Editing Andhaka

{{short description|Demon in Hinduism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| affiliation = [[Asura]]
| gender = Male
| type = hindu
| image = Shiva kills the demon Andhaka.jpg
| alt = Andhaka
| caption = Shiva slays Andhaka, c. 1590, a translation of ''[[Harivamsa]]'' commissioned by [[Akbar]]
| parents = [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]] (adoptive father in some [[Puranas]])<br>
[[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] (parents; in some [[Puranas]])
| children = [[Adi (asura)|Adi]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&q=adi+andhaka&pg=PA45 | title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology | isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 | last1=Williams | first1=George M. | date=27 March 2008 }}</ref>
}}
In [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], '''Andhaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: अन्धक, [[IAST]]: Andhaka; lit. "He who darkens") refers to a malevolent [[asura]], whose pride is vanquished by [[Shiva]] and [[Pārvatī|Parvati]].<ref name="Kramrisch1994">.{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA375|date=January 1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01930-7|page=375}}</ref>

His story finds mention in various Hindu texts, including the ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya Purāṇa]]'', the ''[[Kurma Purana|Kūrma Purāṇa]]'', the ''[[Linga Purana|Liṅga Purāṇa]]'', the ''[[Padma Purana]],'' and the ''[[Shiva Purana]]''.<ref name="Chaturvedi2004">{{cite book|author=B. K. Chaturvedi|title=Shiva Purana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bchgql0em9YC&pg=PA106|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-721-3|page=106}}</ref> He is believed to have one thousand heads, and one thousand arms, and also having two thousand eyes. In another version, he has two thousand arms, and two thousand legs.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madn|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/67 67]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> In some versions of his story, Andhaka is described as a son of Shiva and Parvati.<ref name="Collins1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Dillard Collins|title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA58|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9953-5|page=58}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA54|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|page=54}}</ref>

==In Puranic Scriptures==
===Shiva Purana===

In the [[Shiva Purana]], when Shiva was meditating on [[Mount Mandara]], Parvati was in a playful mood and covered Shiva's eyes. This caused the whole universe to become covered in darkness. The sweat that oozed out of Parvati's hands, due to touching Shiva's powerful third eye, fell to the ground and created a horrible looking and blind boy. Parvati was terrified on seeing him, but Shiva rebuked her, claiming that since he was born due to their physical contact, he was their child.

When the demon king [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]] performed penance to please Shiva in order to beget a child, Shiva gifted the boy to him and named him Andhaka due to his blindness. After Hiraṇyākṣa's death by [[Varaha]] (avatar of [[Vishnu]]), Andhaka became the new king, but was not regarded as an [[Asura]] since he was born of the Devas. Disowned by majority of his clan, he performed a severe penance to please [[Brahmā]]. Brahmā thus appeared to him and offered him a boon. Andhaka requested that Brahmā give and make divine vision and immortality. Brahmā granted Andhaka these wishes, but warned him that he could still be killed by [[Shiva]]. Andhaka went back to his kingdom and subdued all his opponents as well as the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s.<ref name="DrVinay">{{cite book|author= Dr. Vinay|title= Shiv Puran|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=B-BoZNvbc0QC&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95|year= 2004|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books Ltd.|isbn= 978-81-7182-207-2|pages=76, 77}}</ref>

Andhaka asked his minister if there was anyone who could match him in strength, majesty and riches. The minister informed him that he did not have the company of a beautiful woman. The world's most beautiful woman, he explained, was [[Parvati]], who belonged to a matted ascetic who lived on [[Mount Kailash|Mount Kailāśa]]. Andhaka was advised that if he wished to be truly matchless, he should possess her. Andhaka sent a messenger to Shiva with the demand to hand over his wife. Andhaka attacked Shiva with his greatest warriors, but they were defeated by Shiva's army.

