Editing André Malraux

{{Short description|French novelist, art theorist, and statesman (1901–1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = André Malraux
| image            = André Malraux, Pic, 22.jpg
| caption          = Malraux in 1974
| birth_name       = Georges André Malraux
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1901|11|3|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Paris]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1976|11|23|1901|11|3|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Créteil]], [[French Fifth Republic|France]]
| occupation       = Author, statesman
| nationality      = 
| education        = 
| alma_mater       = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| subjects         = 
| movement         = 
| party            = [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]]<br>[[Union for the New Republic]]
| notable_works     = ''La Condition Humaine'' (''[[Man's Fate]]'') (1933)
| spouse           = [[Clara Malraux|Clara Goldschmidt]]<br/>[[Madeleine Malraux|Marie-Madeleine Lioux]]
| partner          = Josette Clotis<br/>[[Louise de Vilmorin]]
| children         = Florence<br/>Pierre-Gauthier<br/>Vincent
| relatives        = 
| awards           = [[Prix Goncourt]]
| influences       = 
| signature        = 
}}
{{French literature sidebar}}
{{Conservatism in France|Intellectuals}}
'''Georges André Malraux''' ({{IPAc-en|m|æ|l|ˈ|r|oʊ}} {{respell|mal|ROH}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Malraux}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ ɑ̃dʁe malʁo|lang}}; 3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976) was a French novelist, art theorist, and [[Minister of Culture (France)|minister of cultural affairs]]. Malraux's novel ''La Condition Humaine'' (''[[Man's Fate]]'') (1933) won the [[Prix Goncourt]]. He was appointed by President [[Charles de Gaulle]] as information minister (1945–46) and subsequently as France's first cultural affairs minister during de Gaulle's presidency (1959–1969).

==Early years==
Malraux was born in Paris in 1901, the son of Fernand-Georges Malraux (1875–1930) and Berthe Félicie Lamy (1877–1932). His parents separated in 1905 and eventually divorced. There are suggestions that Malraux's paternal grandfather committed suicide in 1909.<ref name=MalrauxWebsite>[http://www.malraux.org/index.php/biographie/biodetaillee.html "Biographie détaillée"] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110505042043/http://www.malraux.org/index.php/biographie/biodetaillee.html |date= 5 May 2011}}, André Malraux Website, accessed 3 September 2010</ref>

Malraux was raised by his mother, his maternal aunt Marie Lamy and his maternal grandmother, Adrienne Lamy (née Romagna), who had a grocery store in the small town of [[Bondy]] (Seine-Saint-Denis).<ref name=MalrauxWebsite/><ref>Cate, p. 4</ref> His father, a stockbroker, died by suicide in 1930 after the international [[Stock market crash| crash of the stock market]] and onset of the [[Great Depression]].<ref>Cate, p. 153</ref> 

From his childhood, associates noticed that André had marked nervousness and motor and vocal tics. The recent biographer Olivier Todd, who published a book on Malraux in 2005, suggests that he had [[Tourette syndrome]], although that has not been confirmed.<ref name=Knorr>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/31/style/31iht-malraux_ed3_.html?pagewanted=1| title= Andre Malraux, the Great Pretender| author= Katherine Knorr | date= 31 May 2001| work= The New York Times}}</ref> The young Malraux left formal education early, but he followed his curiosity through the booksellers and museums in Paris, and explored the city's rich libraries as well.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Banteay Srei - Cambodia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Banteay Srei]] temple was the subject of a celebrated case of [[art theft]] when André Malraux stole four images of [[devata]]s in 1923 (he was soon arrested and the figures returned).]] 
[[File:André Malraux 1933.jpg|thumb|left|André Malraux in 1933]]

==Career==

===Early years===
Malraux's first published work, an article entitled "The Origins of Cubist Poetry", appeared in [[Florent Fels]]' magazine ''Action'' in 1920. This was followed in 1921 by three semi-surrealist tales, one of which, "Paper Moons", was illustrated by [[Fernand Léger]]. Malraux also frequented the Parisian artistic and literary milieux of the period, meeting figures such as [[Demetrios Galanis]], [[Max Jacob]], [[François Mauriac]], [[Guy de Pourtalès]], [[André Salmon]], [[Jean Cocteau]], [[Raymond Radiguet]], [[Florent Fels]], [[Pascal Pia]], [[Marcel Arland]], [[Edmond Jaloux]], and [[Pierre Mac Orlan]].<ref>[http://www.malraux.org/index.php/biographie/biodetaillee.html Biographie détaillée] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505042043/http://www.malraux.org/index.php/biographie/biodetaillee.html |date=5 May 2011 }}. Malraux.org. Retrieved on 1 August 2014.</ref> In 1922, Malraux married [[Clara Malraux|Clara Goldschmidt]]. Malraux and his first wife separated in 1938 but did not divorce until 1947. His daughter from this marriage, Florence (b. 1933), married the filmmaker [[Alain Resnais]].<ref>Cate, pp. 388–389</ref> By the age of twenty, Malraux was reading the work of the German philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] who was to remain a major influence on him for the rest of his life.<ref name="Batchelor pages 218-229">Batchelor, R "The Presence of Nietzsche in André Malraux" pages 218-229 from ''Journal of European Studies'', Issue 3, 1973 page 218.</ref> Malraux was especially impressed with Nietzsche's theory of a world in continuous turmoil and his statement "that the individual himself is still the most recent creation" who was completely responsible for all of his actions.<ref name="Batchelor pages 218-229"/> Most of all, Malraux embraced Nietzsche's theory of the ''[[Übermensch]]'', the heroic, exalted man who would create great works of art and whose will would allow him to triumph over anything.<ref>Batchelor, R "The Presence of Nietzsche in André Malraux" pages 218-229 from ''Journal of European Studies'', Issue 3, 1973 page 219.</ref>

