptolemy]] published his ''[[Almagest]]'' (particularly by adding the concept of the [[equant]] to his theory), then much later by the introduction of [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]] in 1609 and 1619.<ref name=freeth-12 />

{{blockquote|In short, the Antikythera Mechanism was a machine designed to predict celestial phenomena according to the sophisticated astronomical theories current in its day, the sole witness to a lost history of brilliant engineering, a conception of pure genius, one of the great wonders of the ancient world—but it didn't really work very well!<ref name=freeth-12 />}}

In addition to theoretical accuracy, there is the issue of mechanical accuracy. Freeth and Jones note that the inevitable "looseness" in the mechanism due to the hand-built gears, with their triangular teeth and the frictions between gears, and in bearing surfaces, probably would have swamped the finer solar and lunar correction mechanisms built into it:

{{blockquote|Though the engineering was remarkable for its era, recent research indicates that its design conception exceeded the engineering precision of its manufacture by a wide margin—with considerable cumulative inaccuracies in the gear trains, which would have cancelled out many of the subtle anomalies built into its design.<ref name=freeth-12/><ref name="Auto82-43"/>}}

While the device may have struggled with inaccuracies, due to the triangular teeth being hand-made, the calculations used and technology implemented to create the elliptical paths of the planets and retrograde motion of the Moon and Mars, by using a clockwork-type gear train with the addition of a pin-and-slot epicyclic mechanism, predated that of the first known clocks found in [[Late antiquity|antiquity]] in medieval Europe, by more than 1000 years.{{clarify|date=April 2023}}<ref name="Auto82-44"/> Archimedes' development of the approximate value of [[pi]] and his theory of centres of gravity, along with the steps he made towards developing the [[calculus]],<ref name="Auto82-45"/> suggest the Greeks had enough mathematical knowledge beyond that of Babylonian algebra, to model the elliptical nature of planetary motion.

{{blockquote|Of special delight to physicists, the Moon mechanism uses a special train of bronze gears, two of them linked with a slightly offset axis, to indicate the position and phase of the moon. As is known today from [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]], the moon travels at different speeds as it orbits the Earth, and this speed differential is modelled by the Antikythera Mechanism, even though the [[Ancient Greeks]] were not aware of the actual elliptical shape of the orbit.<ref name="Auto82-46"/>}}

==Similar devices in ancient literature==

The level of refinement of the mechanism indicates that the device was not unique, and possibly required expertise built over several generations.<ref name=marchant-06/> However, such artefacts were commonly melted down for the value of the bronze and rarely survive to the present day.<ref name=marchant-06/>

=== Roman world ===

[[Cicero]]'s ''[[De re publica]] (54-51 BC)'', a first century BC philosophical dialogue, mentions two machines that some modern authors consider as some kind of [[planetarium]] or [[orrery]], predicting the movements of the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], and the five planets known at that time. They were both built by [[Archimedes]] and brought to Rome by the Roman general [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] after the death of Archimedes at the [[Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)|siege of Syracuse]] in 212 BC. Marcellus had great respect for Archimedes and one of these machines was the only item he kept from the siege (the second was placed in the [[Temple of Honor and Virtue|Temple of Virtue]]). The device was kept as a family heirloom, and Cicero has Philus (one of the participants in a conversation that Cicero imagined had taken place in a villa belonging to [[Scipio Aemilianus]] in the year 129 BC) saying that [[Gaius Sulpicius Gallus]] (consul with [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)|Marcellus's nephew]] in 166 BC, and credited by [[Pliny the Elder]] as the first Roman to have written a book explaining solar and lunar eclipses) gave both a "learned explanation" and a working demonstration of the device.

{{cquote|I had often heard this celestial globe or sphere mentioned on account of the great fame of Archimedes. Its appearance, however, did not seem to me particularly striking. There is another, more elegant in form, and more generally known, moulded by the same Archimedes, and deposited by the same Marcellus, in the Temple of Virtue at Rome. But as soon as Gallus had begun to explain, by his sublime science, the composition of this machine, I felt that the Sicilian geometrician must have possessed a genius superior to any thing we usually conceive to belong to our nature. Gallus assured us, that the solid and compact globe, was a very ancient invention, and that the first model of it had been presented by [[Thales of Miletus]]. That afterwards [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]], a disciple of [[Plato]], had traced on its surface the stars that appear in the sky, and that many years subsequent, borrowing from Eudoxus this beautiful design and representation, Aratus had illustrated them in his verses, not by any science of astronomy, but the ornament of poetic description. He added, that the figure of the sphere, which displayed the motions of the Sun and Moon, and the five planets, or wandering stars, could not be represented by the primitive solid globe. And that in this, the invention of Archimedes was admirable, because he had calculated how a single revolution should maintain unequal and diversified progressions in dissimilar motions.

When Gallus moved this globe, it showed the relationship of the Moon with the Sun, and there were exactly the same number of turns on the bronze device as the number of days in the real globe of the sky. Thus it showed the same eclipse of the Sun as in the globe [of the sky], as well as showing the Moon entering the area of the Earth's shadow when the Sun is in line&nbsp;... [missing text] [i.e. It showed both solar and lunar eclipses.]<ref name=cicero/>}}

[[Pappus of Alexandria]] (290 – {{circa|350 AD}}) stated that Archimedes had written a now lost manuscript on the construction of these devices titled ''On Sphere-Making''.<ref name=rorres-11/><ref name=fildes-10/> The surviving texts from ancient times describe many of his creations, some even containing simple drawings. One such device is his [[odometer]], the exact model later used by the Romans to place their [[mile marker]]s (described by [[Vitruvius]], [[Heron of Alexandria]] and in the time of Emperor [[Commodus]]).<ref name=needham/> The drawings in the text appeared functional, but attempts to build them as pictured had failed. When the gears pictured, which had square teeth, were replaced with gears of the type in the Antikythera mechanism, which were angled, the device was perfectly functional.<ref name=sleeswyk-81/>

If Cicero's account is correct, then this technology existed as early as the third century BC. Archimedes' device is also mentioned by later Roman era writers such as [[Lactantius]] (''Divinarum Institutionum Libri VII''), [[Claudian]] (''In sphaeram Archimedes''), and [[Proclus]] (''Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geometry'') in the fourth and fifth centuries.

