Editing Angles (tribe)

{{Short description|A Germanic people from present day northern Germany}}{{Other uses|Angles (disambiguation){{!}}Angles}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Angles
| native_name      = {{lang|ang|Angle}} / {{lang|ang|Engle}}
| image            = Anglo-Saxon_Homelands_and_Settlements.svg
| image_caption    = The spread of Angles (orange) and Saxons (blue) to the British Isles around 500{{nbsp}}AD
| regions          = origin: southern [[Jutland]]:<br>[[Schleswig]] ([[Angeln]], [[Schwansen]], [[Danish Wahld]], [[North Frisia]]/[[North Frisian Islands]])<br>[[Holstein]] ([[Eiderstedt]], [[Dithmarschen]])<br>destination: [[Heptarchy]] ([[Anglo-Saxon England|England]])
| languages        = [[Old English]]
| religions        = Originally [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]] and [[Anglo-Saxon paganism]], later [[Christianity]]
| related_groups   = [[Anglo-Saxons]], [[Anglo-Frisian language|Anglo-Frisian]], [[Anglo-Normans]], [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Lowland Scots]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|first=Steven L. |last=Danver|authorlink=Steven L. Danver|chapter=Groups: Europe|page=372|date=2014|isbn= 978-0765682949|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref> [[Anglo]], [[Saxons]], [[Frisii]], [[Jutes]]
| footnotes        = 
}}

[[File:1st century Germani.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The approximate positions of some [[Germanic peoples]] reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. [[Suebi|Suevian peoples]] in red, and other [[Irminones]] in purple]]

The '''Angles''' ({{langx|ang|Engle}}, {{langx|la|Anglii}}) were one of the main [[Germanic peoples]] who settled in [[Great Britain]] in the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|post-Roman]] period.<ref>{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Angles |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-160? |editor1-last=Darvill |editor1-first=Timothy |editor1-link=Timothy Darvill |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191727139 |access-date=26 January 2020 |quote=Angles. A Germanic people who originated on the Baltic coastlands of Jutland. }}</ref> They founded several kingdoms of the [[Heptarchy]] in [[Anglo-Saxon England]]. Their name, which probably derives from the [[Angeln]] peninsula, is the root of the name ''[[England]]'' ("Engla land", "Land of the Angles"), and ''English'', in reference to both for its [[English people|people]] and [[English language|language]]. According to [[Tacitus]], writing around 100 AD, a people known as Angles (Anglii) lived beyond (apparently northeast of) the [[Lombards]] and [[Semnones]], who lived near the River [[Elbe]].<ref name="Tacitus" />

==Etymology==
The name of the Angles may have been first recorded in Latinised form, as ''Anglii'', in the ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' of Tacitus. It is thought to derive from the name of the area they originally inhabited, the Angeln peninsula, which is on the Baltic Sea coast of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. 

Two related theories have been advanced, which attempt to give the name a Germanic etymology:
# It originated from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root for "narrow" (compare German and Dutch ''eng'' = "narrow"), meaning "the Narrow [Water]", i.e., the [[Schlei]] [[estuary]]; the root would be ''*h₂enǵʰ'', "tight". 
# The name derives from "hook" (as in [[angling]] for fish), in reference to the shape of the peninsula where they lived; Indo-European linguist [[Julius Pokorny]] derives it from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*h₂enk-'', "bend" (see ankle).<ref>Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo 1993. ''Origins and Development of the English Language''. 4th edition. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich).</ref> Alternatively, the Angles may have been called such because they were a [[fishing]] people or were originally descended from such.<ref>Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable 1993 ''A History of the English Language''. 4th edition. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall).</ref>

In Old English, the same term {{lang|ang|Engle}} refers the Angles before and after the migration to Britain. As most Germanic settlers in Britain during this time were Angles, the settled area became referred to as England ("Engla land", "the land or country of the Angles"). While Latin and Celtic-speaking populations referred to the Germanic speakers in Britain in general by terms related to "Saxons", they came to refer to themselves as {{lang|ang|Engle}} ("Angles", "English people").<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Joseph |title=Engle |url=https://bosworthtoller.com/009430 |website=An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online |publisher=Faculty of Arts, Charles University |language=en |date=2014}}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=English |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/english_adj?tab=etymology#5415179 |website=oed |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref> "Angle" and related terms therefore have some ambiguity in their scope. From {{lang|ang|Engle}} is also derived "English" ({{langx|ang|Englisc}}).<ref name=oed/>   

