Editing Anthemius

{{short description|Western Roman emperor from 467 to 472}}
{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Anthemius
| succession   = [[Roman emperor]]
| moretext     = in the [[Western Roman Empire|West]]
| image        = Solidus of Anthemius.png
| caption      = ''[[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]]'' of Anthemius marked:<br/>{{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|d·n·|DOMINUS NOSTER}} anthemius {{Abbreviation|perpet·|PERPETUUS}} {{Abbreviation|aug·|AUGUSTUS}}}}
| reign        = 12 April 467 – 11 July 472
| predecessor  = [[Libius Severus]]
| successor    =  [[Olybrius]]
| regent       = [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]]
| birth_place  = [[Constantinople]]{{sfn|PLRE|loc="[https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-II/page/96/mode/2up Anthemius 3]", p. 96}}
| birth_date   = <!--year unknown-->
| death_place  = [[Rome]]
| death_date   = 11 July 472
| spouse       = [[Marcia Euphemia]]
| issue        = [[Alypia (daughter of Anthemius)|Alypia]] <br/> [[Procopius Anthemius (son of Anthemius)|Anthemius]] <br/> [[Anthemiolus]] <br/> [[Marcian (usurper)|Marcian]] <br/> [[Romulus (son of Anthemius)|Romulus]]
| full name    = Procopius Anthemius
| regnal name  = 
| dynasty      = [[Theodosian dynasty|Theodosian]]{{efn|By marriage only. By blood, Anthemius was related to the [[Constantinian dynasty]] as he could trace his descent to the [[usurper]] [[Procopius (usurper)|Procopius]], himself a cousin of the emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]].}}
| religion     = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]{{efn|Although Anthemius is generally understood to have, at least nominally, been a Christian, he was presumed to be a pagan by some contemporary sources.}}
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|[[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern]] emperor}}
}}

'''Procopius Anthemius'''<ref>His full name is only known from a few coins. {{Cite book |last=Kent |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHPKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA411 |title=Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume X |date=2018 |publisher=Spink Books |isbn=978-1-912667-37-6 |pages=411 |language=}}</ref> ({{Langx|grc|Πρόκοπιος Ανθέμιος|Prókopios Anthémios}}; died 11 July 472) was the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman emperor]] from 467 to 472. Born in the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]], Anthemius quickly worked his way up the ranks. He married into the [[Theodosian dynasty]] through [[Marcia Euphemia]], daughter of Eastern emperor [[Marcian]]. He soon received a significant number of promotions to various posts, and was presumed to be Marcian's planned successor. However, Marcian's sudden death in 457, together with that of Western emperor [[Avitus]], left the imperial succession in the hands of [[Aspar]]. He instead appointed [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo]], a low-ranking officer, to the Eastern throne, probably out of fear that Anthemius would be too independent. Eventually, this same Leo designated Anthemius as Western emperor in 467, following a two-year interregnum that started in November 465.

Anthemius attempted to solve the two primary military challenges facing the remains of the [[Western Roman Empire]]: the resurgent [[Visigoths]], under [[Euric]], whose domain straddled the [[Pyrenees]]; and the unvanquished [[Vandals]], under [[Geiseric]], in undisputed control of North Africa. Anthemius's insistence on ruling independently placed him into direct conflict with the Gothic general [[Ricimer]]. Previously the real power behind the throne, Ricimer found that Anthemius's reign threatened his own interests. This eventually escalated into open warfare between the two, with the result that Anthemius lost not only his throne, but also his head, in 472.

==Early life==
Anthemius belonged to a noble family, the [[Procopius (Romans)|Procopii]], which gave several high officers, both civil and military, to the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. His maternal grandfather was [[Anthemius (praetorian prefect)|Anthemius]], [[praetorian prefect of the East]] (404–415) and [[Roman consul]] in 405. His father was [[Procopius (magister militum)|Procopius]], ''[[magister militum]]'' ''per Orientem'' from 422 to 424, who descended from [[Procopius (usurper)|Procopius]], a cousin of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] and a usurper against the Eastern emperor [[Valens]] (r. 365–366).{{sfn|PLRE|loc="[https://archive.org/details/plre-ii/page/920/mode/1up?view=theater Procopius 2]", p. 920}}