Cicero also said that another such device was built "recently" by his friend [[Posidonius]], "... each one of the revolutions of which brings about the same movement in the Sun and Moon and five wandering stars [planets] as is brought about each day and night in the heavens&nbsp;..."<ref name=cicero-1/>

It is unlikely that any one of these machines was the Antikythera mechanism found in the shipwreck since both the devices fabricated by Archimedes and mentioned by Cicero were located in Rome at least 30 years later than the estimated date of the shipwreck, and the third device was almost certainly in the hands of Posidonius by that date. The scientists who have reconstructed the Antikythera mechanism also agree that it was too sophisticated to have been a unique device.

=== Eastern Mediterranean and others ===
[[File:Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG|thumb|Su Song's Clock Tower]]

This evidence that the Antikythera mechanism was not unique adds support to the idea that there was an ancient Greek tradition of complex mechanical technology that was later, at least in part, transmitted to the Byzantine and [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic worlds]], where mechanical devices which were complex, albeit simpler than the Antikythera mechanism, were built during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="charette-06" /> Fragments of a geared calendar attached to a sundial, from the fifth or sixth century [[Byzantine Empire]], have been found; the calendar may have been used to assist in telling time.<ref name="madison-85" /> In the Islamic world, [[Banū Mūsā]]'s ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices|Kitab al-Hiyal]]'', or ''Book of Ingenious Devices'', was commissioned by the [[Caliph of Baghdad]] in the early 9th century AD. This text described over a hundred mechanical devices, some of which may date back to ancient Greek texts preserved in [[Monastery|monasteries]]. A geared calendar similar to the Byzantine device was described by the scientist [[al-Biruni]] around 1000, and a surviving 13th-century [[astrolabe]] also contains a similar clockwork device.<ref name="madison-85" /> It is possible that this medieval technology may have been transmitted to Europe and contributed to the development of mechanical clocks there.<ref name="marchant-06" />

In the 11th century, Chinese polymath [[Su Song]] constructed a mechanical clock tower that told (among other measurements) the position of some stars and planets, which were shown on a mechanically rotated [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="Auto82-47"/>

== Popular culture and museum replicas ==
[[File:CAMK Mechanizm z Antykithiry LEGO.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lego]] Antikythera mechanism]]
[[File:Mechanism of Antikythera - Kotsanas version - front side.jpg|thumb|289x289px|A hypothetical reconstruction of the mechanism of Antikythera at the [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology]], in [[Athens]], Greece.]]
Several exhibitions have been staged worldwide,<ref name="amrp-exhib" /> leading to the main "Antikythera shipwreck" exhibition at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. {{as of|2012}}, the Antikythera mechanism was displayed as part of a temporary exhibition about the Antikythera shipwreck,<ref name="amrp-12" /> accompanied by reconstructions made by [[Ioannis Theofanidis]], [[Derek J. de Solla Price|Derek de Solla Price]], Michael Wright, the Thessaloniki University and Dionysios Kriaris. Other reconstructions are on display at the [[American Computer Museum]] in [[Bozeman, Montana]], at the [[Children's Museum of Manhattan]] in New York, at Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett in [[Kassel]], Germany, at the [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Archimedes Museum]] in Olympia, Greece,<ref name="Auto82-48" /> at the [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology]] in Athens<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athens |first=Why |title=Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology |url=https://whyathens.com/events/hi-tech-inventions-ancient-greeks/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Why Athens |language=en-GB}}</ref> and at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]] in [[Paris]].

The National Geographic documentary series ''[[Naked Science]]'' dedicated an episode to the Antikythera Mechanism entitled "Star Clock BC" that aired on 20 January 2011.<ref name=imdb/> A documentary, ''The World's First Computer'', was produced in 2012 by the Antikythera mechanism researcher and film-maker Tony Freeth.<ref name=amrp-movie/> In 2012, [[BBC Four]] aired ''The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer'';<ref name=amrp-movie-bbc/> it was also aired on 3 April 2013 in the United States on ''[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]]'', the [[PBS]] science series, under the name ''Ancient Computer''.<ref name=amrp-movie-nova/> It documents the discovery and 2005 investigation of the mechanism by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project.

A functioning [[Lego]] reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism was built in 2010 by hobbyist Andy Carol, and featured in a short film produced by Small Mammal in 2011.<ref name=pavlus/>

On 17 May 2017, [[Google]] marked the 115th anniversary of the discovery with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref name="Auto82-49"/><ref name="Auto82-50"/>

The YouTube channel Clickspring documents the creation of an Antikythera mechanism replica using the tools, techniques of machining and metallurgy, and materials that would have been available in ancient Greece,<ref name="Auto82-51"/> along with investigations into the possible technologies of the era.<ref name="Auto82-52"/>