===Indochina===
[[T. E. Lawrence]], aka "Lawrence of Arabia", has a reputation in France as the man who was supposedly responsible for France's troubles in Syria in the 1920s. An exception was Malraux who regarded Lawrence as a role model, the intellectual-cum-man-of-action and the romantic, enigmatic hero.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from page 218.</ref> Malraux often admitted to having a "certain fascination" with Lawrence, and it has been suggested that Malraux's sudden decision to abandon the Surrealist literary scene in Paris for adventure in the Far East was prompted by a desire to emulate Lawrence who began his career as an archaeologist in the Ottoman Empire excavating the ruins of the ancient city of [[Carchemish]] in the ''vilayet'' of Aleppo in what is now modern Syria.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from pages 218-219.</ref> As Lawrence had first made his reputation in the Near East digging up the ruins of an ancient civilization, it was only natural that Malraux should go to the Far East to likewise make his reputation in Asia digging up ancient ruins.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from page 219.</ref> Lawrence considered himself a writer first and foremost while also presenting himself as a man of action, the ''Nietzschean'' hero who triumphs over both the environment and men through the force of his will, a persona that Malraux consciously imitated.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from pages 219-220.</ref> Malraux often wrote about Lawrence, whom he described admiringly as a man with a need for "the absolute", for whom no compromises were possible and for whom going all the way was the only way.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from pages 222-223.</ref> Along the same lines, Malraux argued that Lawrence should not be remembered mainly as a guerrilla leader in the Arab Revolt and the British liaison officer with the Emir Faisal, but rather as a romantic, lyrical writer as writing was Lawrence's first passion, which also described Malraux very well.<ref name="Roak pages 218-224">Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from page 223.</ref> Although Malraux courted fame through his novels, poems and essays on art in combination with his adventures and political activism, he was an intensely shy and private man who kept to himself, maintaining a distance between himself and others.<ref name="Langlois 1976 pages 683-687">Langlois, Walter "André Malraux (1901–1976)" pages 683-687 from ''The French Review'', Vol. 50, No. 5, April 1977 page 685.</ref> Malraux's reticence led his first wife Clara to later say she barely knew him during their marriage.<ref name="Langlois 1976 pages 683-687"/>

In 1923, aged 22, Malraux and Clara left for the [[French Protectorate of Cambodia]].<ref>Cate, pp. 53–58</ref> [[Angkor Wat]] is a huge 12th century temple situated in the old capital of the [[Khmer Empire]]. Angkor ([[Yasodharapura]]) was "the world's largest urban settlement" in the 11th and 12th centuries supported by an elaborate network of canals and roads across mainland Southeast Asia before decaying and falling into the jungle.<ref>{{cite news
  | title= Buried Treasure
  | newspaper = The Economist 
  | date=18 June 2015| url = https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21700614-buried-treasure
  | access-date = 25 October 2016}}</ref> The discovery of the ruins of Angkor Wat by Westerners (the Khmers had never fully abandoned the temples of Angkor) in the jungle by the French explorer [[Henri Mouhot]] in 1861 had given Cambodia a romantic reputation in France, as the home of the vast, mysterious ruins of the Khmer empire. Upon reaching Cambodia, Malraux, Clara and friend Louis Chevasson undertook an expedition into unexplored areas of the former imperial settlements in search of hidden temples, hoping to find artifacts and items that could be sold to art collectors and museums. At about the same time archaeologists, with the approval of the French government, were removing large numbers of items from Angkor - many of which are now housed in the [[Guimet Museum]] in Paris. On his return, Malraux was arrested and charged by French colonial authorities for removing a ''[[bas-relief]]'' from the exquisite ''[[Banteay Srei]]'' temple. Although he was guilty, his arrest and imprisonment were deemed inappropriate – for the crime was of no consequence. Clara, his wife, started a campaign for his acquittal and a number of notable arts and literary figures signed a petition defending Malraux: among them were [[François Mauriac]], [[André Breton]] and [[André Gide]]. Malraux had his sentence reduced to a year, and then suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/the-many-lives-of-andre-malraux/|title=The many lives of André Malraux|first=Emilie|last=Bickerton|date=August 26, 2017|website=Apollo, the International Art Magazine}}</ref>

Malraux's experiences in [[French Indochina|Indochina]] led him to become highly critical of the French colonial authorities there. In 1925, with Paul Monin,<ref>Yves Le Jariel, L'ami oublié de Malraux en Indochine, Paul Monin (1890–1929)</ref> a progressive lawyer, he helped to organize the [[Young Annam League]] and founded a newspaper ''[[L'Indochine]]'' to champion Vietnamese independence.<ref>Cate, pp. 86–96</ref> After falling foul of the French authorities, Malraux claimed to have crossed over to China where he was involved with the [[Kuomintang]] and their then allies, the Chinese Communists, in their struggle against the warlords in the Great Northern Expedition before they turned on each other in 1927, which marked the beginning of the Chinese Civil War that was to last on and off until 1949.<ref>Roak, Denis "Malraux and T. E. Lawrence" pages 218-224 from ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 61, No. 2, April 1966 from page 220.</ref> In fact, Malraux did not first visit China until 1931 and he did not see the bloody suppression of the Chinese Communists by the Kuomintang in 1927 first-hand as he often implied that he did, although he did do much reading on the subject.<ref>Xu, Anne Lijing ''The Sublime Writer and the Lure of Action: Malraux, Brecht, and Lu Xun on China and Beyond'', New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007 page 12.</ref>