Born in [[Constantinople]], he went to [[Alexandria]] to study in the school of the Neoplatonic philosopher [[Proclus]]; among his fellow students, there were [[Marcellinus (magister militum)|Marcellinus]] (''magister militum'' and governor of Illyricum), [[Flavius Illustrius Pusaeus]] (Praetorian prefect of the East and Consul in 467), [[Messius Phoebus Severus]] (Consul in 470 and ''[[praefectus urbi]]''), and [[Pamprepius]] (pagan poet).<ref>O'Meara, Dominic, ''Platonopolis: Platonic Political Philosophy in Late Antiquity'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-925758-2}}, p. 21.</ref>

In 453, he married [[Marcia Euphemia]], daughter of the Eastern emperor [[Marcian]] (450–457); after the marriage, he was elevated to the rank of ''[[comes]]'' and sent to the [[Danube|Danubian]] frontier with the task of rebuilding the border defences, neglected after Attila's death in 453. In 454, he was recalled to [[Constantinople]], where he received the title of [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|''patricius'']] in 454 or 455 and became one of the two ''magistri militum'' or ''magister utriusque militiae'' of the East. In 455, he received the honour of holding the [[Roman Consul|consulate]] with the Western emperor [[Valentinian III]] as a colleague.

This succession of honourable events – the wedding with Marcian's daughter; a promotion to an important military rank, but with administrative rather than military tasks; the prestigious rank of ''patricius'' and the highest military position; the consulate held with an Emperor as a colleague – suggests that Marcian had selected Anthemius as a possible candidate for the Eastern or Western throne. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that Anthemius' prestige misled the 6th-century historian [[John Malalas]] to state that Marcian had designated Anthemius as Western Emperor after [[Avitus]].<ref>John Malalas, ''Chronicon'', 368–369, cited in Mathisen.</ref>

In October 456, the Western emperor Avitus was deposed; Marcian probably considered Anthemius as his successor, but the Eastern emperor died in January 457 before choosing his colleague. Therefore, both empires had no emperor, and the power was in the hands of the Western generals, [[Ricimer]] and [[Majorian]], and the Eastern ''Magister militum'', the [[Alans|Alan]] [[Aspar]]. As Aspar could not sit on the throne because of his barbarian origin, he opposed Anthemius, whose prestige would have made him independent, and chose a low-ranking military officer, [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo]]; in the West, as his barbarian origin barred Ricimer from the throne, it was Majorian who received the purple.{{sfnp|Mathisen|1998}}

Anthemius stayed in service under the new emperor; as ''magister militum'', his task was to defend the Empire from the barbarian populations pressing on its border. Around 460, he defeated the [[Ostrogoths]] of [[Valamir]] in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]]. During the winter of 466/467, he defeated a group of [[Huns]], led by [[Hormidac]], who had crossed the frozen Danube and pillaged [[Dacia]]. The raiders had conquered [[Serdica]], and Anthemius besieged the city until the starved Huns decided to accept open battle; despite the treachery of his cavalry commander (a Hun), Anthemius led his infantry to victory, and when Hormidac offered surrender Anthemius asked for the deserter to be given to him.<ref>Thompson, Edward Arthur, ''The Huns'', Blackwell Publishing, 1996, {{ISBN|0-631-21443-7}}, p. 170.</ref>

==Rise to the throne==
The newly elected Eastern Roman emperor, [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I the Thracian]], had a major foreign affairs problem: the [[Vandals]] of King [[Geiseric]] and their raids on the Italian coasts. After the death of [[Libius Severus]] in 465, the Western Empire had no Emperor. Gaiseric had his own candidate, [[Olybrius]], who was related to Gaiseric because both Olybrius and a son of Gaiseric's had married the two daughters of emperor [[Valentinian III]].

With Olybrius on the throne, Gaiseric would become the real power behind the throne of the Western Empire. Leo, on the other hand, wanted to keep Gaiseric as far as possible from the imperial court at Ravenna, and took time to choose a successor to Severus. To put Leo under pressure, Gaiseric extended his attacks on Sicily and Italy to the territories of the Eastern Empire, sacking and enslaving people living in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], the [[Peloponnese]] and other parts of [[Greece]], so Leo was obliged to take action.