The film ''[[Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny]]'' (2023) features a plot around a fictionalized version of the mechanism (also referred to as Archimedes' Dial, the titular Dial of Destiny).<ref name="Auto82-53"/> In the film, the device was built by [[Archimedes]] as a [[Time travel|temporal mapping system]], and sought by a former Nazi scientist as a way to detect time portals in order to travel back in time and help Germany win World War II. A major plot point revolves around the fact that the device did not take [[Continental drift]] into account as the theory was unknown in Archimedes' time.<ref>{{Cite web
	| url = https://screenrant.com/indiana-jones-dial-destiny-time-travel-antikythera-explained/
	| title = Indiana Jones & The Dial of Destiny's Time Travel Explained
	| last = Barker
	| first = Steven
	| date = 30 June 2023
	| website = [[Screen Rant]]
	| access-date = 1 January 2025
}}</ref>

On 8 February 2024, a 10X scale replica of the mechanism was built, installed, and inaugurated at the [[University of Sonora]] in [[Hermosillo]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="Auto82-54"/><ref name="Auto82-55"/> With the name of Monumental Antikythera Mechanism for Hermosillo (MAMH), Dr. Alfonso performed the inauguration. Also attending were Durazo Montaño, Governor of Sonora and Dr. Maria Rita Plancarte Martinez, Chancellor of the Universidad de Sonora, the Ambassador of Greece, Nikolaos Koutrokois, and a delegation from the Embassy.<ref name="Auto82-56"/>

== See also ==

* [[Ancient technology]]
* [[Archimedes Palimpsest]]
* [[Astrarium]]
* [[Automaton]]
* [[Baghdad Battery]]
* [[Ctesibius]]
* [[Reverse engineering]]
* [[Out-of-place artifact]]