===Asian novels===
On his return to France, Malraux published ''[[The Temptation of the West]]'' (1926). The work was in the form of an exchange of letters between a Westerner and an Asian, comparing aspects of the two cultures. This was followed by his first novel ''The Conquerors'' (1928), and then by ''The Royal Way'' (1930) which reflected some of his Cambodian experiences.<ref>Cate, p. 159</ref> The American literary critic Dennis Roak described ''Les Conquérants'' as influenced by ''The [[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'' as it was narrated in the present tense "...with its staccato snatches of dialogue and the images of sound and sight, light and darkness, which create a compellingly haunting atmosphere."<ref name="Roak pages 218-224"/> ''The Conquerors'' was set in the summer of 1925 against the backdrop of the general strike called by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang in Hong Kong and Canton, the novel concerns political intrigue amongst the "anti-imperialist" camp.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 45">Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 45.</ref> The novel is narrated by an unnamed Frenchman who travels from Saigon to Hong Kong to Canton to meet an old friend named Garine who is a professional revolutionary working with [[Mikhail Borodin]], who in real life was the Comintern's principal agent in China.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 45"/> The novel alternates between depictions of Chinese nationalist militancy and British imperial anxieties.<ref name=":172">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK |pages=50}}</ref> The Kuomintang are depicted rather unflatteringly as conservative Chinese nationalists uninterested in social reform, another faction is led by Hong, a Chinese assassin committed to revolutionary violence for the sake of violence, and only the Communists are portrayed relatively favorably.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 46">Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 46.</ref> Much of the dramatic tension between the novel concerns a three-way struggle between the hero, Garine and Borodin who is only interested in using the revolution in China to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 46"/> The fact that the European characters are considerably better drawn than the Asian characters reflected Malraux's understanding of China at the time as more of an exotic place where Europeans played out their own dramas rather than a place to be understood in its own right. Initially, Malraux's writings on Asia reflected the influence of [[Orientalism]] presenting the Far East as strange, exotic, decadent, mysterious, sensuous and violent, but Malraux's picture of China grew somewhat more humanized and understanding as Malraux disregarded his Orientalist and Eurocentric viewpoint in favor of one that presented the Chinese as fellow human beings.<ref>Xu, Anne Lijing ''The Sublime Writer and the Lure of Action: Malraux, Brecht, and Lu Xun on China and Beyond'', New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007 pages 11 & 13.</ref>

The second of Malraux's Asian novels was the semi-autobiographical [[The Royal Way|''La Voie Royale'']] which relates the adventures of a Frenchman Claude Vannec who together with his Danish friend Perken head down the royal road of the title into the jungle of [[Cambodia]] with the intention of stealing bas-relief sculptures from the ruins of Hindu temples.<ref>Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 69.</ref> After many perilous adventures, Vannec and Perken are captured by hostile tribesmen and find an old friend of Perken's, Grabot, who had already been captured for some time.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 70">Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 70.</ref> Grabot, a deserter from the French Foreign Legion had been reduced to nothing as his captors blinded him and left him tied to a stake starving, a stark picture of human degradation.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 70"/> The three Europeans escape, but Perken is wounded and dies of an infection.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 70"/> Through ostensibly an adventure novel, ''La Voie Royale'' is in fact a philosophical novel concerned with existential questions about the meaning of life.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 70"/> The book was a failure at the time as the publishers marketed it as a stirring adventure story set in far-off, exotic, Cambodia which confused many readers who, instead, found a novel pondering deep philosophical questions.<ref>Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 71.</ref>

In his Asian novels Malraux used Asia as a stick to beat Europe with as he argued that after World War I the ideal of progress of a Europe getting better and better for the general advancement of humanity was dead.<ref name="Hérubel pages 556-575">Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 page 561</ref> As such, Malraux now argued that European civilization was faced with a ''Nietzschean'' void, a twilight world, without God or progress, in which the old values had proven worthless and a sense of spirituality that had once existed was gone.<ref name="Hérubel pages 556-575"/> An agnostic, but an intensely spiritual man, Malraux maintained that what was needed was an "aesthetic spirituality" in which love of 'Art' and 'Civilization' would allow one to appreciate ''le sacré'' in life, a sensibility that was both tragic and awe-inspiring as one surveyed all of the cultural treasures of the world, a mystical sense of humanity's place in a universe that was as astonishingly beautiful as it was mysterious.<ref name="Hérubel pages 556-575"/> Malraux argued that as death is inevitable and in a world devoid of meaning, which thus was "absurd", only art could offer meaning in an "absurd" world.<ref name="Sypher pages 146-165">Sypher, Wylie "Aesthetic of Doom: Malraux" pages 146-165 from ''Salmagundi'', No. 68/69, Fall 1985-Winter 1986 page 148.</ref> Malraux argued that art transcended time as art allowed one to connect with the past, and the very act of appreciating art was itself an act of art as the love of art was part of a continuation of endless artistic metamorphosis that constantly created something new.<ref name="Sypher pages 146-165"/> Malraux argued that as different types of art went in and out of style, the revival of a style was a metamorphosis as art could never be appreciated in exactly the same way as it was in the past.<ref name="Sypher pages 146-165"/> As art was timeless, it conquered time and death as artworks lived on after the death of the artist.<ref name="Sypher pages 146-165"/> The American literary critic Jean-Pierre Hérubel wrote that Malraux never entirely worked out a coherent philosophy as his mystical ''Weltanschauung'' (world view) was based more upon emotion than logic.<ref name="Hérubel pages 556-575"/> In Malraux's viewpoint, of all the professions, the artist was the most important as artists were the explorers and voyagers of the human spirit, as artistic creation was the highest form of human achievement for only art could illustrate humanity's relationship with the universe. As Malraux wrote, "there is something far greater than history and it is the persistence of genius".<ref name="Hérubel pages 556-575"/> Hérubel argued that it is fruitless to attempt to criticize Malraux for his lack of methodological consistency as Malraux cultivated a poetical sensibility, a certain lyrical style, that appealed more to the heart than to the brain.<ref name="ReferenceA">Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 page 562</ref> Malraux was a proud Frenchman, but he also saw himself as a citizen of the world, a man who loved the cultural achievements of all of the civilizations across the globe.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> At the same time, Malraux criticized those intellectuals who wanted to retreat into the ivory tower, instead arguing that it was the duty of intellectuals to participate and fight (both metaphorically and literally) in the great political causes of the day, that the only truly great causes were the ones that one was willing to die for.<ref name="Langlois 1976 pages 683-687"/>