According to {{Lang|la|[[Gesta Danorum]]}}, the brothers [[Dan I of Denmark|Dan]] and [[Angul (mythology)|Angul]] were made rulers by the consent of their people because of their bravery and the [[Danes (tribe)|Danes]] and Angles are respectively named from them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friis-Jensen |first1=Karsten |last2=Fisher |first2=Peter |title=Gesta Danorum: the history of the Danes |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198205234}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Joseph |title=Engle |url=https://bosworthtoller.com/44079 |website=An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online |publisher=Faculty of Arts, Charles University |language=en |date=2014}}</ref>

==Greco-Roman historiography==

===Tacitus===
[[File:AngelnAngel.png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Angeln in northern [[Schleswig-Holstein]].]]
[[File:Over Jerstal.png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Possible locations of the Angles and Jutes before their migration to Britain]]

The earliest surviving mention of the Angles is in chapter 40 of Tacitus's ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' written around AD 98. [[Tacitus]] describes the "Anglii" as one of the more remote [[Suebi]]c tribes living beyond the Semnones and Langobardi, who lived near the lower [[Elbe]], and were better known to the Romans. He grouped the Angles with several other tribes in that region, the [[Reudigni]], [[Aviones]], [[Varini]], [[Eudoses]], [[Suarines]], and [[Nuithones]].<ref name=Tacitus>{{harvp|Tacitus|loc=[[s:la:De origine et situ Germanorum (Germania)#XL|Cap. XL]]}}</ref><ref name=CB>{{harvp|Church|Brodribb|1876|loc=[[s:Germany and Its Tribes#40|Ch.&nbsp;XL]]}}</ref> According to Tacitus, they were all living behind ramparts of rivers and woods, and therefore inaccessible to attack.<ref name=Tacitus /><ref name=CB />

He gives no precise indication of their geographical situation but states that, together with the six other tribes, they worshipped [[Nerthus]], or Mother Earth, whose sanctuary was located on "an island in the Ocean".{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}} The Eudoses are generally considered to be the [[Jutes]] and these names have been associated with localities in [[Jutland]] or on the Baltic coast. The coast contains sufficient estuaries, inlets, rivers, islands, swamps, and marshes to have been inaccessible to those not familiar with the terrain, such as the Romans, who considered it unknown and inaccessible.

The majority of scholars believe that the Anglii lived on the coasts of the [[Baltic Sea]], probably in the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. This view is based partly on Old English and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the fourth century, and partly because striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by Tacitus are to be found in pre-Christian [[Scandinavia]]n religion.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}

===Ptolemy===
Surviving versions of the work of [[Ptolemy]], who wrote around AD 150, in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' (2.10), describe the Angles in a confusing manner. In one passage, the ''Sueboi Angeilloi'' (or ''Suevi Angili''), are described as living inland between the northern [[Rhine]] and central [[Elbe]], but apparently not touching either river, with the Suebic Langobardi on the Rhine to their west, and the Suebic Semnones on the Elbe stretching to their east, forming a band of Suebic peoples. This positioning of the Langobardi and Angli is unexpected, as are the positions of many of the peoples in this passage. The text is believed to result from the combining of different types of older texts. As pointed out by [[Gudmund Schütte]], the neighbouring Langobards appear in two places, and the ones near the Rhine appears to be there by mistake.<ref>Ptolemy, ''Geography'', [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020085906/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10/limited.html 2.10].</ref>{{sfnp|Schütte|1917|p=[https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich/page/34 34]|ps= See also pp. 119–120, & 125–127}} Schütte, in his analysis, believes that the Angles are placed correctly relative to the Langobardi to their west, but that these have been positioned in the wrong place. The Langobardi also appear in the expected position on the lower Elbe, and the Angles would be expected to their northeast, based upon Tacitus.{{sfnp|Schütte|1917|p=[https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page/34/mode/2up/search/angles 34] & [https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich#page/118/mode/2up/search/angles 118]}}