In 467, Leo I designated Anthemius as Western emperor and sent him to Italy with an army led by the ''Magister militum per Illyricum'' [[Marcellinus (magister militum)|Marcellinus]]. On 12 April, Anthemius was proclaimed Emperor (''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'') at the third or twelfth mile from [[Rome]].<ref>''[[Fasti vindobonenses priores]]'', no. 597, s.a. 467: "his cons. levatus est imp. do.n. Anthemius Romae prid. idus Aprilis.", cited in Mathisen.</ref> Anthemius' election was celebrated in [[Constantinople]] with a panegyric by Dioscorus.<ref>Dioscorus was the teacher of Leo's daughters, [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]] and [[Leontia (daughter of Leo I)|Leontia]], and later became [[Praetorian prefect of the East]].</ref>

By choosing Anthemius, Leo obtained three results: he sent a possible candidate to the Eastern throne far away; he repulsed Gaiseric's attempt to put a puppet of his own on the Western throne; and he put a capable and proven general with a trained army in Italy, ready to fight the Vandals.

==Rule==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2014}}

===Foreign affairs===

====Relationship with the Eastern Empire====
The reign of Anthemius was characterised by a good diplomatic relationship with the Eastern Empire; for example, Anthemius is the last Western Emperor to be recorded in an Eastern law.<ref>''[[Justinian code]]'', I.11.8, issued on 1 July 472, cited in Mathisen.</ref> Both courts collaborated in the choice of the yearly consuls, as each court chose a consul and accepted the other's choice. Anthemius had the honour of holding the consulate ''sine collega'' (without a colleague) in 468, the first year he started as Emperor, following a similar honour given to Leo in 466. The following year the two consuls were Anthemius' son, [[Marcian (usurper)|Marcian]], and Leo's son-in-law, [[Zeno (emperor)|Flavius Zeno]] (later successor of Leo on the Eastern throne).

In 470 the consuls were [[Messius Phoebus Severus]], Anthemius' old friend and fellow student at [[Proclus]]' school, and the ''Magister militum per Orientem'' [[Flavius Iordanes]]. In 471, the year in which Leo held his fourth consulate with the [[Praetorian prefect of Italy]] [[Caelius Aconius Probianus]] as colleague, the two emperors strengthened their bonds with a marriage between Anthemius' son, Marcian, and Leo's daughter, [[Leontia Porphyrogenita|Leontia]]; Marcian was honoured with his second consulate the following year, this time chosen by the Eastern court.

Anthemius' matrimonial policy also included the marriage of his only daughter, [[Alypia (daughter of Anthemius)|Alypia]], and the powerful ''Magister militum'' Ricimer. The poet [[Sidonius Apollinaris]] arrived in [[Rome]] on the occasion of the wedding at the end of 467 and described the celebrations in which all social classes were involved; he also hints that Alypia might have not liked her husband, a barbarian.<ref>Sidonius Apollinaris, ''Epistulae'', i.5.10–11.</ref>

====Campaigns against the Vandals====
[[File:Anthemius.jpg|alt=AV semissis – RIC X, 2837 (Rome)|thumb|A solidus of Anthemius.]]
{{Main|Vandal War (461-468)}}
The Vandals were the major problem of the Western Empire. In late 467, Anthemius organised a campaign of the western Roman army, probably under the command of [[Marcellinus (magister militum)|Marcellinus]]. The campaign to overthrow the Vandals was on a large scale, with more than 100,000 men.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bury |first=J.B. |title=History of the later Roman Empire : from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565) |publisher=Macmillan |year=1923 |isbn=9781375904957 |volume=1 |location=London |pages=336}}</ref> However, the war would end in failure: the bad weather obliged the [[Roman Navy|Roman fleet]] to return to its base before completing the operation.