In 1933 Malraux published ''[[Man's Fate]]'' (''La Condition Humaine''), a novel about the 1927 [[Shanghai massacre of 1927|failed Communist rebellion in Shanghai]]. Despite Malraux's attempts to present his Chinese characters as more three dimensional and developed than he did in ''Les Conquérants'', his biographer Oliver Todd wrote he could not "quite break clear of a conventional idea of China with coolies, bamboo shoots, opium smokers, destitutes, and prostitutes", which were the standard French stereotypes of China at the time.<ref>Todd, Oliver ''Malraux: A Life'', New York: Alfred Knopf, 2005 page 110.</ref> The work was awarded the 1933 [[Prix Goncourt]].<ref>Cate, pp. 170–181</ref> After the breakdown of his marriage with Clara, Malraux lived with journalist and novelist [[Josette Clotis]], starting in 1933. Malraux and Josette had two sons: Pierre-Gauthier (1940–1961) and Vincent (1943–1961). During 1944, while Malraux was fighting in [[Alsace]], Josette died, aged 34, when she slipped while boarding a train. His two sons died together in 1961 in an automobile accident. The car they were driving had been given them by Vincent's girlfriend, the wealthy Clara Saint.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Petkanas|title=Loulou & Yves: The Untold Story of Loulou de La Falaise and the House of Saint Laurent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xh83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT223|date=17 April 2018|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-250-16142-0|pages=223–}}</ref>

===Searching for lost cities===
On 22 February 1934, Malraux together with [[Édouard Corniglion-Molinier]] embarked on a much publicized expedition to find the lost capital of the [[Queen of Sheba]] mentioned in the Old Testament.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 118">Harris, Geoffrey ''André Malraux: A Reassessment'', London: Macmillan 1995 page 118.</ref> Saudi Arabia and Yemen were both remote, dangerous places that few Westerners visited at the time, and what made the expedition especially dangerous was while Malraux was searching for the lost cities of Sheba, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen, and the ensuing Saudi–Yemeni war greatly complicated Malraux's search.<ref>Langlois, Walter ''In search of Sheba: an Arabian adventure : André Malraux and Edouard Corniglon-Molinier, Yemen, 1934'' Knoxville: Malraux Society, 2006 pages 267-269</ref> After several weeks of flying over the deserts in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Malraux returned to France to announce that the ruins he found up in the mountains of Yemen were the capital of the Queen of Sheba.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 118"/> Though Malraux's claim is not generally accepted by archeologists, the expedition bolstered Malraux's fame and provided the material for several of his later essays.<ref name="Harris, Geoffrey page 118"/>

===Spanish Civil War===
During the 1930s, Malraux was active in the anti-fascist [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] in France. At the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]] he joined the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] forces in Spain, serving in and helping to organize the small Spanish Republican Air Force.<ref>Cate, pp. 228–242</ref> Curtis Cate, one of his biographers, writes that Malraux was slightly wounded twice during efforts to stop the Battle of [[Madrid]] in 1936 as the Spanish Nationalists attempted to take Madrid, but the historian [[Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton|Hugh Thomas]] argues otherwise.

The French government sent aircraft to Republican forces in Spain, but they were obsolete by the standards of 1936. They were mainly [[Potez 540]] bombers and [[Dewoitine D.372]] fighters. The slow Potez 540 rarely survived three months of air missions, flying at 160 knots against enemy fighters flying at more than 250 knots. Few of the fighters proved to be airworthy, and they were delivered intentionally without guns or [[sight (device)|gunsights]]. The Ministry of Defense of France had feared that modern types of planes would easily be captured by the German [[Condor Legion]] fighting with General [[Francisco Franco]], and the lesser models were a way of maintaining official "neutrality".<ref>Cate, p. 235</ref> The planes were surpassed by more modern types introduced by the end of 1936 on both sides.

The Republic circulated photos of Malraux standing next to some Potez 540 bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at a time when France and the United Kingdom had officially declared neutrality. But Malraux's commitment to the Republicans was personal, like that of many other foreign volunteers, and there was never any suggestion that he was there at the behest of the French Government. Malraux himself was not a pilot, and never claimed to be one, but his leadership qualities seem to have been recognized because he was made Squadron Leader of the 'España' squadron. Acutely aware of the Republicans' inferior armaments, of which outdated aircraft were just one example, he toured the United States to raise funds for the cause. In 1937 he published ''[[Man's Hope|L'Espoir]]'' (Man's Hope), a novel influenced by his Spanish war experiences.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n15/john-sturrock/the-man-from-nowhere| title=The Man from Nowhere| author=John Sturrock| work=The London Review of Books| volume= 23| number= 15 | date= 9 August 2001 }}</ref> In July 1937 he attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals to the war, held in [[Valencia]], [[Barcelona]] and [[Madrid]] and attended by many writers including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Pablo Neruda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=The Spanish Civil War |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-01161-5 |page=678 |edition=50th Anniversary}}</ref>

Malraux's participation in major historical events such as the Spanish Civil War inevitably brought him determined adversaries as well as strong supporters, and the resulting polarization of opinion has colored, and rendered questionable, much that has been written about his life. Fellow combatants praised Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie<ref>Derek Allan, ''Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art'' (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009). pp. 25–27.</ref> While [[André Marty]] of the [[Comintern]] called him as an "adventurer" for his high profile and demands on the Spanish Republican government.<ref name="Beevor, p. 140">Beevor, p. 140</ref> The British historian [[Antony Beevor]] also claims that "Malraux stands out, not just because he was a mythomaniac in his claims of martial heroism – in Spain and later in the French Resistance – but because he cynically exploited the opportunity for intellectual heroism in the legend of the Spanish Republic."<ref name="Beevor, p. 140"/>