One day, when Shiva was performing meditation in forest, Andhaka thought of attacking Mandar mountain. Terrible war took place between gods and danavs.
[[File:Andakasuramardana.jpg|thumb|Shiva impaling Andhaka, while a Matrika (right bottom) collects his blood. [[Ellora Caves]]]]
Andhaka's trusted general [[Mahabali|Bali]] single-handedly defeated all the gods and swallowed them. Shiva fired powerful weapons at Bali, which forced him to disgorge all the gods. In retaliation, Shiva swallowed [[Shukra|Śukra]], the guru of the [[Asuras]]. Andhaka then launched an attack on Indra. Shiva intervened to save Indra and assaulted the demon with his trident. However, whenever Andhaka's blood fell on the ground, a copy of him would spawn. [[Vishnu]] created several [[Matrikas|Mātṛkās]] to drink the blood of the demon every time he was hurt, preventing the spread of new demons. Finally, Shiva decapitated Andhaka. According to Shiva Purana, in a twist of events, since Andhaka had chanted Shiva's name in repentance after which he was told of his biological parentage and he was made a Gaṇa chief.

====Alternate account====

There is another version in
the Purāṇa in which Andhaka's birth story and disownment by his clan remains the same. His kingdom was taken over by his cousins, including [[Prahlada|Prahlāda]], when he went to the forest to perform penance to Brahmā. During his penance he abstained from both water and food while severing his own limbs as an act of desperation to please Brahmā.

His actions proved successful. A pleased Brahmā appeared before him and offered him a boon of his choice. Andhaka asked Brahma to repair his vision and also asked him to make him immortal. Brahmā replied that he could not make him immortal since all that take birth must die, although he could choose the condition of his death. Andhaka asked that he could only be killed if he lusted after a woman who was like a mother. Brahma agreed and granted all his boons.

When Andhaka returned to his kingdom, his cousins became fearful of his new power and returned his kingdom as well as their own. After becoming the lord of all Asuras, Andhaka fought with the Devas along with his army and conquered heaven. He then proceeded to conquer the [[Nāga]]s, [[Gandharva]]s, [[Rakshasa|Rākṣasa]]s, [[Yaksha|Yakṣa]]s and the humans. He thus became the lord of the [[Trailokya|three worlds]].

He was a cruel ruler and disrespected the [[Vedas]], the [[Brahmins]] and the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. Once while on a journey, Andhaka happened to visit [[Mount Mandara]]. Charmed by the beauty of the mountain, he decided to stay there and ordered his three generals Duryodhana, Vighasa and Hasti to search for a place suitable to stay.

While searching, his generals found a cave where a hermit was meditating and saw a beautiful woman along with him. They told their master about this, who ordered them to bring the woman to him. The hermit happened to be Shiva and the woman his wife Parvati. When they told the ascetic to hand over the woman to their master, Shiva refused, stating that if their master wanted her, he should take her himself.

When his generals informed Andhaka about this, he became furious and proceeded to fight Shiva. With his army of Asuras, Andhaka fought [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] and Shiva's Gaṇas, but were defeated and forced to flee. Andhaka soon returned to battle, which lasted for seven hundred years.

Vishnu, Brahmā and the Devas joined the battle against Andhaka and his army. Andhaka's general Vighasa swallowed all the gods, to which Shiva retaliated by charging with his bull and plowing into the demon. [[Shukra|Śukra]], the preceptor of Asura, brought the dead Asuras back to life by using his medicinal herb, the [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|Mṛtasañjīvanī]]. Shiva ordered the Gaṇas to capture Śukra. When they brought him to Shiva, he swallowed the demon guru.

Shiva attacked Andhaka with his [[Trishula|trident]], but every drop of Andhaka's blood that fell to the ground spawned another demon like him. Shiva requested the goddess chandi  to drink the blood while he took care of the rest of Andhaka's duplicates. After vanquishing the remaining Asura, Shiva impaled Andhaka with his trident and lifted him thereupon, where he remained for a very long time. Once he had realised that the woman who he was lusting for was his own mother and her husband was his own father, he felt deeply grieved and ashamed of his actions. He sincerely prayed to Shiva for forgiveness. Shiva, the most humble one, forgave him and made him the chief of the Gaṇas.<ref name="Chaturvedi2004"/>

===Vāmana Purāṇa===

[[File:Andhakasuravadha.jpg|thumb|Shiva spears Andhaka]]
In the [[Vamana Purana|Vāmana Purāṇa]], the story of Andhaka's birth remains same. Andhaka was the son of [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]] and cousin of [[Prahlada|Prahlāda]]. Andhaka and Prahlāda, along with their army defeated the Devas, making Prahlāda the king of the [[Trailokya|three worlds]]. Sometime later, Prahlāda battled Vishnu, but lost the battle due to a curse the sages have placed upon him. After his loss, he appointed Andhaka as king and successfully acquires Vishnu's forgiveness. Upon returning, Andhaka tries to make him king again, but is met with refusal. At one point, [[Mahishasura|Mahiṣāsura]] and [[Tārakāsura]] are killed by the gods, a feat which Andhaka thought was impossible.

