Editing Andrew S. Tanenbaum

{{short description|American-Dutch computer scientist (born 1944)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Andy Tanenbaum
| birth_name        = Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum
| image             = Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_2012.jpg
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = Tanenbaum in 2012
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1944|03|16}}
| birth_place       = [[New York City]], New York, U.S.
| death_date        = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place       = 
| resting_place     = 
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| residence         = <!-- [[Amsterdam, Netherlands|Amsterdam]], Netherlands -->
| fields            = [[Distributed computing]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Bal
| first1 = H. E.
| last2 = Steiner
| first2 = J. G.
| last3 = Tanenbaum
| first3 = A. S.
| doi = 10.1145/72551.72552
| title = Programming languages for distributed computing systems
| journal = ACM Computing Surveys
| volume = 21
| issue = 3
| page = 261
| year = 1989
| hdl = 1871/2587
| s2cid = 8028479
| url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/1230fcf0-4548-4186-8ac4-0c5a6ac03261
| hdl-access = free
| access-date = December 8, 2019
| archive-date = April 17, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240417175529/https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/programming-languages-for-distributed-computing-systems-2
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="dspp">{{cite book |author1=Steen, Maarten van |author2=Tanenbaum, Andrew S. |title=Distributed systems: principles and paradigms |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-13-239227-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/distributedsyste00tane }}</ref><br>[[Operating system]]s<ref name="mos">{{cite book |author =Tanenbaum, Andrew S. |title=Modern operating systems |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-13-600663-3 }}</ref><ref name="dos">{{cite book |author=Tanenbaum, Andrew S. |title=Distributed operating systems |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-13-219908-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h1q3 }}</ref>
| workplaces        = 
| alma_mater        = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])</small><br />[[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] <small>([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>
| thesis_title      = A Study of the Five Minute Oscillations, Supergranulation, and Related Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere
| thesis_url        = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302548423/
| thesis_year       = 1971
| doctoral_advisor  = [[John M. Wilcox]]
| doctoral_students = [[Henri Bal]]<br>[[Frans Kaashoek]]<br>[[Werner Vogels]]<ref name="vogelsphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Werner|last=Vogels |title=Scalable Cluster Technologies for Mission Critical Enterprise Computing |publisher=Vrije Universiteit |date=2003 |author-link= Werner Vogels|hdl=1871/10357}}</ref>
| known_for         = [[MINIX]]<br>[[Microkernel]]s<br>[[Electoral-vote.com]]
| awards            = 
| signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt     = 
| website           = {{URL|https://cs.vu.nl/~ast}}<br>{{URL|https://pearsonhighered.com/tanenbaum}}
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = 
| children          = 
}}

'''Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum''' (born March 16, 1944), sometimes referred to by the handle '''AST''',<ref name="AndyTanenbaumFirstPost">{{cite newsgroup
 |author       = A. S. Tanenbaum
 |title        = LINUX is obsolete
 |date         = January 29, 1992
 |newsgroup    = comp.os.minix
 |message-id   = 12595@star.cs.vu.nl
 |url          = https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/comp.os.minix/wlhw16QWltI/XdksCA1TR_QJ
 |access-date   = November 27, 2006
 |archive-url  = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/comp.os.minix/wlhw16QWltI/XdksCA1TR_QJ
 |archive-date = January 22, 2011
 |url-status     = live
}}</ref> is an [[United States|American-born]] [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[computer scientist]] and retired professor emeritus of [[computer science]] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] in the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{OL author|id=OL236786A}}</ref><ref name="dblp">{{DBLP}}</ref>

He is the author of [[MINIX]], a free [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]] for teaching purposes, and has written multiple computer science textbooks regarded as standard texts in the field. He regards his teaching job as his most important work.<ref name=teach>[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/followup/ 2004 article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040524092728/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/followup |date=May 24, 2004 }} about Linux, the Usenet debate, and the [[Alexis de Tocqueville Institution]]</ref> Since 2004 he has operated [[Electoral-vote.com]], a [[website]] dedicated to analysis of polling data in [[federal elections in the United States]].

==Biography==
Tanenbaum was born in [[New York City]] and grew up in suburban [[White Plains, New York]], where he attended the [[White Plains High School]].<ref name="ast-faq">{{Cite web |url=https://cs.vu.nl/~ast/home/faq.html |title=Andrew S. Tanenbaum's FAQ |access-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206085906/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/home/faq.html |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> His paternal grandfather was born in [[Khorostkiv]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian empire]].<ref name="ast-faq" />

He received his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[physics]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in 1965 and his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree in [[astrophysics]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1971.