In any case, Malraux's participation in events such as the Spanish Civil War has tended to distract attention from his important literary achievement. Malraux saw himself first and foremost as a writer and thinker (and not a "man of action" as biographers so often portray him) but his extremely eventful life – a far cry from the stereotype of the French intellectual confined to his study or a Left Bank café – has tended to obscure this fact. As a result, his literary works, including his important works on the theory of art, have received less attention than one might expect, especially in Anglophone countries.<ref>Derek Allan, ''Art and the Human Adventure, André Malraux's Theory of Art'' (Rodopi, 2009)</ref>

===World War II===
At the beginning of the [[Second World War]], Malraux joined the [[French Army]]. He was captured in 1940 during the [[Battle of France]] but escaped and later joined the [[French Resistance]].<ref>Cate, pp. 278–287</ref> In 1944, he was captured by the [[Gestapo]].<ref>Cate, pp. 328–332</ref> Detained in the [[Saint-Michel prison (Toulouse)|Saint-Michel prison]], he narrowly escaped deportation thanks to the liberation of [[Toulouse]] by Allied forces on August 19, 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=PHOTOS. De la résistance aux mangas : la prison Saint-Michel de Toulouse, un lieu de mémoire réinventé |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/photos-de-la-resistance-aux-mangas-la-prison-saint-michel-de-toulouse-un-lieu-de-memoire-reinvente-3018755.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=France 3 Occitanie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> He later commanded the [[Brigade Alsace-Lorraine]] in defence of [[Strasbourg]] and in the attack on [[Stuttgart]].<ref>Cate, pp. 340–349</ref>

André's half-brother, Claude, a [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) agent, was also captured by the Germans, and executed at [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]] in 1944.<ref name=SOE-CLAUDE>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-26 |title=SOE - Malraux, Claude Raymond |url=https://www.specialforcesroh.com/index.php?threads/malraux-claude-raymond.4068/ |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialforcesroh.com%2Fshowthread.php%3F4068-Malraux-Claude-Raymond%26highlight%3DClaude%2BMalraux |archive-date=2019-07-01 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Special Forces Roll Of Honour |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Otto Abetz]] was the German Ambassador, and produced a series of "black lists" of authors forbidden to be read, circulated or sold in Nazi occupied France. These included anything written by a Jew, a communist, an Anglo-Saxon or anyone else who was anti-Germanic or anti-fascist. [[Louis Aragon]] and André Malraux were both on these "Otto Lists" of forbidden authors.<ref>Moorehead, Caroline. 2011. A Train in Winter. Pages 21-22.</ref>

After the war, Malraux was awarded the ''[[Médaille de la Résistance]]'' and the {{lang|fr|[[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]]}}. The British awarded him the [[Distinguished Service Order]], for his work with British liaison officers in [[Corrèze]], Dordogne and [[Lot (department)|Lot]]. After Dordogne was liberated, Malraux led a battalion of former resistance fighters to [[Alsace-Lorraine]], where they fought alongside the [[First Army (France)|First Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7792088|title=Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Malraux, Andre|work=DocumentsOnline|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|format=fee usually required to view full pdf of original recommendation|access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

During the war, he worked on his last novel, ''The Struggle with the Angel'', the title drawn from the story of the Biblical [[Jacob]]. The manuscript was destroyed by the Gestapo after his capture in 1944. A surviving first section, titled ''The Walnut Trees of Altenburg'', was published after the war.

===After the war===
[[File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png|thumb|U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, U.S. First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], and U.S. Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] at an unveiling of the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' at the [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C. Mrs. Kennedy described Malraux as "the most fascinating man I've ever talked to".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/us/12jackie.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&hp | work=The New York Times | first=Janny | last=Scott | title=In Oral History, Jacqueline Kennedy Speaks Candidly After the Assassination | date=11 September 2011}}</ref>]]

Shortly after the war, General [[Charles de Gaulle]] appointed Malraux as his Minister for Information (1945–1946). Soon after, he completed his first book on art, ''The Psychology of Art'', published in three volumes (1947–1949). The work was subsequently revised and republished in one volume as ''The Voices of Silence'' (''Les Voix du Silence''), the first part of which has been published separately as ''The Museum without Walls''. Other important works on the theory of art were to follow. These included the three-volume ''Metamorphosis of the Gods'' and ''Precarious Man and Literature'', the latter published posthumously in 1977. In 1948, Malraux married a second time, to [[Madeleine Malraux|Marie-Madeleine Lioux]], a concert pianist and the widow of his half-brother, Roland Malraux. They separated in 1966. Subsequently, Malraux lived with [[Louise de Vilmorin]] in the Vilmorin family château at Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, a suburb southwest of Paris. Vilmorin was best known as a writer of delicate but mordant tales, often set in aristocratic or artistic milieu. Her most famous novel was ''Madame de...'', published in 1951, which was adapted into the celebrated film ''[[The Earrings of Madame de...]]'' (1953), directed by Max Ophüls and starring Charles Boyer, Danielle Darrieux and Vittorio de Sica. Vilmorin's other works included ''Juliette'', ''La lettre dans un taxi'', ''Les belles amours'', ''Saintes-Unefois'', and ''Intimités''. Her letters to Jean Cocteau were published after the death of both correspondents. After Louise's death, Malraux spent his final years with her relative, Sophie de Vilmorin.

In 1957, Malraux published the first volume of his trilogy on art entitled ''The Metamorphosis of the Gods''. The second two volumes (not yet translated into English) were published shortly before he died in 1976. They are entitled ''L'Irréel'' and ''L'Intemporel'' and discuss artistic developments from the Renaissance to modern times. Malraux also initiated the series ''[[Arts of Mankind]]'', an ambitious survey of world art that generated more than thirty large, illustrated volumes.