Another theory is that all or part of the Angles dwelt or moved among other coastal people, perhaps confederated up to the basin of the [[Saale]] (in the neighbourhood of the ancient canton of [[Unstruttal (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)|Engilin]]) on the [[Unstrut]] valleys below the [[Kyffhäuserkreis]], from which region the ''Lex Anglorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum'' is believed by many to have come.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}<ref name="lex anglorum">{{Cite book|title=[[:la:s:Lex Anglorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum|Lex Anglorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum]]|via=Vikifons|language=la}}</ref> The ethnic names of [[Frisii|Frisians]] and [[Warini|Warines]] are also attested in these Saxon districts.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Procopius===
An especially early reference to the Angli in Britain is by the 6th-century Byzantine historian [[Procopius]] (who however expressed doubts about the stories he had heard—apparently from Frankish diplomats—about events in the west). He does not mention the Saxons, but he states that an island called ''Brittia'' (which he says is separate and distinct from Britain itself) was settled by three nations, each ruled by its own king: the Angili, Frissones, and Brittones. Each nation was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks, who <blockquote>allow them to settle in the part of their land which appears to be more deserted, and by this means they say [the Franks] are winning over the island. Thus it actually happened that not long ago the king of the Franks, in sending some of his intimates on an embassy to the Emperor [[Justinian]] in Byzantium, sent with them some of the Angili, thus seeking to establish his claim that this island was ruled by him.<ref>Procopius [https://archive.org/details/procopiuswitheng05procuoft/page/253/ book VIII, xx].</ref></blockquote> Procopius says that the Angles had recently sailed a large army of 400 ships from Brittia to Europe, to the Rhine, to enforce a marriage agreement with the [[Warini]] who he said were living north of the Franks at that time.

==Medieval historiography==
{{Further|Kings of the Angles}}
[[File:Beda Petersburgiensis f3v.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Saint Petersburg Bede]]'', 8th century]]
[[Bede]] (died 735) stated that the Anglii, before coming to Great Britain, dwelt in a land called Angulus, "which lies between the province of the Jutes and the Saxons, and remains unpopulated to this day." A similar account, possibly based on Bede's, is given by the 9th-century ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. King [[Alfred the Great]] and the chronicler [[Æthelweard (historian)|Æthelweard]] identified this place with Angeln, in the province of [[Schleswig]] (though it may then have been of greater extent), and this identification agrees with the indications given by Bede.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}

In the Norwegian seafarer [[Ohthere of Hålogaland]]'s account of a two-day voyage from the [[Oslofjord|Oslo fjord]] to [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]], he reported the lands on his starboard bow, and Alfred appended the note "on these islands dwelt the ''Engle'' before they came hither".{{refn|group=n|See the translation by Sweet,{{sfnp|Sweet|1883|p=19}} noted by Loyn{{sfnp|Loyn|1991|p=24}}}} Confirmation is afforded by English and Danish traditions relating to two kings named [[Wermund]] and [[Offa of Angel]], from whom the [[Mercia]]n royal family claimed descent and whose exploits are connected with Angeln, Schleswig, and [[Rendsburg]].{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}<ref name="lex anglorum"/>

Danish tradition has preserved record of two governors of Schleswig, father and son, in their service, Frowinus ([[Freawine]]) and [[Ket and Wig|Wigo]] (Wig), from whom the royal family of [[Wessex]] claimed descent.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}} During the fifth century, the Anglii invaded Great Britain, after which time their name does not recur on the continent except in the title of the legal code issued to the [[Thuringii|Thuringians]]: ''[[Lex Angliorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum]]''.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}<ref name="lex anglorum"/>

The Angles are the subject of a legend about [[Pope Gregory I]], who happened to see a group of Angle children from [[Deira]] for sale as slaves in the Roman market. As the story was told by Bede, Gregory was struck by the unusual appearance of the slaves and asked about their background. When told they were called ''Anglii'' (Angles), he replied with a Latin pun that translates well into English: "Bene, nam et angelicam habent faciem, et tales angelorum in caelis decet esse coheredes" (It is well, for they have an angelic face, and such people ought to be co-heirs of the angels in heaven). Supposedly, this encounter inspired the pope to launch a mission to bring Christianity to their countrymen.{{sfnp|Bede|731|loc= [[:la:s:Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum - Liber Secundus|Lib.&nbsp;II]]}}{{sfnp|Jane|1910|loc= [[s:Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)/Book 2|Vol.&nbsp;II]]}}