== References ==

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<ref name=freeth-06-1>{{cite journal | last1=Freeth | first1=Tony | date=2006 | title=Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2 | journal=Nature | url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/system/files/0608_Nature-Supplementary.pdf | access-date=20 May 2014 | doi=10.1038/nature05357 | bibcode=2006Natur.444..587F | pages=587–91 | volume=444 | issue=7119 | pmid=17136087 | s2cid=4424998 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126213307/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/system/files/0608_Nature-Supplementary.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-9">{{cite journal | last1 = Efstathiou | first1 = M. | last2 = Basiakoulis | first2 = A. | last3 = Efstathiou | first3 = K. | last4 = Anastasiou | first4 = M. | last5 = Boutbaras | first5 = P. | last6 = Seiradakis | first6 = J.H. | title = The Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era | date=September 2013 | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 307–334 | doi = 10.1260/2047-4970.2.3.307 | s2cid = 111280754 | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4cf2/0916f6d015aab49b5d3157459c3534dfe24a.pdf | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4cf2/0916f6d015aab49b5d3157459c3534dfe24a.pdf | archive-date = 9 October 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-10">{{cite journal | last1 = Efstathiou | first1 = K. | last2 = Basiakoulis | first2 = A. | last3 = Efstathiou | first3 = M. | last4 = Anastasiou | first4 = M. | last5 = Seiradakis | first5 = J.H. | title = Determination of the gears geometrical parameters necessary for the construction of an operational model of the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = Mechanism and Machine Theory | date = June 2012 | volume = 52 | pages = 219–231 | doi = 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.01.020 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-11">{{Cite web |url = http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/museum | title = The Antikythera Mechanism at the National Archaeological Museum | website = Antikythera Mechanism Research Project | access-date = 8 August 2015 | archive-date = 21 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035812/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/museum | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name=sample-06>{{cite news| last=Sample| first=Ian| newspaper=The Guardian| url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/nov/30/uknews| title=Mysteries of computer from 65 BC are solved| quote=One of the remaining mysteries is why the Greek technology invented for the machine seemed to disappear..."This device is extraordinary, the only thing of its kind," said Professor Edmunds. "The astronomy is exactly right ... in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as being more valuable than the Mona Lisa."| access-date=13 December 2016| archive-date=23 February 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223000458/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/nov/30/uknews| url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=FrontCover>{{cite journal | last1 = Anastasiou | last2 = Bitsakis | last3 = Jones | last4 = Moussas | last5 = Tselikas | last6 = Zafeiropoulou | title = The Inscriptions of the Antikythera Mechanism | type = 6. The Front Cover Inscription | journal = Almagest, International Journal for the History of Scientific Ideas | date = 2016 | pages = 250–297 | url = https://www.brepols.net/products/ON-M1-F1-04010366-1 | access-date = 25 July 2023 | archive-date = 25 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230725202106/https://www.brepols.net/products/ON-M1-F1-04010366-1 | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name=Freeth2016>{{Cite journal|last1=Freeth|first1=Tony|last2=Higgon|first2=David|last3=Dacanalis|first3=Aris|last4=MacDonald|first4=Lindsay|last5=Georgakopoulou|first5=Myrto|last6=Wojcik|first6=Adam|date=12 March 2021|title=A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=5821|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w|pmid=33712674|pmc=7955085|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.5821F|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-12">{{harvnb|Price|1974|pp=19}}</ref>
<ref name="Carman Evans">{{cite journal | last1 = Carman | first1 = Christián C. | last2 = Evans | first2 = James | title = On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences | date = 15 November 2014 | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 693–774 | doi = 10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5 | hdl = 11336/98820 | s2cid=120548493 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="NYT-20141124-JM">{{cite news | last = Markoff | first = John | title = On the Trail of an Ancient Mystery – Solving the Riddles of an Early Astronomical Calculator | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/science/solving-the-riddles-of-an-early-astronomical-calculator.html | date = 24 November 2014 | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 25 November 2014 | archive-date = 25 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141125135039/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/science/solving-the-riddles-of-an-early-astronomical-calculator.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-13">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=182–83 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-14">{{harvnb|Jones|2017|pp=93, 157–60, 233–46}}</ref>
<ref name="AT-20220412">{{cite news | last = Ouellette | first = Jennifer | authorlink = Jennifer Ouellette | title = Researchers home in on possible "day zero" for Antikythera mechanism | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/researchers-home-in-on-possible-day-zero-for-antikythera-mechanism/ | date = 11 April 2022 | work = [[Ars Technica]] | accessdate = 12 April 2022 | archive-date = 12 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220412001139/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/researchers-home-in-on-possible-day-zero-for-antikythera-mechanism/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="ARX-20220328">{{cite arXiv | last1 = Voularis | first1 = Aristeidis | last2 = Mouratidis | first2 = Chruistophoros | last3 = Vossinakis | first3 = Andreas | title = The Initial Calibration Date of the Antikythera Mechanism after the Saros spiral mechanical Apokatastasis | date = 28 March 2022 | class = physics.hist-ph | eprint  =  2203.15045 }}</ref>
<ref name=marchant-06>{{cite journal| last=Marchant| first=Jo| title=In search of lost time| journal=Nature| date=30 November 2006| volume=444| number=7119| pages=534–38| doi=10.1038/444534a| pmid=17136067| bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history/people/dimitrios-kontos|title=Dimitrios Kontos|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408203106/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history/people/dimitrios-kontos |website=Antikythera Mechanism Research |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-16">{{cite web |url-status=live |url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history |title=History |website=Antikythera Mechanism Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519044743/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history |archive-date=19 May 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-17">Voulgaris, Aristeidis, et al. "Simulation and Analysis of Natural Seawater Chemical Reactions on the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 35, no. 5, 2019, pp. 959–972</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-18">{{Cite web|url=http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/articles/displayItemFromId.do?QueryType=articles&ItemID=0215-1954-098-00-000001|title=Albert Rehm zum Gedächtnis|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175427/https://www.proquest.com/legacyredirect/pao/docview/1294505584|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name=haughton2006>{{cite book| last=Haughton| first=Brian| title=Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awF5hqJpErAC&pg=PA43| access-date=16 May 2011| date=26 December 2006| publisher=Career Press| isbn=978-1-56414-897-1| pages=43–44| archive-date=9 September 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175422/https://books.google.com/books?id=awF5hqJpErAC&pg=PA43| url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-19">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Alexander |date=2018 |title=Like Opening a Pyramid and Finding an Atomic Bomb': Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism. |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/59843 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=259–294 |jstor=45211597 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816183534/https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/59843 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-20">{{citation| url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-missing-piece-of-antikythera-mechanism-found-on-aegean-seabed-1.6640779| last=Bohstrom| first=Philippe| title=Missing Piece of Antikythera Mechanism Found on Aegean Seabed| publisher=Haaretz| date=18 November 2018| access-date=26 June 2020| archive-date=18 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118013344/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-missing-piece-of-antikythera-mechanism-found-on-aegean-seabed-1.6640779| url-status=live}}.</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-21">{{citation| publisher=Smithsonian Magazine| title=No, Archaeologists Probably Did Not Find a New Piece of the Antikythera Mechanism| url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/no-archaeologists-probably-did-not-find-new-piece-antikythera-mechanism-180970821/| first=Jason| last=Daley| date=15 November 2018| access-date=15 November 2018| archive-date=16 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085859/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/no-archaeologists-probably-did-not-find-new-piece-antikythera-mechanism-180970821/| url-status=live}}.</ref>
<ref name=angelakis2006>{{cite conference| first=Dimitris G.| last=Angelakis| title=Quantum Information Processing: From Theory to Experiment| conference=Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Quantum Computation and Quantum Information| place=Chania, Crete, Greece| date=2 May 2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTXYxukuUdwC&pg=PR5| access-date=28 May 2013| publication-date=2006| publisher=IOS Press| isbn=978-1-58603-611-9| page=5| quote="The Antikythera mechanism, as it is now known, was probably the world's first 'analog computer'—a sophisticated device for calculating the motions of stars and planets. This remarkable assembly of more than 30 gears with a differential..."}}</ref>