When de Gaulle returned to the French presidency in 1958, Malraux became France's first [[Minister of Culture (France)|Minister of Cultural Affairs]], a post he held from 1958 to 1969. On 7 February 1962, Malraux was the target of an assassination attempt by the ''[[Organisation armée secrète]]'' (OAS), which set off a bomb to his apartment building that failed to kill its intended target, but did leave a four-year-old girl who was living in the adjoining apartment blinded by the shrapnel.<ref>Shepard, Todd ''The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008 page 183.</ref> Ironically, Malraux was a lukewarm supporter of de Gaulle's decision to grant [[Évian Accords|independence to Algeria]], but the OAS was not aware of this, and had decided to assassinate Malraux as a high-profile minister.

On 23 May 1961, André Malraux's two sons, Gauthier and Vincent, were killed in a car accident.

Among many initiatives, Malraux launched an innovative (and subsequently widely imitated) program to clean the blackened façades of notable French buildings, revealing the natural stone underneath.<ref>Chilvers, Ian.  Entry for AM in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art'' (Oxford, 2004). Accessed on 6/28/11 at: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Andre_Malraux.aspx#4</ref> He also created a number of ''maisons de la culture'' in provincial cities and worked to preserve France's national heritage by promoting [[industrial archaeology]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 page 557</ref> An intellectual who took the arts very seriously, Malraux saw his mission as Culture Minister to preserve France's heritage and to improve the cultural levels of the masses.<ref>Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 pages 556-557</ref> Malraux's efforts to promote French culture mostly concerned renewing old or building new libraries, art galleries, museums, theatres, opera houses, and ''maisons de la culture'' (centres built in provincial cities that were a mixture of a library, art gallery and theatre).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In 1964 he created the [[Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel]] to record all goods based on archival sources created by human kind throughout France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/en/Documentation-space/General-inventory-of-cultural-heritage|title=General inventory of cultural heritage|website=www.culture.gouv.fr}}</ref> Film, television and music took less of Malraux's time, and the changing demographics caused by immigration from the Third World stymied his efforts to promote French high culture, as many immigrants from Muslim and African nations did not find French high culture that compelling.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> A passionate bibliophile, Malraux built up a huge collection of books both as a cultural minister for the nation and as a man for himself.<ref>Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 page 558</ref>

Malraux was an outspoken supporter of the Bangladesh liberation movement during the 1971 [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]] and despite his age seriously considered joining the struggle. When [[Indira Gandhi]] came to Paris in November 1971, there was extensive discussion between them about the situation in Bangladesh.
During this post-war period, Malraux published a series of semi-autobiographical works, the first entitled ''Antimémoires'' (1967). A later volume in the series, ''Lazarus'', is a reflection on death occasioned by his experiences during a serious illness. ''La Tête d'obsidienne'' (1974) (translated as ''Picasso's Mask'') concerns Picasso, and visual art more generally. In his last book, published posthumously in 1977, ''L'Homme précaire et la littérature'', Malraux propounded the theory that there was a ''bibliothèque imaginaire'' where writers created works that influenced subsequent writers much as painters learned their craft by studying the old masters; once they have understood the work of the old masters, writers would sally forth with the knowledge gained to create new works that added to the growing and never-ending ''bibliothèque imaginaire''.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> (See also [[musée imaginaire]]). An elitist who appreciated what he saw as the high culture of all the nations of the world, Malraux was especially interested in art history and archaeology, and saw his duty as a writer to share what he knew with ordinary people.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> An aesthete, Malraux believed that art was spiritually enriching and necessary for humanity.<ref>Hérubel, Jean-Pierre "André Malraux and the French Ministry of Cultural Affairs: A Bibliographic Essay" pages 556-575 from ''Libraries & Culture'', Vol. 35, No. 4 Fall 2000 pages 557-558</ref>

Malraux was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] on 32 occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5850 |archive-url =https://archive.today/20141126134058/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5850 |archive-date =26 November 2014 |title=André Malraux - Nominations |date=April 2020 |publisher=nobelprize.org}}</ref> He was an annual contender for the prize in the 1950s and 1960s, but was never awarded. In 1969 he was the main candidate considered for the prize along with [[Samuel Beckett]]. His candidacy was supported by some members of the Nobel committee, but was rejected for political reasons by another member, and the [[Swedish Academy]] ultimately decided that Beckett should be awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svenskaakademien.se/kaj-schueler-om-1969-ars-nobelpris |title=Kaj Schueler om 1969 års Nobelpris |publisher=Svenska Akademien |lang=Swedish }}</ref>

===Death===

Malraux died in [[Créteil]], near Paris, on 23 November 1976 from a [[lung embolism]]. He was a heavy smoker and had cancer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/24/archives/andre-malraux-75-dies-in-paris-writer-war-hero-de-gaulle-aide-andre.html|title = Andre Malraux, 75, Dies in Paris; Writer, War Hero, de Gaulle Aide|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 24 November 1976}}</ref> He was cremated and his ashes buried in the [[Verrières-le-Buisson]] (Essonne) cemetery. In recognition of his contributions to French culture, his ashes were moved to the [[Panthéon, Paris|Panthéon]] in Paris during 1996, on the twentieth anniversary of his death.