==Archaeology==
The province of Schleswig has proved rich in prehistoric antiquities that date apparently from the fourth and fifth centuries. A large cremation cemetery has been found at [[Borgstedt]], between Rendsburg and [[Eckernförde]], and it has yielded many urns and brooches closely resembling those found in pagan graves in England. Of still greater importance are the great deposits at [[Thorsberg moor]] (in Angeln) and [[Nydam Mose|Nydam]], which contained large quantities of arms, ornaments, articles of clothing, agricultural implements, etc., and in Nydam, even ships. By the help of these discoveries, Angle culture in the age preceding the invasion of Britannia can be pieced together.{{sfnp|Chadwick|1911|pp=18–19}}

==Anglian kingdoms in England==
{{see also|Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|Anglo-Saxons|History of Anglo-Saxon England}}
[[File:Britain peoples circa 600.svg|thumb|right|Angles, Saxons, and Jutes throughout England]]
According to sources such as the ''History'' of Bede, after the invasion of Britannia, the Angles split up and founded the kingdoms of [[Northumbria]], [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]], and [[Mercia]]. H. R. Loyn has observed in this context that "a sea voyage is perilous to tribal institutions",{{sfnp|Loyn|1991|p=25}} and the apparently tribe-based kingdoms were formed in England. Early times had two northern kingdoms (Bernicia and Deira) and two midland ones (Middle Anglia and Mercia), which had by the seventh century resolved themselves into two Angle kingdoms, viz., Northumbria and Mercia.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Northumbria held suzerainty amidst the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] presence in the British Isles in the 7th century, but was eclipsed by the rise of Mercia in the 8th century. Both kingdoms fell in the great assaults of the Danish [[Viking]] armies in the 9th century. Their royal houses were effectively destroyed in the fighting, and their Angle populations came under the [[Danelaw]]. Further south, the Saxon kings of [[Wessex]] withstood the Danish assaults. Then in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, the kings of Wessex defeated the Danes and took control of areas inhabited by Angles that were formerly in the Danelaw.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

They united their house in marriage with the surviving Angle royalty and were accepted by the Angles as their kings, ultimately resulting in the [[Kingdom of England]]. The regions of [[East Anglia]] and Northumbria are still known by their original titles. Northumbria once stretched as far north as what is now southeast [[Scotland]], including [[Edinburgh]], and as far south as the Humber estuary and even the river Witham.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The rest of that people stayed at the centre of the Angle homeland in the northeastern portion of the modern German ''Bundesland'' of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Jutland Peninsula. There, a small peninsular area is still called Angeln today and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from modern [[Flensburg]] on the Flensburger Fjord to the [[City of Schleswig]] and then to Maasholm, on the [[Schlei]] inlet.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angles |volume=2|page=30 |short=x}}
* {{cite book|last=Bede|author-link=Bede|title=[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]|trans-title=Ecclesiastical History of the English People|year=731|language=la}}
* {{Cite EB1911|last=Chadwick |first=Hector Munro |author-link=Hector Munro Chadwick |wstitle=Angli |volume=2 |pages=18–19}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Jane|editor-first=Lionel Cecil|title=[[s:Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)|Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation]]|translator=John Stevens|translator-link=John Stevens (translator)|year=1910}}
* {{cite book|last=Tacitus|first=Publius Cornelius|author-link=Tacitus|title=[[Germania (book)|De origine et situ Germanorum]]|trans-title=On the Origin and Situation of the Germans|language=la}}
* {{cite book|translator1-last=Church|translator1-first=Alfred John|translator1-link=Alfred John Church|translator2-last=Brodribb|translator2-first=William Jackson|title=[[:s:Germania (Church & Brodribb)|Germania]]|year=1876|ref={{harvid|Church|Brodribb|1876}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Schütte|first=Gudmund|author-link=Gudmund Schütte|url=https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich|title=Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe: A Reconstruction of the Prototypes|publisher=Græbe for H. Hagerup for the Royal Danish Geographical Society|location=Copenhagen|year=1917}}
* {{cite book|last=Sweet|first=Henry|title=King Alfred's Orosius|url=https://archive.org/details/kingalfredsorosi79oros|publisher=E. Pickard Hall & J. H. Stacy for N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society|location=Oxford|date=1883}}
* {{cite book|last=Loyn|first=Henry Royston|title=A Social and Economic History of England: Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest|edition=2nd|year=1991|publisher=Longman Group|isbn=978-0582072978|location=London }}

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[[Category:Angles (tribe)| ]]
[[Category:Early Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:History of Northumberland]]
[[Category:Ingaevones]]
[[Category:Migration Period]]
[[Category:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England]]