Editing Anglo–Dutch wars

{{Short description|Series of wars during the 17th and 18th centuries}}
{{Original research|date=February 2025}} 
{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
 |conflict = Anglo-Dutch wars
 |image = Storck, Four Days Battle.jpg
 |image_size = 300
 |caption = The [[Four Days' Battle]], by [[Abraham Storck]]
 |date = {{Unbulleted list
   |'''1652–1654'''|{{in5}}[[First Anglo-Dutch War]]
   |'''1665–1667'''|{{in5}}[[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]
   |'''1672–1674'''|{{in5}}[[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]
   |'''1780–1784'''|{{in5}}[[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]]}}
 |place = [[English Channel]], [[North Sea]]
 |campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Anglo-Dutch Wars}}
}}

The '''Anglo–Dutch wars''' ({{langx|nl|Engels–Nederlandse Oorlogen}}) were a series of four conflicts fought between the [[Dutch Republic]] and the states of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] between 1652 and 1784. The first three wars occurred in the second half of the 17th century due to Anglo-Dutch tensions over trade and colonial expansion, while the fourth conflict was fought a century later. Almost all the battles were naval engagements.

England was successful in the first war, while the Dutch were successful in the second and third wars. However, in the century between the third and fourth war, the [[Royal Navy]] had become the most powerful maritime force in the world, while the [[Dutch States Navy]] had fallen to fourth position, behind the [[French Navy|French]] and [[Spanish Navy|Spanish navies]], and the fourth war was a profound humiliation for the Dutch. During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], British and Dutch forces continued to engage in intermittent conflict, which resulted in Britain capturing most of the [[Dutch colonial empire]] and annihilating much of the Dutch navy.

== Background ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
The English and the Dutch were both participants in the 16th century European religious conflicts during the [[Reformation]] period between the Roman Catholic [[House of Habsburg]] and the opposing Protestant states. At the same time, as the [[Age of Exploration]] dawned in the West, the Dutch and English both sought profits overseas in the [[New World]] of the recently discovered continents of the Americas.

=== Dutch Republic ===
In the early 1600s, the Dutch, while continuing to fight the [[Eighty Years' War]] (1566/68-1648),  with the Habsburgs, also began to carry out long-distance exploration by sea. The Dutch innovation in the trading of shares in a [[joint-stock company]] allowed them to finance expeditions with stock subscriptions sold in the [[United Provinces of the Netherlands]] and in London. They founded colonies in North America, India, and the East Indies. They also enjoyed continued success in [[privateer]]ing – in 1628 Admiral [[Piet Heyn]] became the only commander to successfully capture a large [[Spanish treasure fleet]]. With the many long voyages by Dutch [[East Indiamen]] cargo vessels, their society built an officer class and institutional knowledge that would later be replicated in England, principally by the British [[East India Company]].

By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch joined the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] and their [[Portuguese Empire]] as the main European traders in [[Asia]]. This coincided with the enormous growth of the Dutch merchant fleet, made possible by the cheap mass production of the [[fluyt]] sailing ship types. Soon the Dutch had one of Europe's largest [[Merchant navy|mercantile fleets]], with more merchant ships than all other nations combined, and possessed a dominant position in the [[Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)|Baltic maritime trade]] of 1400-1800 in the [[Baltic Sea]] to the northeast.

[[File:Amboina. 17th century print, most likely English..jpg|thumb|Dutch factory at [[Ambon Island]], early to mid-17th century]]

In 1648 the Dutch concluded the [[Peace of Münster]] with the Kingdom of Spain. Due to the division of powers in the [[Dutch Republic]], the army and navy were the main base of power of the [[Stadtholder]], although the budget allocated to them was set by the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]. With the arrival of peace, the States General decided to decommission most of the Dutch military. This led to conflict between the major Dutch cities and the new Stadtholder, [[William II of Orange]], bringing the internal controversies in the Republic to the brink of [[civil war]]. The Stadtholder's unexpected death in 1650 only added to the political tensions.