In 468, [[Leo I the Thracian|Leo the Thracian]], Anthemius and Marcellinus organized a major operation against the [[Vandal Kingdom]] in Africa. The commander-in-chief of the operation was Leo's brother-in-law [[Basiliscus]] (who would become Eastern emperor seven years later). A fleet consisting of upwards of one thousand vessels was collected to transport the combined Eastern-Western-Illyric army, and while most of the expenses were paid for by the Eastern Empire, Anthemius and the Western treasury contributed to the costs. The Roman fleet took a massive defeat at the [[Battle of Cape Bon (468)|Battle of Cape Bon]] due to Basiliscus allowing Gaiseric five days to draw up conditions for a peace, which he used to gather his ships and surprise attack the Roman fleet, destroying at least half of the Roman ships.<ref name=":0" /> Basiliscus escaped the battle to Sicily to meet with Marcellinus, although Marcellinus was later killed by an assassin.

Leo decided to sign a separate peace with Gaiseric. Anthemius lost his allies and, with the imperial treasury almost emptied by the failed operation, renounced taking Africa back. Peter Heather considers this expedition to have been the final opportunity to restore the Empire, which from this point would now only control the Italian peninsula and Sicily.<ref>{{cite book | last=Heather | first=Peter | title=The Fall of the Roman Empire | publisher=OUP USA | date=2007-06-11 | isbn=978-0-19-532541-6}}</ref>

====Campaigns against the Visigoths====
After the disastrous campaign in Africa, Anthemius concentrated on the second problem of his Empire, keeping under his control the Western provinces targeted by Visigothic expansion. He turned to the reconquest of [[Gaul]], occupied by [[Visigoths]] under the ambitious King [[Euric]] who had exploited the weak Roman control caused by political instability. Euric's sphere of influence had also separated some imperial provinces from the rest of the Empire. Even though [[Arelate]] and [[Marseille]] in Southern Gaul were still governed by the Western court, [[Clermont-Ferrand|Avernia]] was isolated from the rest of the Empire and governed by [[Ecdicius]], son of Emperor Avitus, while the territory later included in the so-called [[Domain of Soissons]] was located further north.

In 470, Anthemius recruited Britons living in either Britain or Armorica to fight Euricus.<ref>''[[Chronica gallica anno 511]]'', n. 649, ''s.a.'' 470; Sidonius Apollinaris, ''Epistulae'' III.9</ref> The Britons, under King [[Riothamus]], were initially successful and occupied [[Bourges]] with twelve thousand men. However, when they entered the core of Visigoth territory, trying to conquer [[Déols]], they were outnumbered and defeated by a Visigoth army, and Riothamus was forced to flee to the [[Burgundians]], who were Roman allies.<ref>[[Jordanes]], 237–238; [[Gregory of Tours]], [[s:la:Historiarum Francorum libri X - Liber II#18. Quod Childericus Aurilianus et Andecavo venit Odovacrius.|ii.18]].</ref>

Anthemius took the matter into his own hands and decided to attack the Visigoths directly. He collected an army under the nominal leadership of his own son, [[Anthemiolus]], but actually commanded by the generals Torisarius, Everdingus, and Hermianus. Anthemiolus moved from Arelate and crossed the [[Rhone]] river, but he was intercepted by Euric, who [[Battle of Arles (471)|defeated]] and killed the Roman generals and pillaged the area.<ref>''Chronica gallica anno 511'', n. 649 ''s.a.'' 471, cited in Mathisen.</ref>

===Internal affairs and relationship with the Roman Senate===
While Africa was lost and the control over Western provinces was shaky, Anthemius' power over Italy was threatened by internal opposition; he was of Greek origin, had been chosen by the Eastern Emperor from among members of the Eastern court, and was suspected of being a pagan.{{Efn|Anthemius had many pagans as collaborators: [[Marcellinus (magister militum)|Marcellinus]] was a pagan, as was Anthemius' friend, the philosopher, [[roman consul|Consul]] of 470 and ''[[Praefectus urbi]]'', [[Messius Phoebus Severus]].}}

In order to obtain the support of the senatorial aristocracy, Anthemius conferred the rank of ''[[Patrikios|patricius]]'' on members of the Italian and Gallic governing class. He introduced the practice, common in the East, of appointing even civilians to the patrician rank, and honoured so many members of the aristocracy with this title that it suffered a sort of inflation. Among the new ''patricii'' there were Italian senators, e.g. [[Romanus (usurper)|Romanus]] and [[Messius Phoebus Severus]], but against common practice he also appointed Gallic senators and even aristocrats without noteworthy careers, such as [[Magnus Felix]] and the Gallic poet [[Sidonius Apollinaris]].