===Legacy and honours===
[[File:André Malraux, 1974, photo42.jpg|thumb|André Malraux in 1974]]
*1933, [[Prix Goncourt]]
*[[Médaille de la Résistance]]
*[[Croix de Guerre]]
*[[Distinguished Service Order]] (United Kingdom)
* 1959, [[honorary doctorate]], [[University of São Paulo]]<ref>[http://biton.uspnet.usp.br/secretaria/wp-content/uploads/honoris1954a19622.pdf Honorary Doctorates between the decades of 1950s and 1960s from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil]</ref>
*Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding, 1974 (India)

There is a large body of critical commentary on Malraux's literary ''œuvre'', including his extensive writings on art. However, some of his works, including the last two volumes of ''The Metamorphosis of the Gods'' (''L'Irréel'' and ''L'Intemporel''), are not yet available in English translation. Malraux's works on the theory of art contain a revolutionary approach to art that challenges the Enlightenment tradition that treats art simply as a source of "aesthetic pleasure". However, as French writer [[André Brincourt]] has commented, Malraux's books on art have been "skimmed a lot but very little read"<ref>Derek Allan, Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009, p. 21</ref> (this is especially true in Anglophone countries) and the radical implications of his thinking are often missed. A particularly important aspect of Malraux's thinking about art is his explanation of the capacity of art to transcend time. In contrast to the traditional notion that art endures because it is timeless ("eternal"), Malraux argues that art lives on through metamorphosis – a process of resuscitation (where the work had fallen into obscurity) and transformation in meaning.<ref>Derek Allan. [http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/Art-and-Time1-4438-4400-4.htm ''Art and Time''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318222226/http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/Art-and-Time1-4438-4400-4.htm |date=18 March 2013 }}, Cambridge Scholars: 2013</ref> This idea has also been extended into scholarship about the function of image datasets in art history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malevé |first=Nicolas |date=2021-12-01 |title=On the data set's ruins |journal=AI & Society |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1117–1131 |doi=10.1007/s00146-020-01093-w |s2cid=228883701 |issn=1435-5655|doi-access=free }}</ref>

*1968, an international Malraux Society was founded in the United States. It produces the journal ''Revue André Malraux Review'', Michel Lantelme, editor, at [[University of Oklahoma]].<ref>[http://www.revueandremalraux.com ''Revue André Malraux Review'']. Revueandremalraux.com. Retrieved on 1 August 2014.</ref>
*Another international Malraux association, the ''Amitiés internationales André Malraux'', is based in Paris.
*A French-language website, ''Site littéraire André Malraux'', offers research, information, and critical commentary about Malraux's works.<ref>[http://www.malraux.org/ Site littéraire André Malraux]. Malraux.org. Retrieved on 1 August 2014.</ref>
*A quote from Malraux's ''Antimémoires'' is included in the original 1997 English translation of ''[[Castlevania: Symphony of the Night]]''. The quote, "What is a man? A miserable little pile of secrets" is part of a monologue early in the game between [[List of Castlevania characters#Richter Belmont|Richter]] and [[Dracula (Castlevania)|Dracula]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://legendsoflocalization.com/lets-investigate-a-miserable-pile-of-secrets/  |title=How Symphony of the Night's "Miserable Pile of Secrets" Scene Works in Japanese |last=Mandelin |first=Clyde |author-link=Clyde Mandelin |date=8 June 2013 |website=Legends of Localization |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Blaustein |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Blaustein |date=18 July 2019 |title=The bizarre, true story of Metal Gear Solid's English translation |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/18/20696081/metal-gear-solid-translation-japanese-english-jeremy-blaustein |work=Polygon |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref><!-- It's likely that most English-language readers know Malraux from this rather than his books.-->
*One of the primary "feeder" schools of the [[Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle]] in [[London]] is named in honour of André Malraux.

==Bibliography==
* ''Lunes en Papier'', 1923 (''[[Paper Moons]]'', 2005)
* ''La Tentation de l'Occident'', 1926 (''[[The Temptation of the West]]'', 1926)
* ''Royaume-Farfelu'', 1928 (''[[The Kingdom of Farfelu]]'', 2005)
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1n2P_-MEYC&q=malraux| title=Les Conquérants (The Conquerors) | year= 1928| first=André | last=Malraux | isbn=978-0-226-50290-8 | publisher=University of Chicago Press}} (reprint University of Chicago Press, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-226-50290-8}})
* ''La Voie royale'', 1930 (''[[The Royal Way]]'' or ''The Way of the Kings'', 1930)
* ''La Condition humaine'', 1933 (''[[Man's Fate]]'', 1934)
* ''Le Temps du mépris'', 1935 (''Days of Wrath'', 1935)
* ''L'Espoir'', 1937 (''[[Man's Hope]]'', 1938)
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nzrHlrufnQC&q=malraux| title=Les Noyers de l'Altenburg (The Walnut Trees of Altenburg)| year= 1948| first=André | last=Malraux | isbn=978-0-226-50289-2 | publisher=University of Chicago Press}} (reprint University of Chicago Press, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-226-50289-2}})
* ''[[La Psychologie de l'Art]]'', 1947–1949 (''The Psychology of Art'')
* ''Le Musée imaginaire de la sculpture mondiale'' (1952–54) (''The Imaginary Museum of World Sculpture'' (in three volumes))
* ''[[La Psychologie de l'Art|Les Voix du silence]]'', 1951 (''The Voices of Silence'', 1953)
* ''La Métamorphose des dieux'' (English translation: ''The Metamorphosis of the Gods'', by Stuart Gilbert, London: Secker and Warburg, 1960- .):
**Vol 1. ''Le Surnaturel'', 1957
**Vol 2. ''L'Irréel'', 1974
**Vol 3. ''L'Intemporel'', 1976
* ''[[Antimémoires]]'', 1967 (''Anti-Memoirs'', 1968 – autobiography)
* ''[[Les Chênes qu'on abat]]'', 1971 (''Felled Oaks'' or ''The Fallen Oaks'')
* ''Lazare'', 1974 (''Lazarus'', 1977)
* ''L'Homme précaire et la littérature'', 1977
* ''Saturne: Le destin, l'art et Goya'', (Paris: Gallimard, 1978) (Translation of an earlier edition published in 1957: Malraux, André.
* ''Saturn: An Essay on Goya''. Translated by C.W. Chilton. London: Phaidon Press, 1957.)
* ''Lettres choisies, 1920–1976''. Paris, Gallimard, 2012.