After this incident, Andhaka came to desire a beautiful wife and was informed about Parvati, said to be the most beautiful woman in the world. Unaware that Parvati is his mother, Andhaka makes his way to Shiva's abode. There he tried to abduct Parvati, but she assumed a hundred forms and knocked him unconscious in battle. Andhaka fled back to [[Patala|Pātāla]] with the intention to recuperate and make another attempt at procuring Parvati.

Prahlāda tried to dissuade him. He revealed to Andhaka his true origins about being born from the sweat of Shiva when Parvati covered his eyes. His explanation falls on deaf ears and he fails to persuade the Asura. Andhaka attacked Shiva and the other deities with his army, most of whom were obliterated. Andhaka then disguised himself as Shiva to fool Parvati, but she managed to recognised him and hid among her servants. Unable to find her, Andhaka returns to the battle.

[[Kartikeya|Kārttikeya]] and [[Ganesha|Gaṇeśa]], accompanied by the [[Gana|Gaṇas]], destroyed Andhaka's chariot. Shiva engaged him in battle and pierced his heart, but Andhaka was able to recover and strike Shiva with his mace. The blood that fell on the ground from the wound gave rise to the [[Ashta Bhairava|eight forms of Bhairava]].

Shiva impaled Andhaka on his [[Trishula|trident]] and lifted him upon it. The sweat that emanated from Shiva gave rise to a girl and a boy of the colour of charcoal, who proceed to consume Andhaka's blood before it falls onto the ground. Shiva names the girl Cārcikā and the boy Maṅgala. He holds Andhaka impaled on his trident for thousands of years, reducing his body to a mere skeletal appearance. Andhaka begged for forgiveness and prostrated in front of Shiva as his father and Parvati as his mother. He is forgiven and made a Gaṇa chief. Shiva takes him to the Mandara mountain where Parvati also blesses the same boon to him and he later becomes famous by the name of [[Bhringi|Bhṛṅgi]].<ref name="Collins1988"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://hinduonline.co/Scriptures/Puranas/VamanaPurana.html|title= Vamana Purana|access-date= 16 August 2014}}</ref>

===Kūrma Purāṇa===
 
In the [[Kurma Purana|Kūrma Purāṇa]] too, Andhaka is the natural son of [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]] and becomes the king of the Asuras after the death of [[Prahlada|Prahlāda]]. Like other variants, he lusts after Parvati and goes to [[Mount Mandara]] to abduct her when Shiva is away. Shiva had entrusted Nandi to guard his household and the gods including Vishnu, to attend to and protect Parvati. When Andhaka arrives, Nandi battles with him and pierces him with a trident. Upon spilling of his blood, a thousand more Asura like him spawn and defeat Nandi and the Devas. Nandi prays to Vishnu for aid.

When Vishnu arrives he creates several [[Matrikas|Mātṛkā]] goddesses who vanquish the demons. When Shiva returns, Andhaka returns in another attempt to abduct Parvati. Shiva and Vishnu wage battle against Andhaka and his army. Shiva succeeds in impaling Andhaka on his trident and begins to dance. By his mere touch, Andhaka's sins are burned away and he begs for forgiveness. He is later named a Gaṇa chief. Shiva also makes Andhaka a handsome man who then prostrates before Parvati in repentance. Parvati forgives him and accepts him as her son.<ref name="Collins1988"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://hinduonline.co/Scriptures/Puranas/KurmaPurana.html|title= Kurma Purana|access-date= 16 August 2014}}</ref>

===Matsya Purāṇa===

In the [[Matsya Purana|Matsya Purāṇa]], Andhaka, the son of [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]], tries to abduct Parvati from Shiva. A battle ensues in the Mahākāla forest and the blood that flows from Andhaka gives rise to a thousand more demons. Shiva creates numerous divine mothers, the [[Matrikas|Mātṛkā]], who drink the demon's blood every time it issues forth. After they become satiated, [[Vāsudeva]] creates the goddess Śuṣkarevatī who drinks the blood of all the demons and kills them. When Shiva is about to blow the final strike, Andhaka surrenders and begs for forgiveness by praying to him. Pleased by his devotion, Shiva makes him a Gaṇa.<ref name="Collins1988"/>

