Editing Andrew Geddes Bain

{{Short description|Cape Colony explorer, geologist, and engineer}}
{{Use South African English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2013}}

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| birth_place      = [[Thurso]], [[Scotland]]
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'''Andrew Geddes Bain''' (baptised 11 June 1797 – 20 October 1864), was a Cape Colony geologist, road engineer, palaeontologist and explorer.

==Life history==
[[File:Andrew Geddes Bain01.jpg|thumb|Andrew Geddes Bain|left]]
The only child of Alexander Bain and Jean Geddes, both of whom died when Bain was still a young boy, Bain was baptised 11 June 1797 in [[Thurso]], Scotland. He was raised by an aunt who lived near [[Edinburgh]]. Here he received a classical education, but no vocational training. In 1816 he emigrated to Cape Town accompanied by his uncle Lieutenant Colonel William Geddes of the 83rd Regiment, who was stationed in the Cape. He married Maria Elizabeth von Backstrom on 16 November 1818 and had 3 sons and 7 daughters. In 1822 he bought property in [[Graaff Reinet]] and carried on for some years the business of a saddler. In 1825 he accompanied John Burner Biddulph on a trading expedition to [[Kuruman]], the mission outpost on the edge of the Kalahari and home of Dr. [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] (father-in-law of [[David Livingstone]]). They explored further north and reached Dithubaruba in [[Bechuanaland]], becoming the first recorded Europeans to return safely from so far north. In 1829 they trekked to the vicinity of present-day [[Kokstad, KwaZulu-Natal|Kokstad]]. They were forced to return by hordes of Bantu fleeing [[Dingane|Dingaan]]. During these journeys he discovered his talent for drawing and writing and became a regular correspondent for John Fairbairn's ''South African Commercial Advertiser''. Outspoken, he was sued for libel a number of times by [[Gerrit Maritz]], one of the eventual Voortrekker leaders. He was awarded a special medal in 1832 for 'gratuitously superintending the construction of Van Ryneveld's Pass, Graaff-Reinet'. In 1834 he made another trip to Bechuanaland where he lost his wagons and collection of zoological specimens during an attack by the [[Northern Ndebele people|Matabele]], caused by his [[Griqua people|Griqua]] guides' stealing some of the King's cattle. During the [[Cape Frontier Wars]] in 1833–1834 he served as captain of the Beaufort Levies raised for the defence of the frontier. He tried his hand at farming in the newly annexed Queen Adelaide Province, but lost the farm when the land was returned to the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] in 1836.  Later he was engaged to construct a military road through the [[Ecca Pass]], and displayed engineering talents which gave rise to permanent employment as surveyor of military roads under the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1836.  During this period he had a part in building the [[Fish River Bridge]], then the largest bridge in the country.  He constructed the Queen's Road from [[Grahamstown]] to [[Fort Beaufort]].  Appointed Engineering Inspector by the Cape Roads Board in 1845 he began construction at Michell's Pass near Ceres in 1848, subsequently followed on completion by Bain's Kloof Pass near Wellington in 1853. During 1853 he met with Russian novelist I. A. Goncharov, while the latter was conducting a journey to Japan on frigate Pallada. He was the first man to attempt to build a road across the [[Limiet Mountains]] into the interior for which feat he was presented with table silver and a candelabrum by grateful colonists.

Returning to the Eastern Cape in 1854, he built numerous roads and passes including the [[Katberg Pass]] near Fort Beaufort.  This occupation created an interest in geology, inspired in 1837 by a copy of [[Charles Lyell|Lyell's]] ''Elements of Geology''.  He was friendly with [[William Guybon Atherstone]], who was also a keen geologist and fossil collector and who happened to be present at the discovery of ''[[Paranthodon]] africanus'' [[Robert Broom|Broom]] at the farm Dassieklip on the [[Boesmans River (Eastern Cape)|Bushmans River]], being about half-way between Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth.  Bain discovered many fossil remains, including the herbivorous [[mammal-like reptile]] dicynodon ''[[Oudenodon]] bainii Owen'', which was excavated from the Karoo Beds on the farm Mildenhall south of [[Fort Beaufort]] and described in the literature by Sir [[Richard Owen]].  Among the specimens sent to Owen was the so-called Blinkwater monster, ''[[Pareiasaurus]] serridens'' as well as a variety of mammal-like reptiles.

He was awarded £200 by the British government in 1845 for his researches. Devoting his spare time to geological studies, Bain prepared in 1852 the first comprehensive geological map of South Africa, a work of great merit, which was published by the [[Geological Society of London]] in 1856. Sir [[Roderick Murchison]] and Sir [[Henry de la Beche]], prominent geologists of the time, both recommended Bain's appointment as Cape Geological Surveyor in 1852, but since no funds were available, nothing came of it. Bain went to [[Namaqualand]] in 1854 and reported to the Government on the copper mines there.