Sidonius had come to Rome to bring a petition from his people; his contact in the court, the consul [[Caecina Decius Basilius]], suggested that he should compose a panegyric to be performed at the beginning of Anthemius' consulate, on 1 January 468. The Emperor honoured the poet, conferring on him the patrician rank, the high rank of ''Caput senatus'', and even the office of ''[[Praefectus urbi]]'' of Rome, usually reserved to members of the Italian aristocracy.<ref>Sidonius Apollinaris, ''Epistulae'', i.9.1–7.</ref> Sidonius was so influential that he convinced the Emperor to commute the death penalty of [[Arvandus]], the [[Praetorian prefect of Gaul]] who had allied himself with the Visigoths.

====Coinage====
[[File:Solidus of Anthemius - RIC X 2804.png|thumb|alt=Solidus of Anthemius – RIC X 2804. AD 467–472. Rome mint. Struck AD 471–472. D N ANTHEMI-VS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed facing bust, holding spear in right hand, on left arm a shield decorated with horseman motif / SALVS REI-P-V-BLICAE, Anthemius and Leo I, holding Victory on globe in right hand, standing facing, clasping hands; between them PAX within wreath surmounted by cross; R-M//COMOB. |A solidus of Anthemius. The reverse depicts Anthemius and Leo I together holding hands to represent unity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientcoins.ca/RIC/RIC10/RIC10_AnthemiusW.htm | title=Roman Imperial Coinage – RIC IX, Antioch }}</ref>|276x276px]]
The good relationship between the two Roman Emperors was good news in the recent affairs between the two halves of the Roman Empire, and was used in imperial propaganda. Anthemius had his mints (at [[Mediolanum]], [[Ravenna]] and [[Rome]]) issue ''[[solidus (coin)|solidi]]'' depicting the two Emperors joining hands in a show of unity.

Anthemius had restored his court in Rome, and thus this mint became more and more important, overshadowing the other two mints.

Some coins are in the name of his wife [[Marcia Euphemia]]; among these there is a ''solidus'' depicting two Empresses on the thrones, probably a reference to Alypia's marriage.

==Death==
[[File:Affresco dell'aspetto antico della basilica costantiniana di san pietro nel IV secolo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]], built by Emperor [[Constantine I]], was the refuge of Anthemius from [[Ricimer]]'s supporters in 472]]

The most important figure at the Western court was [[Ricimer]], the powerful ''magister militum'', who had already decided the fate of several emperors.<ref>Ricimer had deposed Avitus and Majorian and supported the election of Libius Severus.</ref> The new emperor, however, had been chosen by the Eastern court, and, despite the bond of the marriage between Ricimer and Anthemius' daughter, Alypia, they were not on good terms. The tipping point of their relationship was the trial of [[Romanus (usurper)|Romanus]], an Italian senator and ''patricius'' supported by Ricimer; Anthemius accused Romanus of treachery and condemned him to death in 470.<ref>[[Cassiodorus]], ''Chronicon'', 1289; [[Paul the Deacon]], ''Historia Romana'', xv.2; [[John of Antioch (chronicler)|John of Antioch]], fragments 209.1–2, 207, translated by C.D. Gordon, ''The Age of Attila'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), pp. 122f</ref>

Ricimer had gathered 6,000 men for the war against the Vandals, and after the death of Romanus he moved with his men to the north, leaving Anthemius in Rome. Supporters of the two parties fought several brawls, but Ricimer and the emperor signed a one-year truce after the mediation of [[Epiphanius of Pavia|Epiphanius]], the Bishop of Pavia.<ref>[[Magnus Felix Ennodius]], ''Vita Epiphanii'', 51–53, 60–68; Paul the Deacon, ''Historia Romana'', xv.203.</ref>