=== England ===

==== Tudor dynasty====
In the 16th century, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] (a.k.a. Elizabeth the Great, 1533-1603, reigned 1558-1603), commissioned several [[privateer]]s to carry out long-range attacks against the [[Spanish Empire]]'s global interests, exemplified by the attacks by Sir [[Francis Drake]] (c.1540-1596), [[William Parker (privateer)|William Parker]], and other [[Elizabethan Sea Dogs|Elizabethan sea dogs]] on Spanish merchant shipping and colonial possessions. Partly to provide a pretext for ongoing hostilities against Spain, Queen Elizabeth assisted the [[Dutch Revolt]] (1581) against the Kingdom of Spain by signing the [[Treaty of Nonsuch]] in 1585 with the newly-established Dutch state / [[republic]]  of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]].

==== Stuart ====
[[File:Reinier Nooms - Before the Battle of the Downs - c.1639.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Before the [[Battle of the Downs]]'' by [[Reinier Nooms]], ''circa'' 1639, depicting the Dutch blockade off the English coast, the vessel shown is the ''[[Dutch ship Aemilia (1632)|Aemilia]]'', Tromp's flagship.]]
After the death of Elizabeth I, Anglo-Spanish relations began to improve under the new monarch of  [[James the First]], and the peace of the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] in 1604 ended most privateering actions, (until the outbreak of the next [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1625-1630) during the larger continental [[Thirty Years' War]] of 1618-1648). Underfunding then led to neglect of the [[Royal Navy]].

Later, Roman Catholic sympathiser King [[Charles I of England]] made a number of secret agreements with Spain, directed against Dutch sea power. He also embarked on a major programme of naval reconstruction, enforcing [[ship money]] to rebuild and expand the Royal Navy with financing the building of such prestige battle vessels as the {{ship|English ship|Sovereign of the Seas||2}}. But fearful of endangering his relations with the powerful Dutch [[stadtholder]] [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], his assistance to Spain was limited in practice to allowing Spanish troops on their way to [[Dunkirk]] to make use of English shipping. However, in 1639, when a large Spanish transport fleet sought refuge in [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] anchorage off the town of [[Deal, Kent]], King Charles chose not to protect it against a Dutch attack; the resulting [[Battle of the Downs]] undermined both Spanish sea power and Charles's reputation in Spain.

Meanwhile, in the New World of the [[Americas]], forces from the Dutch [[New Netherlands]] colony and the English [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] contested over much of North America's [[East Coast of the United States|north-eastern seaboard]].

==== Cromwell ====

The outbreak of the [[English Civil War]] in 1642 (to 1651), began a period in which the [[Kingdom of England]]'s naval position was severely weakened. Its navy was internally divided, though its officers tended to favour the parliamentary side; after the execution by public beheading of King Charles I in 1649, however, Lord Protector  [[Oliver Cromwell]] (1599-1658, served 1653-1658), was able to unite his country into the [[republic]]an [[Commonwealth of England]]. He then revamped the English navy by expanding the number of ships, promoting officers on merit rather than family connections, and cracking down on embezzlement by suppliers and dockyard staff, thereby positioning England to mount a global challenge to Dutch mercantile dominance.

The mood in England grew increasingly belligerent towards the Dutch. This partly stemmed from old perceived slights: the Dutch were considered to have shown themselves ungrateful for the aid they had received against the Spanish by growing stronger than their former English protectors; Dutch fishermen caught most of the herring off the English east coast in the [[North Sea]]; the Dutch East India Company had driven English traders out of the East Indies; and Dutch merchants vociferously appealed to the principle of free trade to circumvent taxation in English colonies. There were also new points of conflict: with the decline of Spanish power at the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in 1648, the colonial possessions of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (already in the midst of the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], 1640-1668) and perhaps even those of the greater [[Spanish Empire]] itself were up for grabs.

Cromwell feared the influence of both the [[Orangism (Dutch Republic)|Orangist]] faction at home and English royalists exiled to the Republic; the Stadtholders had supported the Stuart monarchs—William II of Orange had married the daughter of Charles I of England in 1641—and they abhorred the trial and execution of Charles I.

Early in 1651 Cromwell tried to ease tensions by sending a delegation to [[The Hague]] proposing that the Dutch Republic join the Commonwealth and assist the English in conquering most of [[Spanish America]] for its extremely valuable resources. This attempt to draw the Dutch into a lopsided alliance with England in fact led to war: the ruling faction in the [[States of Holland]] was unable to formulate an answer to this unexpected offer and the pro-Stuart Orangists incited mobs to harass Cromwell's envoys. When the delegation returned home, the [[Parliament of England]] decided to pursue a policy of confrontation.