<ref name=allen-07>{{cite web| first= Martin| last= Allen| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/general-questions/were-there-others| title= Were there others? The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| publisher= Antikythera-mechanism.gr| date= 27 May 2007| access-date= 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074536/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/general-questions/were-there-others| archive-date= 21 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-22">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-23">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=134–41}}</ref>
<ref name="Freeth_SA">{{cite journal|last1=Freeth|first1=Tony|title=Decoding an Ancient Computer|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=301|issue=6|url=http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Decoding_an_Ancient_Computer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Decoding_an_Ancient_Computer.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|date=December 2009|page=78|access-date=26 November 2014|bibcode=2009SciAm.301f..76F|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76|pmid=20058643}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-24">Article "Pergamum", ''Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', 6th Edition, 1.</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-25">{{harvnb|Price|1974|pp=57–62}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-26">{{cite journal | last1 = Bitsakis | first1 = Yannis | last2 = Jones | first2 = Alexander | year = 2013 | title = The Inscriptions of the Antikythera Mechanism 3: The Front Dial and Parapegma Inscriptions", ''Almagest'' 7 (2016), pp. 117–19. See also Magdalini Anastasiou et al. "The Astronomical Events of the Parapegma of the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume = 44 | pages = 173–86 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-27">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=141–47}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2017|p=93}}</ref>
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<ref name=marchant-06-01>{{cite book| first=Jo| last=Marchant| title=Decoding the Heavens| publisher=Da Capo Press| date=2006| page=180}} mechanical engineer and former curator of London's [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] [[Michael T. Wright (curator)|Michael Wright]] tells of a piece breaking off in his inspection, which was glued back into place by the museum staff.</ref>
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<ref name="Auto82-30">X. Moussas. Antikythera Mechanism, "PINAX", Greek Physical Society, Athens, 2011</ref>
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<ref name=budiselic>{{cite report |author1=Budiselic |display-authors=et al |date=December 2020 |title=Antikythera mechanism: Evidence of a lunar calendar |place=Newark, UK |publisher=British Horological Institute |website=BHI.Co.UK |url=https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BHI-Antikythera-Mechanism-Evidence-of-a-Lunar-Calendar.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213144005/https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BHI-Antikythera-Mechanism-Evidence-of-a-Lunar-Calendar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-31">{{cite arXiv |date=February 2024 |title= An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism |eprint=2403.00040 |last1= Woan |first1= Graham |last2= Bayley |first2= Joseph |class= physics.hist-ph }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-32">{{cite report |author1= Malin and Dickens |date=April 2024 |title=How Many Days in an Egyptian Year? Evidence from the Antikythera Mechanism |page= 144 |place=Newark, UK |publisher=British Horological Institute |website=BHI.Co.UK |url=https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/04-HJApril24-AOTM.pdf |access-date=15 April 2024 }}</ref>
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<ref name=isaw-1>{{Cite web |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/images/figure04.jpg |title=The Cosmos on the front of the Antikythera Mechanism |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031340/http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/images/figure04.jpg |archive-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto82-35">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=148–68}}</ref>
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<ref name="auto1">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=148–64}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-38">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=165–85}}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto82-39">{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=141–47}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-07-2>{{cite web| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/astronomical-questions/heliocentric-or-geocentric-universe| title= Does it favour a Heliocentric, or Geocentric Universe?| publisher= Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| date= 27 July 2007| access-date= 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080714/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/astronomical-questions/heliocentric-or-geocentric-universe| archive-date= 21 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=cte-10>{{cite journal| first2=Christián C.| last2=Carman| first3=Alan| last3=Thorndyke| first1=James| last1=Evans| date=February 2010| title=Solar anomaly and planetary displays in the Antikythera Mechanism| journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy| volume=xli| issue=1| pages=1–39| url=http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jcevans/Evans%20Carman%20Thorndike.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jcevans/Evans%20Carman%20Thorndike.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live| access-date=20 May 2014| bibcode=2010JHA....41....1E| doi=10.1177/002182861004100101| s2cid=14000634}}</ref>
<ref name=wright-05-1>{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Michael T. | date=June 2005 | title=The Antikythera Mechanism: a new gearing scheme | journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society | volume=85 | pages=2–7 |url=http://fsoso.online.fr/antikythera/DOCS/Bulletin%20SIS%20June%202005%20New%20Gearing%20Scheme.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://fsoso.online.fr/antikythera/DOCS/Bulletin%20SIS%20June%202005%20New%20Gearing%20Scheme.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live | access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=ieeecomp1>{{Cite journal | journal= Computer | volume= 2011–7 | issue= 7 | pages= 32–39 | date= July 2011 | last1= Edmunds | first1= Mike G. | last2= Freeth | first2= Tony | title= Using Computation to Decode the First Known Computer |doi=10.1109/MC.2011.134| s2cid= 8574856 }}</ref>
<ref name=cte-12>{{cite journal | first1 = Christián C. | last1 = Carman | first2 = Alan | last2 = Thorndyke | first3 = James | last3 = Evans | title = On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | date = 2012 | pages = 93–116 | url=http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jcevans/Carman%20Thorndike%20Evans.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jcevans/Carman%20Thorndike%20Evans.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live| access-date = 21 May 2014|bibcode = 2012JHA....43...93C | doi=10.1177/002182861204300106| hdl = 11336/194736 | s2cid = 41930968 }}</ref>
<ref name=papyrus>An extract from a 2nd or 3rd century AD papyrus (P.Wash.Univ.inv. 181+221) about an "Astrologer's Board", where the astrologer lays out particular stones to represent the Sun, Moon and planets</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-40">Voulgaris A, Mouratidis C, Vossinakis A. Conclusions from the Functional Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 2018;49(2):216-238</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-41">{{Cite web | first1  = Tony | last1  = Freeth | title  = The Antikythera Cosmos (video: 25:56) | url  = https://vimeo.com/518734183 | date  = 2 March 2021 | access-date  = 12 March 2021 | archive-date  = 12 March 2021 | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210312113608/https://vimeo.com/518734183 | url-status  = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-42">{{cite web|date=2021|title=Antikythera Mechanism SOLVED !|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDFaAjjWzt8&t=39s|website=YouTube|access-date=26 July 2023|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726073628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDFaAjjWzt8&t=39s|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-43">{{Cite journal|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/46026/|title=An Initial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera Mechanism|pages=307–20|first=Michael|last=Edmunds|date=1 August 2011|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|volume=42|issue=3|access-date=10 May 2016|doi=10.1177/002182861104200302|bibcode=2011JHA....42..307E|s2cid=120883936|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611172752/http://orca.cf.ac.uk/46026/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-44">{{cite book|last1=Marchant|first1=Jo|title=Decoding the Heavens|date=2009|publisher=First Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-81742-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/decodingheavens200marc/page/40 40]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/decodingheavens200marc/page/40}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-45">{{cite book|last1=Netz & Noel|first1=Reviel & William|title=The Archimedes Codex|date=2007|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-81580-5|page=1}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-46">{{cite book|last1=Pickover|first1=Clifford|title=The Physics Book|date=2011|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-1-4027-7861-2|page=52}}</ref>