As an undergraduate, he had obtained experience at [[computer programming]], which helped him get a summer internship at the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] in [[West Virginia]].  After receiving his doctorate, he decided that he was more interested in programming.  He became an assistant professor in Amsterdam based in part on his expertise in programming the university's new computer.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.electoral-vote.com/evp2024/Pres/Maps/Aug24.html#item-1| title = Gallimaufry| date = Aug 24, 2024
| website = [[Electoral-vote.com]]| access-date = 2024-08-25}}</ref> He taught courses on Computer Organization and Operating Systems and supervised the work of [[PhD candidacy|PhD candidates]] at the [[VU University Amsterdam]]. On July 9, 2014, he announced his retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cs.vu.nl/~ast/afscheid/ |title=Retirement of Prof. Andy Tanenbaum |access-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329011058/https://cs.vu.nl/~ast/afscheid/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is married to a Dutch woman, but retains his [[American citizenship]].

==Teaching==

===Books===
Tanenbaum's textbooks on computer science include:
* {{cite book |title=Structured computer organization |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |year=1976|isbn=978-0-13-148521-1 }}
* {{cite book|title=Computer networks|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2019|isbn=978-0-13-540800-1|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ}} (1981, with David J. Wetherall and Nickolas Feamster)
* ''[[Operating Systems: Design and Implementation]],'' co-authored with Albert Woodhull
* ''[[Modern Operating Systems]]'' (1992, 2001, 2007, 2014, 2022)
* {{cite book |title=Distributed operating systems |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-13-219908-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h1q3 }}
* {{cite book |title=Distributed systems: principles and paradigms |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-13-239227-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/distributedsyste00tane }} (with Maarten van Steen)

His book, ''Operating Systems: Design and Implementation'' and [[MINIX]] were [[Linus Torvalds]]' inspiration for the [[Linux]] kernel. In his autobiography ''[[Just for Fun (book)|Just for Fun]]'', Torvalds describes it as "the book that launched me to new heights".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Torvalds |first1=Linus |url=https://archive.org/details/justforfun00linu |title=Just for fun: the story of an accidental revolutionary |last2=Diamond |first2=David |date=2001 |publisher=HarperBusiness |isbn=978-0-06-662072-5 |location=New York, NY |pages=51 |oclc=1150111440}}</ref>

===Doctoral students===
Tanenbaum has had a number of [[PhD]] students who themselves have gone on to become widely known computer science researchers.
These include:
* [[Henri Bal]], professor at the [[Vrije Universiteit]] in [[Amsterdam]]
* [[Frans Kaashoek]], professor at [[MIT]]
* [[Werner Vogels]], Chief Technology Officer at [[Amazon.com]]<ref name="vogelsphd"/>

===Dean of the Advanced School for Computing and Imaging===
In the early 1990s, the Dutch government began setting up a number of thematically oriented research schools that spanned multiple universities. These schools were intended to bring professors and PhD students from different Dutch (and later, foreign) universities together to help them cooperate and enhance their research.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Tanenbaum was one of the cofounders and first Dean of the Advanced School for Computing and Imaging (ASCI). This school initially consisted of nearly 200 faculty members and PhD students from the [[Vrije Universiteit]], [[University of Amsterdam]], [[Delft University of Technology]], and [[Leiden University]]. They were especially working on problems in advanced computer systems such as [[parallel computing]] and image analysis and processing.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Tanenbaum remained dean for 12 years, until 2005, when he was awarded an Academy Professorship by the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]], at which time he became a full-time research professor.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Projects==

===Amsterdam Compiler Kit===
The [[Amsterdam Compiler Kit]] is a toolkit for producing portable compilers. It was started sometime before 1981 and Andrew Tanenbaum was the architect from the start until version 5.5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/publications/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509132250/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/publications/|url-status=dead|title=Andrew S. Tanenbaum's Publications|archivedate=May 9, 2007|website=www.cs.vu.nl}}</ref>