== Wars ==

=== First war: 1652–1654 ===
{{Main|First Anglo-Dutch War}}
[[File:Battle of Scheveningen (Slag bij Ter Heijde)(Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraten).jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Scheveningen]], 10 August 1653]]

As a result of Cromwell's ambitious programme of naval expansion, at a time when the Dutch admiralties were selling off many of their own warships, the English came to possess a greater number of larger and more powerful purpose-built warships than their rivals across the North Sea did. However, the Dutch had many more merchant ships, together with lower freight rates, better financing and a wider range of manufactured goods to sell – although Dutch ships were blocked by the Spanish from operations in most of [[southern Europe]], along the coasts of the 
[[Mediterranean Sea]], giving the English an advantage there.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jonathan I. |last=Israel |title=The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1995 |page=713 |isbn=0-19-873072-1 }}</ref>

To protect English commercial interests in North America, in October 1651 the English Parliament passed the first of the [[Navigation Acts]], which mandated that all goods imported into England must be carried by English ships or vessels from the exporting countries, thus excluding (mostly Dutch) middlemen. Agitation among the Dutch merchants as a result of the Navigation Acts was further increased by Admiral Sir [[George Ayscue]]'s (1616-1652) capture in early 1652 of 27 Dutch merchant ships illegally trading with the English still royalist colony of [[Barbados]] in the [[West Indies]] islands chain of the [[Americas]], in contravention of an embargo imposed by the Parliamentarians. The Dutch responded to the growing tensions by enlisting large numbers of armed merchantmen into their navy. In 1652, Lord Protector Cromwell required all foreign warships in the [[North Sea]] or the [[English Channel]] to [[Striking the colors|lower their colours]] when encountering English warships. On 29 May 1652, Lieutenant-Admiral [[Maarten Tromp]] (1598–1653), refused to lower the colours of his ships after encountering an English fleet led by [[General at Sea]] [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] (1598–1657). This resulted in a skirmish, the [[Battle of Dover (1652)|Battle of Dover]], off-shore of [[Dover, England]] in the [[English Channel]] in 1652, after which the Commonwealth of England then declared war on the Dutch Republic on 10 July.

After some inconclusive minor fights the English were successful in the first major battle, with Blake defeating the Dutch Vice-Admiral [[Witte de With]] (1599–1658), in the [[Battle of the Kentish Knock]] in October 1652. Believing that the war was all but over, the English divided their forces and in December were routed by the fleet of Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp at the [[Battle of Dungeness]] in the [[English Channel]]. The Dutch were also victorious in March 1653, at the [[Battle of Leghorn]] near Italy and had gained effective control of both the Mediterranean and the [[English Channel]]. Blake, recovering from an injury, rethought, together with Duke of Albemarle [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]] (1608–1670), the whole system of naval tactics, and after the winter of 1653 used the [[line of battle]], first to drive the [[Netherlands Navy|Dutch navy]] out of the English Channel in the [[Battle of Portland]] and then out of the [[North Sea]] in the [[Battle of the Gabbard]]. The Dutch were unable to effectively resist as the [[States General of the Netherlands]] had not in time heeded the warnings of their admirals that much larger warships were needed.

In the final [[Battle of Scheveningen]] on 10 August 1653, Tromp was killed, a blow to Dutch morale, but the English had to end their blockade of the Dutch coast. As both nations were by now exhausted and Cromwell had dissolved the aggressive warlike [[Rump Parliament]], ongoing peace negotiations could be brought to fruition, albeit after many months of slow diplomatic exchanges. The war ended on 5 April 1654, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Westminster (1654)|Treaty of Westminster]] of 1654 (ratified by the States General on 8 May), but the commercial rivalry was not resolved, the English having failed to replace the Dutch as the world's dominant trade nation. The treaty contained a secret annex, the [[Act of Seclusion]], forbidding the infant [[William III of England|Prince William III of Orange]] (future King [[William III of England|William III]] of England) from becoming also the Dutch stadtholder of the province of [[Holland]], which would prove to be a future cause of discontent. In 1653 the Dutch had started a major naval expansion programme of their own, building sixty larger vessels, partly closing the qualitative gap with the English naval fleet. Cromwell, having already started the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] against Spain in 1654 without Dutch help, during his rule then avoided a new conflict with the fellow Republic on the continent, even though the Dutch in the same time period defeated his [[History of Portugal|Portuguese]] and [[Kingdom of Sweden|Swedish]] allies.