<ref name=cicero>{{cite web| url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/repub1.shtml#21| title=M. TVLLI CICERONIS DE RE PVBLICA LIBER PRIMVS| language=la| access-date=23 March 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322054142/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/repub1.shtml#21| archive-date=22 March 2007| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=rorres-11>{{cite web| url=http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Sphere/SphereIntro.html| publisher=New York University| first=Chris| last=Rorres| access-date=27 March 2011| title=Archimedes: Spheres and Planetaria (Introduction)| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510050414/http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Sphere/SphereIntro.html| archive-date=10 May 2011| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=fildes-10>{{Cite news| last=Fildes| first=Jonathan| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6191462.stm| work=BBC News| title=Ancient Moon 'computer' revisited| date=29 November 2006| access-date=25 April 2010| archive-date=15 February 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215121501/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6191462.stm| url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=needham>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA285 | last=Needham | first=Joseph | title=Science and Civilisation in China | volume=4, Part 2 | date=2000 | page=285 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-05803-1 | access-date=26 August 2020 | archive-date=9 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175422/https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA285 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=sleeswyk-81>{{cite news| first1=Andre| last1=Sleeswyk| title="Vitruvius' odometer"| periodical=Scientific American| volume=252| number=4| pages=188–200| date=October 1981}}</ref>
<ref name=cicero-1>{{cite web| url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#88| title=Cicero, De Natura Deorum II.88 (or 33–34)| access-date=23 March 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316053820/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#88| archive-date=16 March 2007| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=charette-06>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/444551a | pmid=17136077 | volume = 444 | title = Archaeology: high tech from Ancient Greece | date = November 2006 | journal = Nature | pages = 551–52 | last1 = Charette | first1 = F | issue=7119 | bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C | s2cid=33513516 | doi-access = free }}.</ref>
<ref name=madison-85>{{cite journal| title = Early mathematical wheelwork: Byzantine calendrical gearing| first = Francis| last = Maddison| journal = Nature| volume = 314| issue = 6009| date = 28 March 1985| pages = 316–17| doi=10.1038/314316b0|bibcode = 1985Natur.314..316M | s2cid = 4229697}}.</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-47">{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-experiment.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210826131722/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-experiment.html|archive-date = 26 August 2021|title = The Song Dynasty in China {{pipe}} Asia for Educators}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-exhib>{{cite web| title=Exhibitions| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions| publisher=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| access-date=22 December 2017| archive-date=19 May 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519062843/http://antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions| url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-12>{{cite web| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions/nam-2012| title=The Antikythera Shipwreck: the Ship, the Treasures, the Mechanism| publisher=Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| date=6 June 2012| access-date=16 April 2013| archive-date=24 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124133921/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions/nam-2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-48">{{Cite web |title=The Museum |url=https://archimedesmuseum.gr/en/moyseio/ |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Archimedes Museum |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708220259/https://archimedesmuseum.gr/en/moyseio/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=imdb>{{cite web| url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1918031/| title=Naked Science – Star Clock BC (TV Episode)| website=[[IMDb]]| year=2011| access-date=21 July 2018| archive-date=1 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301033503/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1918031/| url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-movie>{{cite web| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/media/movies/worlds-first-computer| title="The World's First Computer"| publisher=Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| access-date=21 January 2013| archive-date=26 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126213241/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/media/movies/worlds-first-computer| url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-movie-bbc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hlkcq|title=BBC Four - The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer|website=BBC|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713093445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hlkcq|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-movie-nova>{{cite episode| series=Nova| network=PBS| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-computer.html| title=Ancient Computer| access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=pavlus>{{cite web| last=Pavlus| first=John| title=Small Mammal, Behind the Scenes: Lego Antikythera Mechanism| date=9 December 2010| url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RLPVCJjTNgk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/RLPVCJjTNgk| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live| publisher=Small Mammal| access-date=19 July 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-49">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=115 Anniversary of the Antikythera Mechanism Discovery |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/115th-anniversary-of-the-antikythera-mechanisms-discovery/ |date=17 May 2017 |work=[[Google]] |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224225706/http://www.google.com/doodles/115th-anniversary-of-the-antikythera-mechanisms-discovery |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-50">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Reiss |title=What is the Antikythera mechanism? Google Doodle marks discovery of ancient Greek computer |url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/805587/Antikythera-mechanism-Google-Doodle-discovery-anniversary-ancient-Greek-computer |date=17 May 2017 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081343/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/805587/Antikythera-mechanism-Google-Doodle-discovery-anniversary-ancient-Greek-computer |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-51">{{Cite web |title=Machining The Antikythera Mechanism - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsHnyxfygxA0to4RXv4_jDU2 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=www.youtube.com |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222064528/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsHnyxfygxA0to4RXv4_jDU2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-52">{{Cite web |title=Antikythera Fragments - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsGnUXuZScwn6Ackf6LGILCa |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=www.youtube.com |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111005140/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsGnUXuZScwn6Ackf6LGILCa |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-53">{{Cite web |title='Indiana Jones And The Dial Of Destiny': Cannes Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-dial-of-destiny-cannes-review/5182251.article |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=www.screendaily.com |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519025817/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-dial-of-destiny-cannes-review/5182251.article |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-54">{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/el/mexico/news/egkainia-tou-monadikou-ston-kosmo-antigraphou-en-leitourgia-tou-mekhanismou-ton-antikuthuron-sto-panepistemio-tes-politeias-sonora-tou-mexikou-me-summetokhe-tou-presbe-tes-ellados-sto-mexiko-kotroko.html|title=Εγκαίνια του μοναδικού στον κόσμο αντιγράφου εν λειτουργία του Μηχανισμού των Αντικυθύρων στο Πανεπιστήμιο της πολιτείας Sonora του Μεξικού με συμμετοχή του Πρέσβη της Ελλάδος στο Μεξικό κ.Ν. Κοτροκόη|language=el|date=14 February 2024|trans-title="Inauguration of the world's only working replica of the Antikythera Mechanism at the University of the State of Sonora, Mexico, with the participation of the Ambassador of Greece to Mexico, Mr. N. Kotrokoi"|website=Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-55">{{cite web | url=https://www.elimparcial.com/son/sonora/2024/02/09/presenta-unison-mecanismo-antikythera-monumental-es-la-unica-replica-funcional-en-el-mundo/ | title=Presenta Unison Mecanismo Antikythera Monumental ¡Es la única réplica funcional en el mundo! {{pipe}} Noticias de Sonora {{pipe}} el Imparcial }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto82-56">{{cite web | url=https://hub.uoa.gr/en/astronomical-clock-of-the-antikythera-mechanism/ | title=Inauguration of the first operational astronomical clock based on studies by scholars from NKUA and University of Sonora on the Antikythera Mechanism | date=9 February 2024 }}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/hublot-antikythera-mechanism-first-computer-watch/20517/|title=Hublot painstakingly re-creates a mysterious, 2,100-year-old clockwork relic - but why?|author=Blain, Loz|date=16 November 2011|website=New Atlas|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619180803/https://newatlas.com/hublot-antikythera-mechanism-first-computer-watch/20517/|url-status=live}} [[Hublot]].
* {{Cite journal | date = 1990 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism | journal = Horological Journal | volume = 132 | pages = 412–15 | author = Bromley, A. G. | issn=0018-5108 }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 1990 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: A Reconstruction | journal = Horological Journal | volume = 133 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–31 | author = Bromley, A. G. }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 1990 | title = Observations of the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = Antiquarian Horology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 641–52 | author = Bromley, A. G. | oclc=900191459}}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2016 | title = The Moon Phase Anomaly in the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = ISAW Papers | volume = 11 | url = http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/11/ | author = Carman, C. C. | author2 = Di Cocco, M. | access-date = 6 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113924/http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/11/ | archive-date = 10 October 2019 | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2014 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism and the Mechanical Universe | journal = [[Contemporary Physics]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 263–85 | doi = 10.1080/00107514.2014.927280| author = Edmunds, M. G. |bibcode = 2014ConPh..55..263E | s2cid = 122403901 }}