For a more complete bibliography, see site littéraire André Malraux.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malraux.org/index.php/bibliographie.html|title=Bibliographie d'AM|work=malraux.org|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125084033/http://www.malraux.org/index.php/bibliographie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
* ''André Malraux'', [[Fondation Maeght]], Vence, 1973
* ''André Malraux et la modernité - le dernier des romantiques'', Centennial Exhibition of his Birth, [[Musée de la Vie romantique]], Paris, 2001, by Solange Thierry, with contributions by Marc Lambron, Solange Thierry, Daniel Marchesseau, Pierre Cabanne, Antoine Terrasse, Christiane Moatti, Gilles Béguin and Germain Viatte ({{ISBN|978-2-87900-558-4}})

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading ==
* [http://www.brill.com/products/book/art-and-human-adventure Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307015502/http://www.brill.com/products/book/art-and-human-adventure |date=7 March 2017 }} (Amsterdam, Rodopi: 2009) Derek Allan
* ''André Malraux'' (1960) by [[Geoffrey H. Hartman]]
* ''André Malraux: The Indochina adventure'' (1960) by [[Walter Langlois]] (New York Praeger).
* {{cite book
| last          = Malraux
| first         = André
| title         = Le Miroir des Limbes
| url          = https://archive.org/details/lemiroirdeslimbe0000malr
| url-access    = registration
| series        = Bibliothèque de la Pléiade
| year          = 1976
| publisher     = Gallimard
| location      = Paris
| language      = fr
| isbn          = 2-07-010864-3
}}
* ''Malraux'' (1971) by [[Pierre Galante]] ()
* ''André Malraux: A Biography'' (1997) by [[Curtis Cate]] Fromm Publishing ({{ISBN|2-08-066795-5}})
* ''Malraux ou la Lutte avec l'ange. Art, histoire et religion'' (2001) by [[Raphaël Aubert]] ({{ISBN|2-8309-1026-5}})
* ''Malraux : A Life'' (2005) by [[Olivier Todd]] ({{ISBN|0-375-40702-2}}) [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/books/review/10HITCHEN.html Review by Christopher Hitchens]
* ''Dits et écrits d'André Malraux : Bibliographie commentée'' (2003) by [[Jacques Chanussot]] and Claude Travi ({{ISBN|2-905965-88-6}})
* ''André Malraux'' (2003) by [[Roberta Newnham]] ({{ISBN|978-1-84150-854-2}})
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9xjZytIaf4C| title=André Malraux: towards the expression of transcendence| author=David Bevan| publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP| year= 1986| isbn= 978-0-7735-0552-0 }}
*{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/signedmalraux0000lyot| url-access=registration| title=Signed, Malraux| author=Jean François Lyotard| publisher=University of Minnesota Press| year= 1999| isbn= 978-0-8166-3106-3 }}
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L0qd8EYpIMC| title=André Malraux: a reassessment| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| year= 1996| isbn=978-0-312-12925-5 | author=Geoffrey T. Harris }}
*{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto| url-access=registration| title=The battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939| author=Antony Beevor| publisher=Penguin| year= 2006| isbn= 978-0-14-303765-1 }}
* ''Andre Malraux: Tragic Humanist'' (1963) by Charles D. Blend, Ohio State University Press ({{LCCN|62019865}})
* ''Mona Lisa's Escort: André Malraux and the Reinvention of French Culture'' (1999) by Herman Lebovics, Cornell University Press.  
* Derek Allan, ''[http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-and-time-16 Art and Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211750/http://cambridgescholars.com/art-and-time-16 |date=29 September 2020 }}'', Cambridge Scholars, 2013.
* Leys, Simon ([[Pierre Ryckmans (writer)|Pierre Ryckmans]]), 'Malraux', in ''The Hall of Uselessness: Collected Essays'' (Melbourne: Black Inc, 2011), pp.&nbsp;144–152. {{ISBN|978-1-8639-5532-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|André Malraux}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.andremalraux.com/ Amitiés Internationales André Malraux] The official site of the French André Malraux Society: Malraux and culture. {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.malraux.org/ André Malraux] The site of research and information dedicated to André Malraux: literature, art, religion, history and culture. {{in lang|fr}}
* {{Books and Writers |id=malraux |name=André Malraux}}
* [http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Andre_Malraux Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers (French)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004721/http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Andre_Malraux |date=2 May 2014 }} Inventory and analysis of André Malraux non-novelistic writings {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.fuguestatepress.com/malraux.html Malraux's early, surrealist writings] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214215609/http://www.home.netspeed.com.au/derek.allan/default.htm 'Malraux, Literature and Art' – Essays by Derek Allan] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.malraux2001.culture.fr/ A multimedia adaptation of Voices of silence] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://cdm15264.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16075coll3/id/15  "Andre Malraux and the Arts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113082105/http://cdm15264.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16075coll3/id/15 |date=13 November 2013 }} – [[Henri Peyre]], The Baltimore Museum of Art: Baltimore, Maryland, 1964 – Accessed 26 June 2012 {{in lang|en}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191009081900/http://fondationandremalraux.com/ Fondation André Malraux]}} {{in lang|fr}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123850/http://fondationandremalraux.com/en/ Foundation André Malraux]}} {{in lang|en}}
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Andr%C3%A9_Malraux.jpg#{{int:filedesc}}/ Villa André Malraux]

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Guy Mazeline]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Laureate of the [[Prix Goncourt]]|years=1933}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Roger Vercel]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Culture (France)|French Minister for Cultural Affairs]]|years=1959–1969}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Edmond Michelet]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministers of Culture of France}}
{{Prix Goncourt}}
{{Prix Interallié}}
{{Portal bar|France|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malraux, Andre}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:French travel writers]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:French philosophers of art]]
[[Category:French art historians]]
[[Category:French Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:French people of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Ministers of culture of France]]
[[Category:Ministers of information of France]]
[[Category:Prix Goncourt winners]]
[[Category:Prix Interallié winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Resistance Medal]]
[[Category:Companions of the Liberation]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:French prisoners of war in World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:French escapees]]
[[Category:Escapees from German detention]]
[[Category:French Anti-Francoists]]