He was granted sick leave to visit England for a second time in 1864, where he was entertained by Sir Richard Owen of the British Museum and Sir Roderick Murchison of the [[Royal Geographical Society]], and was made an honorary member of the [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum Club]]. His health at this time deteriorated markedly and he returned to South Africa; he died in Cape Town following a heart attack on 20 October 1864. The Colonial Secretary, the Colonial Treasurer, [[Charles Davidson Bell]], the Surveyor-General and Sir [[Thomas Maclear]], her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape, were among the pallbearers.

While resident in [[Grahamstown]] he wrote some satirical sketches for local amateur dramatic entertainment and invented the character ''Caatje Kekelbek or Life Among the Hottentots'' (1838), also known as ''Kaatje Kekkelbek'' (Katie Gossip) who endeared herself forever to South Africans, and held [[John Philip (missionary)|John Philip]] and other missionaries up to ridicule. Kaatje, the Hottentot girl, uses Hottentot-Afrikaans in the spoken parts, and sings in Afrikaans-English. She comes on stage playing a Jew's-harp:

:''My name is Kaatje Kekkelbek,''
:''I come from Kat Rivier,''
:''Daar’s van water geen gebrek,''
:''But scarce of wine and beer.''
:''Myn A B C at Philip's school''
:''I learnt a kleine beetje,''
:''But left it just as great a fool''
:''As gekke Tante Meitje.''

Bain's journals were published by the Van Riebeeck Society in 1949. A memorial plaque was unveiled at the summit of Bain's Kloof Pass on 14 September 1953, and a memorial to him was erected at the top of the Ecca Pass on the Queen's Road on 7 September 1964. Bain built eight major mountain roads and passes during his career. His son [[Thomas Charles John Bain]] was also a road engineer in South Africa.

==Construction projects==
#[[Ouberg Pass|Ouberg/Oudeberg Pass]] near [[Graaff-Reinet]] 1832
#[[Van Ryneveld Pass]] near Graaff-Reinet 1830s
#[[Ecca Pass]] from [[Grahamstown]] to [[Fort Beaufort]] (The Queen's Road) 1837
#[[Michell's Pass]] near [[Ceres, Western Cape|Ceres]] through the Skurweberg, following the course of the [[Breede River]] 1846–48
#[[Bain's Kloof Pass]] near [[Wellington, South Africa|Wellington]] 1848–52
#[[Gydo Pass]] due north of Ceres up the Skurweberg
#[[Houw Hoek Pass]] from [[Elgin, Western Cape|Elgin]] to [[Botrivier]]
#[[Katberg Pass]] near Fort Beaufort 1860–64
[[File:Bain's Kloof Pass. Andrew Geddes Bain. 1797-1864. Between Wellington & Wolseley. 07.jpg|thumb|378x378px|Bainskloof Pass]]

== Bain's Cape Mountain Whisky ==
{{main|Bain's Cape Mountain Whisky}}
Distilled at the James Sedgwick distillery in&nbsp;[[Wellington, South Africa]], [[Bain's Cape Mountain Whisky]] is named after&nbsp;Bain, in honour of his construction of the [[Bainskloof Pass]]&nbsp;that connects the town of Wellington to the interior of the country in 1853.<ref name="AWI">{{cite web |title=Putting South Africa on the world whisky map |date=2016|url=https://www.thedrinksreport.com/interviews/2016/144-andy-watts.html |website=The Drinks Report}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thomas Charles John Bain]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
<!--Note: external links not used to cite specific passages in the article body should not be listed under the "References" header -->
*''The Romance of Cape Mountain Passes'' – Graham Ross (David Phillips Publishers, Cape Town) {{ISBN|978-0-86486-663-9}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bain, Andrew Geddes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111128162446/http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2009/09/bains_bidental_reptile_from_th.php Bain's "Bidental Reptile", 2009, Brian Switek]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215040/http://www.tantivvey.co.za/drives.htm Garden Route passes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094634/http://www.getawaytoafrica.com/content/magazine/features/feature.asp?id=838 Pakhuis Pass]
*[https://aplesarkar.co/pmc-bharti-2023/ Roadbuilders]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://aplesarkar.co/pmc-bharti-2023/ Civil Engineering article]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060923035827/http://www.ru.ac.za/affiliates/am/paranth.html Albany Museum pamphlet]
*[http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/download.asp?filename=1967_04_Every_Step_of_the_Way~29112004115643AM.pdf As far as the eye could see]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{s2a3 name|128}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bain, Andrew Geddes}}
[[Category:1797 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thurso]]
[[Category:Scottish explorers]]
[[Category:Scottish civil engineers]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish engineers]]
[[Category:Cape Colony army officers]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to South Africa]]
[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Cape Colony engineers]]
[[Category:South African paleontologists]]
[[Category:South African geologists]]
[[Category:South African explorers]]
[[Category:South African road engineers]]