* {{Cite journal | name-list-style=amp | date = 2000 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: Still a Mystery of Greek Astronomy | journal = [[Astronomy & Geophysics]] | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 6–10 |bibcode = 2000A&G....41f..10E | doi = 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41610.x | author = Edmunds, Mike | author2 = Morgan, Philip | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=5 July 2024 |title=Cosmic Research Hints at Mysterious Ancient Computer's Purpose |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/science/antikythera-mechanism-gravitational-waves-lunar.html |access-date=12 July 2024}}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2002 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: 1. Challenging the Classic Research | journal = Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–35 | author = Freeth, T. | url = http://maajournal.com/Issues/2002/Vol02-1/Full3.pdf | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://maajournal.com/Issues/2002/Vol02-1/Full3.pdf | archive-date = 9 October 2022 | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2002 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: 2. Is it Posidonius' Orrery? | journal = Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 45–58 | author = Freeth, T. | bibcode=2002MAA.....2...45F}}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2006 | title = Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7119 | pages = 587–91 | bibcode=2006Natur.444..587F| doi = 10.1038/nature05357 | pmid = 17136087 | author = Freeth, T. | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Bitsakis, Y. | author3 = Moussas, X. | author4 = Seiradakis, J. H. | author5 = Tselikas, A. | author6 = Mangou, E. | author7 = Zafeiropulou, M. | author8 = Hadland, R. | author9 = Bate, D. | author10 = Ramsey, A. | author11 = Allen, M. | author12 = Crawley, A. | author13 = Hockley, P. | author14 = Malzbender, T. | author15 = Gelb, D. | author16 = Ambrisco, W. | author17 = Edmunds, M. G. | s2cid = 4424998 }}
* {{cite journal | year = 2009 | title = Decoding an Ancient Computer | journal = Scientific American | volume = 301 | issue = 6 | pages = 76–83 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 | pmid=20058643| author = Freeth, T. | bibcode = 2009SciAm.301f..76F }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2012 | title = The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = ISAW Papers | volume = 4 | url = http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/ | author = Freeth, T. | author2 = Jones, A. | access-date = 4 April 2013 | archive-date = 27 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227194113/http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | year = 2022 | title = An Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculation Machine Reveals New Secrets | journal = Scientific American | volume = 326 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/an-ancient-greek-astronomical-calculation-machine-reveals-new-secrets/ | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0122-24 | pmid = 39016582| author = Freeth, T. | bibcode = | access-date = 18 April 2023 | archive-date = 23 March 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230323142308/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/an-ancient-greek-astronomical-calculation-machine-reveals-new-secrets/ | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Ancient Inventions |date=1995 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-345-40102-1 |author=James, Peter |author2=Thorpe, Nick |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 1991 | title = The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy | journal = Isis | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–53 | doi = 10.1086/355836 | author = Jones, A. | s2cid = 92988054 | bibcode = 1991Isis...82..441J | url = http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/49537 | access-date = 14 April 2022 | archive-date = 25 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220625200729/https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/49537 | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2008 | title = The Heavens of Poseidon: The History and Discovery of the AntiKythera Mechanism | language = el | url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_A._Koulouris_(Esq.)_THE_HEAVENS_OF_POSEIDON_E-Book_Article_In_GREEK._Published_in_Athens,_Greece_by_MYTHOPEDIA_-_IN_NOMINE_Portal_in_2008.pdf | journal = In Nomine Portal | volume = 1 | pages = 1–12 | author = Koulouris, John A. | access-date = 10 December 2013 | archive-date = 17 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217200152/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_A._Koulouris_(Esq.)_THE_HEAVENS_OF_POSEIDON_E-Book_Article_In_GREEK._Published_in_Athens,_Greece_by_MYTHOPEDIA_-_IN_NOMINE_Portal_in_2008.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Lin|first1=Jian-Liang|last2=Yan|first2=Hong-Sen|title=Decoding the Mechanisms of Antikythera Astronomical Device|date=2016|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3662484456}}
* {{cite journal |last=Marchant |first=Jo |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026861.600 |title=Archimedes and the 2000-year-old computer |journal=New Scientist |issue=2686 |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427015256/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026861.600 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last1=Panos|first1=Kristina|title=The Antikythera Mechanism|url=http://hackaday.com/2015/11/23/the-antikythera-mechanism/|access-date=24 November 2015|work=Hackaday|date=2015|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124135753/http://hackaday.com/2015/11/23/the-antikythera-mechanism/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal | date = 1959 | title = An Ancient Greek Computer | journal = Scientific American | volume = 200 | issue = 6 | pages = 60–67 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0659-60 | author = Price, D. de S. |bibcode = 1959SciAm.200f..60P }}
* {{Cite book |author=Ptolemy |title=Ptolemy's Almagest |date=1998 |publisher=Princeton University Press |translator-last=Toomer |translator-first=G. J. |translator-link=Gerald J. Toomer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTbSDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-691-00260-6 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175422/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTbSDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite conference | author = Rice, Rob S. | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: Physical and Intellectual Salvage from the 1st Century B.C. | conference = USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium | location = Thessaloniki | date=4–7 September 1997 | pages = 19–25 | url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/usna_pap.html }}
* {{Cite book |title=Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics |last=Rosheim |first=Mark E. |date=1994 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-02622-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/robotevolutionde0000rosh }}
* {{Cite book | title = The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn | first = Lucio | date = 2004 | publisher = Springer |isbn=978-3-540-20396-4 | last = Russo | author-link = Lucio Russo }}
* {{Cite book | title=Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers | date=2000 | publisher=Kluwer | isbn=978-0-7923-6298-2 | author=Steele, J. M. }}
* {{cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Astronomers Shed Light on Antikythera Mechanism's Calendar Ring |website=SciNews |url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/antikythera-mechanisms-calendar-ring-13085.html |access-date=12 July 2024}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Spinellis | first = Diomidis | date = May 2008 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: A Computer Science Perspective | url = http://www.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/pubs/jrnl/2008-Computer-Antikythera/html/Spi08d.htm | journal = Computer | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 22–27 | doi = 10.1109/MC.2008.166 | s2cid = 25254859 | author-link = Diomidis Spinellis | citeseerx = 10.1.1.144.2297 | access-date = 24 May 2008 | archive-date = 26 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013241/https://www2.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/pubs/jrnl/2008-Computer-Antikythera/html/Spi08d.htm | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book | title=Historical Eclipses and the Earth's Rotation | date=1997 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-46194-8 | author=Stephenson, F. R. }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2000 | title = Eclipse prediction in Mesopotamia | journal = Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. | volume = 54 | issue = 5 | pages = 421–54 | jstor=41134091| author = Steele, J. M. |bibcode = 2000AHES...54..421S | doi = 10.1007/s004070050007 | s2cid = 118299511 }}
*[https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.15858] Voulgaris, Aristeidis, et al., "Is there something missing from the Antikythera Mechanism? Was it a mechanical Planetarium, positioner? or a Luni solar Time calculator device? Reconstructing the lost parts of b1 gear and its Cover Disc", arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15858, 2024
* {{Cite journal | date = 1965 | title = The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered | journal = Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. | volume = 55 (New Series) | issue = 3 | pages = 3–48 | doi = 10.2307/1005929 | jstor = 1005929 | author = Weinberg, G. D. | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Grace, V. R. | author3 = Edwards, G. R. | author4 = Robinson, H. S. | author5 = Throckmorton, P. | author6 = Ralph, E. K. }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Antikythera_mechanism.ogg|date=30 July 2019}}
{{Commons category|Antikythera Mechanism}}