=== Second war: 1665–1667 ===
{{Main|Second Anglo-Dutch War}}
[[File:Van Minderhout Battle of Lowestoft.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Battle of Lowestoft]], 13 June 1665.]]
[[File:Het verbranden van de Engelse vloot bij Chatham, juni 1667, tijdens de Tweede Engelse Zeeoorlog (1665-1667) Rijksmuseum SK-A-1393.jpeg|thumb|The 1667 [[raid on the Medway]].]]
After the [[English Restoration]] in 1660, newly-crowned King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] tried through diplomatic means to make his nephew, [[William III of England|Prince William III of Orange]], stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. At the same time, Charles promoted a series of mercantilist policies aimed at encountering Dutch mercantile dominance, which again led to a renewed deterioration in Anglo-Dutch relations. This subsequently led to a surge of [[anti-Dutch sentiment]] in England, the country being, as [[Samuel Pepys]] put it, "mad for war". English merchants and chartered overseas mercantile trade companies—such as the East India Company, the [[Royal African Company|Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa]], and the Levant Company—calculated that global economic primacy could now be wrestled away from the Dutch. They reckoned that a combination of naval battles and irregular [[privateer]]ing missions would cripple the Dutch Republic and force the States General to agree to a more favourable peace.<ref name="Rommelse">{{cite journal |first=Gijs |last=Rommelse |title=Prizes and Profits: Dutch Maritime Trade during the Second Anglo-Dutch War |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |year=2007 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/084387140701900207 |s2cid=155011146 }}</ref> The plan was for English ships to be replenished, and sailors paid, with looted booty seized from captured Dutch merchant vessels returning from overseas.

In 1665 many Dutch merchantman ships were captured, and Dutch trade and industry were hurt. The English achieved several victories over the Dutch, such as taking the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] and seaport town of [[New Amsterdam]] (present day of later renamed [[New York City|New York]]) by an English fleet of King Charles' younger brother, the future King [[James II of England|James II]]; but there were also several Dutch victories, such as the capture of the renewed [[Royal Navy]] flagship ''Prince Royal'' during the [[Four Days Battle]] at sea of 11 to 14 June 1666 – the subject of a famous painting by [[Willem van de Velde, the younger|Willem van de Velde]] (1633–1707). Dutch maritime trade recovered from 1666, while the English war effort and economy suffered a downturn when [[Great Plague of London|London was ravaged by disease in the Great Plague]] during 1665–1666,<ref name="Rommelse" /> and much of the [[capital city|capital]] of the [[City of London]] along the [[Thames River]] was burnt to the ground by the massive devastating infamous [[Great Fire of London]] of September 1666, (which was generally interpreted across the English Channel in the Dutch Republic as divine retribution for the earlier [[Holmes's Bonfire]] raid in August 1666).

A surprise attack in June 1667, the [[raid on the Medway]], on the English fleet in its home port arguably won the war for the Dutch; British historian [[C. R. Boxer]] described it as one of the "most humiliating defeat suffered by British arms".<ref>{{cite book |quote=It can hardly be denied that the Dutch raid on the Medway vies with the [[Battle of Majuba Hill|Battle of Majuba]] in 1881 and the [[Battle of Singapore|Fall of Singapore]] in 1942 for the unenviable distinctor of being the most humiliating defeat suffered by British arms. |first=Charles Ralph |last=Boxer |title=The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |year=1974 |page=39 }}</ref> A flotilla of ships led by [[Michiel de Ruyter]] (1607–1676), sailed westward up the [[Thames River]] and [[Thames Estuary]], on a daring raid, broke through the defences guarding [[Chatham Harbour]], set fire to several English warships moored there, and even towed away {{HMS|Unity|1665|6}} and {{HMS|Royal Charles|1660|6}}, flagship and second largest warship of the Royal Navy. Also in June 1667, the Dutch sailed vessels on a raiding expedition from the Caribbean north into the [[Hampton Roads]] harbor at the mouth of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in the [[Battle of the James River (1667)|Battle of the James River]], near the modern-day [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]] and [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] seaports of the English [[Colony of Virginia]], destroying an English ship in the harbour and bombarding its coastal protecting fort. The raid on the [[Medway]] led to widespread anger in England towards the government. This, together with the mounting costs of the war and the extravagant spending of the returned King Charles's court, produced a rebellious atmosphere in London. Charles ordered the English envoys at [[Breda]] to sign a peace quickly with the Dutch, as he feared an open revolt at home against him.