===MINIX===
In 1987, Tanenbaum wrote a clone of [[UNIX]], called [[MINIX]] (MINi-unIX), for the [[IBM PC]]. It was targeted at students and others who wanted to learn how an operating system worked. Consequently, he wrote a book that listed the source code in an appendix and described it in detail in the text.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The source code itself was available on a set of floppy disks. Within three months, a [[Usenet]] newsgroup, comp.os.minix, had sprung up with over 40,000 subscribers discussing and improving the system. One of these subscribers was [[Linus Torvalds]], who began adding new features to MINIX and tailoring it to his own needs. On October 5, 1991, Torvalds announced his own ([[POSIX]]-like) kernel, called [[Linux]], which originally used the MINIX file system but is not based on MINIX code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818183310/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/|url-status=dead|title=Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Professor at the Vrije Universiteit|archivedate=August 18, 2010|website=www.cs.vu.nl}}</ref>

===Electoral-vote.com===
In 2004, Tanenbaum created [[Electoral-vote.com]], a web site analyzing [[opinion polls]] for the [[2004 U.S. presidential election]], using them to project the outcome in the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]]. He stated that he created the site as an American who "knows first hand what the world thinks of America and it is not a pretty picture at the moment. I want people to think of America as the land of freedom and democracy, not the land of arrogance and blind revenge. I want to be proud of America again."<ref name="EVFAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.electoral-vote.com/info/votemaster-faq.html |title=The Votemaster FAQ |access-date=February 26, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102014915/http://www.electoral-vote.com/info/votemaster-faq.html |archive-date=November 2, 2004 }}</ref> The site provided a color-coded map, updated each day with projections for each state's electoral votes. Through most of the campaign period Tanenbaum kept his identity secret, referring to himself as "the Votemaster" and acknowledging only that he personally preferred [[John Kerry]]. Mentioning that he supported the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]], he revealed his identity on November 1, 2004, the day before the election, and also stating his reasons and qualifications for running the website.<ref name="EVFAQ" />

Through the site he also covered the [[United States general elections, 2006|2006 midterm elections]], correctly predicting the winner of all 33 Senate races that year.

For the [[United States elections, 2008|2008 elections]], he got every state right except for Indiana, which he said McCain would win by 2% (Obama won by 1%) and Missouri, which he said was too close to call (McCain won by 0.1%). He correctly predicted all the winners in the Senate except for Minnesota, where he predicted a 1% win by [[Norm Coleman]] over [[Al Franken]]. After 7 months of legal battling and recounts, Franken won by 312 votes (0.01%).

In 2010, he correctly projected 35 out of 37 Senate races in the Midterm elections on the website. The exceptions were [[Colorado]] and [[Nevada]].

Electoral-vote.com incorrectly predicted [[Hillary Clinton]] would win the [[2016 United States presidential election]]. The website incorrectly predicted Clinton would win Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Florida. Electoral-vote.com did not predict a winner for Nevada, which Clinton would win. The website predicted the winners of the remaining 44 states and the District of Columbia correctly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electoral-vote.com/evp2016/Pres/Maps/Nov08.html|title=ElectoralVote|access-date=February 10, 2019|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003746/https://electoral-vote.com/evp2016/Pres/Maps/Nov08.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Clinton however, won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote.

==Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate==
The [[Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate]] was a famous debate between Tanenbaum and Linus Torvalds regarding kernel design on [[Usenet]] in 1992.<ref name="OpenSources">{{cite book
 | title= Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
 | last1= DiBona
 | first1= Chris
 | last2= Ockman
 | first2= Sam
 | last3= Stone
 | first3= Mark
 | last4= Behlendorf
 | first4= Brian
 | last5= Bradner
 | first5= Scott
 | last6= Hamerly
 | first6= Jim
 | last7= McKusick
 | first7= Kirk
 | last8= O'Reilly
 | first8= Tim
 | last9= Paquin
 | first9= Tom
 | last10= Perens
 | first10= Bruce
 | last11= S. Raymond
 | first11= Eric
 | last12= Stallman
 | first12= Richard
 | last13= Tiemann
 | first13= Michael
 | last14= Torvalds
 | first14= Linus
 | last15= Vixie
 | first15= Paul
 | last16= Wall
 | first16= Larry
 | last17= Young
 | first17= Bob
 | publisher= [[O'Reilly Media]] |date=January 1999
 | isbn= 978-1-56592-582-3
 | chapter=The Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate
 | chapter-url=http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/appa.html
| title-link= Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]<ref>{{cite web |
url=https://awards.acm.org/fellows/award-recipients?year=1996&award=158&region=Europe&submit=Submit&isSpecialCategory=
| title=ACM Fellows 1997 Europe |
date=June 1997 }}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] for outstanding contributions to research and education in computer networks and operating systems.<ref>{{Cite web|
url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/1998|
title=IEEE Fellows 1998 &#124; IEEE Communications Society|
access-date=September 17, 2023|
archive-date=September 27, 2023|
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927213211/https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/1998|
url-status=live}}</ref>
* Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/members/4853 |title=Andrew Tanenbaum |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721044135/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/members/4853 |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[ACM Software System Award]], 2023 <ref>{{cite web |
url=https://awards.acm.org/software-system |
title=ACM Software System Award, 2023 |
publisher=ACM }}</ref>
* IEEE TCDP Outstanding Technical Achievement Award, 2022 <ref>{{cite web |
url=https://tc.computer.org/tcdp/awardrecipients/ |
title=IEEE TCDP Outstanding Technical Achievement Award |
publisher=IEEE }}</ref>
* ACM EUROSYS Lifetime Achievement Award, 2015 <ref>{{cite web |
url=https://www.eurosys.org/awards/lifetime-achievement-award |
title=Eurosys Lifetime Achievement Awards |
publisher=EUROSYS }}</ref>
* Winner of the TAA [[William Holmes McGuffey#McGuffey Awards|McGuffey award]] for classic textbooks for Modern Operating Systems, 3rd ed., 2010 <ref>{{ Cite web |
url=https://www.taaonline.net/past-textbook-award-recipients|
publisher=TAA |
title=McGuffey Award winners }}</ref>
* USENIX Flame Award for Lifetime Achievement, 2008<ref>{{cite web |
url=https://www.usenix.org/about/awards/flame#:~:text=2023%3A%20Steven%20M.&text=and%20Susan%20Landau-,Steven%20M.,knowledge%20that%20informs%20public%20policy
| title=USENIX Flame Award |
publisher=USENIX }}</ref>
* NLUUG Lifetime Achievement Award, 2008<ref>{{cite web |
url=https://nlnet.nl/news/2022/20220510-NLUUG_Award.html |
title=NLUUG LIfetime Achievement Award |
publisher=NLUUG }}</ref>
* Winner of the [[IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal]], 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/education_rl.pdf |title=IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal Recipients |publisher=IEEE |access-date={{Format date|2010|11|24}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124235219/http://ieee.org/documents/education_rl.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* TAA Texty Award winner, 2003 <ref>{{cite web |
url=https://taaa.memberclicks.net/past-textbook-award-recipients |
title=TAA Texty Award, 2003 |
publisher=TAA }}</ref>
* ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Educator of the Year Award, 1994 <ref>{{cite web |
url=https://awards.acm.org/karlstrom/award-recipients |
title=ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Educator of the Year Award, 1994 |
publisher=ACM }}</ref>

===Honorary doctorates===
[[File:Tanenbaum-Honorary-Doctorate-UPM.jpg|thumb|right|Tanenbaum in Târgu Mureș]]
[[File:Tanenbaum-honorary-doctorate-Romania.jpg|thumb|right|Tanenbaum is 4th from left]]
* On May 12, 2008, Tanenbaum received an [[honorary doctorate]] from [[Politehnica University of Bucharest|Universitatea Politehnica din București]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor honoris causa |url=https://upb.ro/doctor-honoris-causa/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti |language=ro-RO}}</ref>
* On October 7, 2011, Universitatea Petru Maior din Târgu Mureș ([[Petru Maior University of Târgu Mureș]]) granted Tanenbaum the Doctor Honoris Causa (honorary doctorate) title for his work in the field of computer science and achievements in education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Doctorate |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/prizes/honorary-doctorate-2 |access-date=January 23, 2025 |website=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Andrew S. Tanenbaum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408071647/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/minix Minix Article in Free Software Magazine] contains an interview with Andrew Tanenbaum
* {{Google scholar id}}
* [https://archive.org/details/@eddygra/lists/5/operating-systems Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine] DYNAMIX, used to demonstrate the internals of MINIX 1.3

{{IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American technology writers]]
[[Category:Computer systems researchers]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:1996 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Free software programmers]]
[[Category:Kernel programmers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Minix]]
[[Category:Scientists from New York City]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Information technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Computer science educators]]
[[Category:Jewish American academics]]
[[Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:European Research Council grantees]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:American emigrants to the Netherlands]]