*{{cite web|first=Melvyn|last=Bragg|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0024x0g|title= The Antikythera mechanism|publisher= BBC, In Our Time programme| date= November 2024}}
*[https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/07/antikythera-mechanisms-calendar-ring-likely-tracked-the-lunar-calendar/ New Antikythera mechanism analysis challenges century-old assumption - Arstechnica - Jennifer Ouellette - 7/10/2024]
* {{cite web|first=Thomas |last=Weibel |url=https://www.thomasweibel.ch/antikythera |title=The Antikythera Mechanism |work=Animated model of the Antikythera mechanism in [[virtual reality]]}}
* {{cite web |first=Fivos |last=Asimakopoulos |url=http://www.etl.uom.gr/mr/index.php?mypage=antikythera_sim |title=3D model simulation |work=Manos Roumeliotis's Simulation and Animation of the Antikythera Mechanism page |publisher=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/antikythera2012|title=Videos|author=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project|website=YouTube|access-date=24 July 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hpdst.gr/events/exhibitions/antikythera-mechanism |title=The Antikythera Mechanism Exhibitions |publisher=National Hellenic Research Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423161138/http://www.hpdst.gr/events/exhibitions/antikythera-mechanism |archive-date=23 April 2012 }}
* [https://satadorus.eu/x_ite/yaas_2_0/yaas_2_0.html YAAS – A 3D interactive virtual reality simulator in VRML]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqhuAnySPZ0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/MqhuAnySPZ0| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Virtual Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism |first1=M. |last1=Wright |first2=M. |last2=Vicentini |date=25 August 2009 |publisher=[[Heritage Key]]<!-- |access-date=24 July 2017 -->|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211207021934/http://antikythera.org/links.html Metapage with links] December 2021. at antikythera.org
* [http://www.amclock.net Bronze replica 3D engineering manufacturing drawings and operating manual]

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