=== Third war: 1672–1674 ===
{{Main|Third Anglo-Dutch War}}
[[File:The Goulden Leeuw Engaging Royal Prince at the Battle of the Texel, 11 August 1673 RMG BHC0307.tiff|thumb|The [[Battle of Texel]], 21 August 1673.]]

Soon the Royal Navy was rebuilt. After the events of the previous war, English public opinion was unenthusiastic about starting a new one. However, as he was bound by the secret [[Treaty of Dover]], Charles II was obliged to assist [[Louis XIV]] in his attack on the Dutch Republic in the [[Franco-Dutch War]]. When the [[Royal French Army]] was halted by the [[Hollandic Water Line]] (a defence system involving strategic flooding), an attempt was made to invade the Dutch Republic by sea. De Ruyter won a series of strategic victories against the Anglo-French fleet and prevented an invasion of the Dutch Republic. After these failures, the English parliament forced Charles to make peace.{{sfn|Troost|2005|p=126}}

=== Fourth war: 1780–1784 ===
{{Main|Fourth Anglo-Dutch War}}
In 1688, the Dutch feared that England might align with France in the upcoming [[Nine Years' War]], potentially repeating the crisis of 1672. To prevent this, [[William III of England|William of Orange]], making use of an [[Invitation to William|invitation]] from seven influential and discontented Englishmen, led a Dutch invasion force that landed at [[Torbay]] in [[Devon]]. From there, he marched on London and successfully deposed [[James II of England]]. While occupying London with his troops William was placed on the English throne, on the basis of the [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]], alongside his English wife [[Mary II of England|Mary]]. His reign ended further Anglo-Dutch conflicts and both states joined forces to fight the expansionist policies of [[Louis XIV of France]].{{Sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=183–185}} Though remaining allies, England (and after 1707, [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]) quickly surpassed the Dutch in military and economic power. From roughly 1720 onwards, Dutch economic growth experienced a significant decline, and in 1780, the ''per capita'' [[gross national income]] of Britain surpassed their Dutch counterparts, leading to rising levels of resentment from the latter.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The [[Diplomatic Revolution]] brought this to light and during the following [[Seven Years' War]] the Dutch remained neutral. When Britain's North American colonies [[American Revolutionary War|revolted against British rule]] in 1776, the Dutch provided indirect support to the rebels, angering the British, who eventually [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|declared war]] on the Dutch in 1780. By this point, the Dutch navy had severely weakened, possessing only 20 [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]]. The conflict consisted mostly of a series of successful British operations against [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colonial interests]], though one [[fleet action]] took place at the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)|battle of Dogger Bank]] on 5 August 1781, which was indecisive. The war ended in a conclusive British victory and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the Dutch Republic, leading to instability and [[Patriottentijd|revolution]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

=== Later wars ===
[[File:Thomas-Whitcombe-Battle-of-Camperdown.jpg|thumb|left|The 1797 [[battle of Camperdown]] ([[Thomas Whitcombe]], 1798)]]

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], France reduced the Netherlands to a [[satellite state]] and finally annexed the country in 1810. In 1797 the [[Batavian Navy|Dutch fleet]] was defeated by the British in the [[Battle of Camperdown]], but an [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]] in 1799 was less successful. France still considered both the extant Dutch fleet and the large Dutch shipbuilding capacity very important assets. The Dutch navy was supposed to take part in the planned [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|invasion of the United Kingdom]]. To this end a large flotilla of flat-bottomed boats was built in the [[Batavian Republic]], that had to be transported over sea to Boulogne. [[Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez|This was successful]], but after the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] France gave up its attempt to match the British fleet, despite a strong Dutch lobby to this effect.

Britain also invaded several Dutch colonies, firstly in the Americas - [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] was captured in 1803 and [[Invasion of Surinam (1804)|Suriname was taken]] the following year. Following their victory at Trafalgar, Britain was now able to strike Dutch colonies elsewhere at will. The [[Battle of Blaauwberg|Cape Colony was captured]] in Southern Africa in January 1806. The Dutch territories in the Caribbean were all taken by 1807 including the largest island, [[Curaçao]]. The Dutch East Indies was the only area left to be taken. Starting with the first [[Java campaign of 1806–1807]] which saw the Royal Navy defeating the Dutch fleets to ensure British dominance in the region.