===Harivaṃśa Purana===

According to the [[Harivamsa|Harivaṃśa Purāṇa]], Andhaka was a [[Daitya]] and the son of [[Diti]] and the sage [[Kashyapa|Kaśyapa]]. After the defeat of Daityas by Vishnu, Diti pleaded with Kaśyapa to give her such a son who couldn't be defeated by the gods. Kaśyapa granted her boon and told her that only Shiva had the power to destroy her son, as no one could match his power. Kaśyapa then touched her belly and a child was born with a thousand eyes and limbs. Although he wasn't blind, Andhaka walked like a blind person, thus bearing the name. Over time, Andhaka became arrogant since he cannot be harmed by anyone.

At one time, Andhaka went to the court of Indra, abducted all the [[Apsaras]], and defeated all of the gods in battle. He also hindered the performance of [[yajnas|yajñas]] by the gods. Being so tormented, the gods approached [[Narada|Nārada]] for assistance. Nārada visited Andhaka to counsel with him. Andhaka was intrigued by the fragrant garland of Mandara flowers worn by Nārada and inquired as to the source of the flowers. Nārada tells him that the flowers come from the Mandara forest, protected by guards so that no one may enter without Shiva's permission.

Andhaka conversed with Mount Mandara, informing the mountain of his invulnerability, and asked about the whereabouts of the forest. The mountain refuses to answer and disappears. Andhaka erupts in anger and uproots the entire mountain and with the help of his Asura army. They manage to grind the mountain down, destroying all of its natural beauty. Once Shiva become informed of this, he blesses the mountain with a boon which restored it to its original splendor. The mountain summits began to kill the Asuras who had attempted to destroy them. Upon seeing this, Andhaka calls out the owner of the mountain, wishing to burn the entire Mandara mountain. In response, Shiva, with his mace, mounts his bull and charges Andhaka. When Shiva releases his spear, it strikes the demon in the chest and reduces him to ash.<ref name="Collins1988"/><ref name="Williams2008"/><ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book|author= Ganga Ram Garg|title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World Vol. 3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&pg=PA449|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn= 978-81-7022-376-4|page= 449}}</ref>

===Liṅga Purāṇa===
[[File:Andhakasur Vadh 11th century.jpg|thumb|Andhakasur Vadh]]
In the [[Linga Purana|Liṅga Purāṇa]], Andhaka's story is related as a variation of accounts of Harvamsa and Kurma Purana. Andhaka was the son of [[Hiranyaksha|Hiraṇyākṣa]] and was given immunity to death by Brahmā after he performed a severe penance. He traversed the three worlds and conquered the heavens. The Devas retreated to Mount Mandara, where the demon followed them. Shiva, on the request of the Devas, challenges Andhaka, destroys his army and impales him on his trident. However, the divine sight of Shiva burns away all of Andhaka's sins, prompting the latter to eulogizing him. Shiva was pleased with his devotion and forgave him, making him the chief of all his Gaṇas.<ref name="Collins1988"/>

It is here that the reader is informed that Andhaka's son is [[Adi (mythology)|Āḍi]].

====Alternate account====

Another version of the tale states that Andhaka fought with the Gaṇas and Shiva's sons, but that the gods lost the battle. Shiva sends [[Virabhadra|Vīrabhadra]] to battle it out with Andhaka, but every time Vīrabhadra kills Andhaka, another form arises from his blood that falls upon the earth. Parvati becomes furious and assumes the form of [[Kali|Kālī]]. She destroys each and every copy of Andhaka, except for the real one, who is saved by Shiva and given a new life.

==In the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata==

In the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]], the story of [[Kali|Kālī]] killing Andhaka is briefly noted in Chapter 30 of the [[Araṇya-Kāṇḍa|Araṇya Kāṇḍa]], at the moment when [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]], the younger brother of [[Ravana|Rāvaṇa]] is killed by [[Rama|Rāma]]. The scripture reads that Andhaka was killed by Shiva's third eye in the forest of the sage Śveta.

In the [[Mahābhārata]], Andhaka is killed by Kālī, though not by his third eye as in the Rāmāyaṇa.<ref name="Collins1988"/>

==See also==
* [[Matrikas]]
* [[Jalandhara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Daityas]]
[[Category:Children of Shiva]]