At the beginning of 472, the struggle between them renewed, and Anthemius was obliged to feign an illness and took refuge in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's Basilica]]. The Eastern Roman emperor, [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo]], sent [[Olybrius]] to mediate between Ricimer and Anthemius but, according to John Malalas, had sent a secret letter to Anthemius, urging him to kill Olybrius. Ricimer intercepted the letter, showed it to Olybrius, and had him proclaimed emperor.<ref>John Malalas, ''Chronographica'', 373–374.</ref>

The struggle became an open war. Anthemius, with the aristocracy and the people of the city, faced the Gothic ''magister militum'' and the barbarian units of the army, which included [[Odoacer]]'s men. Ricimer blockaded Anthemius in Rome; five months of fighting followed. Ricimer entered the city and succeeded in separating the port on the [[Tiber]] from the [[Palatine]], starving the supporters of the emperor.<ref name="john_antioch_209.1-2">John of Antioch, fragment 209.1–2; translated by C.D. Gordon, ''The Age of Attila'', pp. 122f.</ref>

Both sides appealed to the army in Gaul, but the ''Magister militum per Gallias'', the Burgundian [[Gundobad]], supported his uncle Ricimer. Anthemius elevated Bilimer to the rank of ''Rector Galliarum'' and had him enter Italy with the loyal army. Bilimer arrived in Rome but died trying to prevent Ricimer entering the centre of the city from the other side of the Tiber, through the [[Pons Aelius]] in front of the [[Mausoleum of Hadrian]].<ref>Paul the Deacon, ''Historia Romana'', xv.4.</ref>

Losing any hope of external help and pressed by the scarcity of food, Anthemius tried to rally, but his men were defeated and killed in great numbers.<ref name="john_antioch_209.1-2"/> The emperor fled for the second time to St. Peter's (or, according to other sources, to [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]]), where he was captured and beheaded by Gundobad<ref name="john_antioch_209.1-2" /><ref>John Malalas, ''Chronographica'', 37.</ref> or by Ricimer<ref>Cassiodorus, ''Chronicle'', 1293; [[Marcellinus Comes]], ''Chronicon'', ''s.a.472''; [[Procopius of Caesarea]], ''Bellum Vandalicum'', vii.1–3. ''Chronica gallica anno 511'' (n. 650, ''s.a.'' 472) records both versions.</ref> on 11 July 472.<ref>''[[Fasti vindobonenses priores]]'', n. 606, ''s.a.'' 472.</ref>

==See also==

* [[Aphrahat (hermit)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

===Primary sources===
Sources for Anthemius's life are richer than for most fifth century Western Emperors, partly because of his origin in Constantinople, where the tradition of court histories was kept alive, and partly because of the details that can be extracted from a panegyric delivered on 1 January 468 by the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] poet [[Sidonius Apollinaris]].
* [[Gregory of Tours]], ''Historia Francorum''
* [[Jordanes]], ''[[Getica]]''
* [[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' and ''Carmen''

===Secondary sources===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/anthemiu.htm |last=Mathisen |first=Ralph W. |title=Anthemius (12 April 467 – 11 July 472 A.D.) |website=De Imperatoribus Romanis |year=1998 |accessdate=2015-08-31}}
* {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=John |authorlink1=John Morris (historian)|last2=Jones |first2=Arnold Hugh Martin |authorlink2=A. H. M. Jones |last3=Martindale  |first3=John Robert |title=[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]] |year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-07233-6 |ref=CITEREFPLRE}}

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{{s-bef | before=[[Libius Severus]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman emperor]] | years=467–472}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Olybrius]]}}
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{{s-bef | before=[[Aetius (comes domesticorum)|Aetius]],<br />[[Flavius Studius]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] | years=455 |regent1=[[Valentinian III|Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VIII }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Iohannes (consul 456)|Iohannes]],<br />Varanes,<br /> [[Avitus|Eparchius Avitus Augustus]] }}
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{{s-bef | before=[[Pusaeus]],<br /> [[Iohannes (consul 467)|Iohannes]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Roman consul | years=468 }}
{{s-aft | after= [[Marcian (usurper)|Marcianus]],<br /> [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] }}
|-
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{{Roman Emperors}}

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