After the incorporation of the Netherlands in the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] in 1810, the British that year [[Invasion of the Spice Islands|captured the Spice Islands]] during a six-month campaign. A year later saw the final conquest of the Dutch East Indies with the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|seizure of the whole of Java]] during a month-long campaign. With the signing of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]], Britain returned all those colonies to the new [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the exception of [[Dutch Cape Colony|the Cape]], [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]], and part of [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch Guyana]]. Some historians count the wars between Britain and the [[Batavian Republic]] and the [[Kingdom of Holland]] during the [[Napoleonic era]] as the Fifth and Sixth Anglo-Dutch wars.

== See also ==
* [[British military history]]
* [[Dutch military history]]
* [[Netherlands–United Kingdom relations]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Boxer, Charles Ralph. ''The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century'' (1974)
* Bruijn, Jaap R. ''The Dutch navy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries'' (U of South Carolina Press, 1993).
* Geyl, Pieter. ''Orange & Stuart 1641–1672'' (1969)
* Hainsworth, D. R., et al. ''The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652–1674'' (1998)
* Israel, Jonathan Ie. ''The Dutch Republic: its rise, greatness and fall, 1477–1806'' (1995), pp.&nbsp;713–726, 766–776, 796–806. The Dutch political perspective.
* Jones, James Rees. ''The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century'' (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0582056306 online]; the fullest military history.
* Kennedy, Paul M. ''The rise and fall of British naval mastery'' (1983) pp.&nbsp;47–74.
* Konstam, Angus, and Tony Bryan. ''Warships of the Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652–74'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Warships-Anglo-Dutch-Wars-1652-74-Vanguard/dp/1849084106/ excerpt and text search]
* Levy, Jack S., and Salvatore Ali. "From commercial competition to strategic rivalry to war: The evolution of the Anglo-Dutch rivalry, 1609–52." in ''The dynamics of enduring rivalries'' (1998) pp.&nbsp;29–63.
* Messenger, Charles, ed. ''Reader's Guide to Military History'' (Routledge, 2013). pp.&nbsp;19–21.
* Ogg, David. ''England in the Reign of Charles II'' (2nd ed. 1936), pp.&nbsp;283–321 (Second War); pp.&nbsp;357–388. (Third War), Military emphasis.
* Palmer, M. A. J. "The 'Military Revolution' Afloat: The Era of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Transition to Modern Warfare at Sea." ''War in history'' 4.2 (1997): pp.&nbsp;123–149.
* Padfeld, Peter. ''Tides of Empire: Decisive Naval Campaigns in the Rise of the West. Vol. 2 1654–1763.'' (1982).
* Pincus, Steven C.A. ''Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the making of English foreign policy, 1650–1668'' (Cambridge UP, 2002).
* Rommelse, Gijs "Prizes and Profits: Dutch Maritime Trade during the Second Anglo-Dutch War," ''International Journal of Maritime History'' (2007) 19#2 pp.&nbsp;139–159.
* Rommelse, Gijs. "The role of mercantilism in Anglo-Dutch political relations, 1650–74." ''Economic History Review'' 63#3 (2010) pp.&nbsp;591–611.
* {{cite book|last1=Troost|first1=Wouter|title=William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0754650713}}
* {{Cite book |last=Van Nimwegen |first=Olaf |title=De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning (The 40 Years War 1672-1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King) |publisher=Prometheus |date=2020 |isbn=978-90-446-3871-4 |language=Dutch}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Anglo-Dutch wars}}
* {{citation | publisher = Zeeburg nieuws | place = NL | language = nl | url = http://www.zeeburgnieuws.nl/specials/scheepvaart/voc-foto01-dt.html | title = Painting of Anglo-Dutch sea battle, Third War, at the National Maritime Museum, London |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021014125313/http://www.zeeburgnieuws.nl/specials/scheepvaart/voc-foto01-dt.html | archive-date = 14 October 2002}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111212075532/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/ National Maritime Museum], London.
* Dutch [[Admiral]] [[Michiel de Ruyter]]s' flagship [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104213/http://www.bataviawerf.nl/7provincien.html 'The Seven Provinces'] is being rebuilt in the Dutch town of [[Lelystad]].
* {{citation | publisher = Contemplator | url = http://www.contemplator.com/history/dutchwar.html | title = A short history of the Anglo–Dutch Wars}}.

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