Editing Anarcho-syndicalism

{{Short description|Anarchist organisational model for trade unions}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{anarcho-syndicalism sidebar|all}}
{{anarchism sidebar|schools}}
'''Anarcho-syndicalism''' is an [[anarchism|anarchist]] organisational model that centres [[trade union]]s as a vehicle for [[class conflict]]. Drawing from the theory of [[libertarian socialism]] and the practice of [[syndicalism]], anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a [[social revolution]] in the form of a [[general strike]], with the ultimate aim of abolishing the [[state (polity)|state]] and [[capitalism]]. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the [[Prefigurative politics|prefiguration]] of a [[Post-capitalism|post-capitalist society]] and seek to use them in order to establish [[workers' control]] of [[Production (economics)|production]] and [[Distribution (economics)|distribution]]. An [[anti-politics|anti-political]] ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects [[political party|political parties]] and participation in [[parliamentary system|parliamentary politics]], considering them to be a corrupting influence on the [[labour movement]]. In order to achieve their material and economic goals, anarcho-syndicalists instead practice [[direct action]] in the form of [[strike action]]s, [[boycott]]s and [[sabotage]]. Anarcho-syndicalists also attempt to build [[solidarity]] among the [[working class]], in order to unite workers against the [[exploitation of labour]] and build [[workers' self-management]].

The foundations of anarcho-syndicalism were laid by the anti-authoritarian faction of the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWMA) and developed by the French [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|General Confederation of Labour]] (CGT). Anarcho-syndicalism was constituted as a specific tendency following the [[International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam]] in 1907, which led to anarcho-syndicalism becoming the dominant form of trade union organisation in [[Europe]] and [[Latin America]]. After facing suppression during the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]], anarcho-syndicalists established the [[IWA–AIT|International Workers' Association]] (IWA) in 1922. Anarcho-syndicalism reached its apex during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], when the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|National Confederation of Labour]] (CNT) established an anarcho-syndicalist economy throughout much of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]]. Anarcho-syndicalism went into decline after the defeat of the anarchists in the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1939. The movement split into two factions: the "orthodox" faction, which held to traditional syndicalist principles in spite of changing material conditions; and the "revisionist" faction, which aimed to achieve a [[Political movement#Mass movements|mass base]] and work within the framework of newly-established [[welfare state]]s. By the end of the 20th century, the rise of [[neoliberalism]] and the collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc]] had led to a revival in anarcho-syndicalism, with syndicalist unions once again being established throughout the globe.

== History ==
{{Main|History of anarcho-syndicalism}}
=== Origins ===
The history of anarcho-syndicalism can be traced back to the [[Anarchist St. Imier International|anarchist faction]] of the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA), which called for [[trade union]]s to overthrow the [[State (polity)|state]] in a [[general strike]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=5|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010a|2pp=xxxvi-xxxvii|3a1=Thorpe|3y=1989|3pp=2-14|4a1=van der Walt|4a2=Schmidt|4y=2009|4pp=153-155}} This syndicalist model of trade union organisation was adopted by anarchists in [[Anarchism in Spain|Spain]], [[Anarchism in Cuba|Cuba]], [[Anarchism in Mexico|Mexico]] and the [[Anarchism in the United States|United States]], where syndicalism became the dominant organisational form.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=155-157}} Elsewhere, the development of [[reformism|reformist tendencies]] such as [[social democracy]] sidelined anarchists within trade unions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=5-7|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=157-158}} But tensions between rank-and-file trade unionists and their social-democratic leadership eventually gave way to the development of [[syndicalism|revolutionary syndicalism]], which called for workers themselves to take [[direct action]] in order to improve their own material conditions.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=7}}

===Growth of syndicalism===
[[File:Troyes_boursedutravail_interieur1900.jpg|thumb|right|A women's convention at the ''[[Bourse du Travail]]'' in [[Troyes]], {{circa|1900}}]]
Revolutionary syndicalism was first propagated in [[French Third Republic|France]], where the ''[[Bourse du Travail|Bourses du Travail]]'' ({{langx|en|Labour Exchanges}}) were established to provide [[mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]] to workers and organise strike actions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=13-14|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=132-134}} By the 20th century, the ''bourses'' had joined together to establish the [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|General Confederation of Labour]] (CGT),{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=15-16|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=132-133|3a1=Thorpe|3y=1989|3p=25}} which rose to include 60% of French workers within its ranks.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=15-16|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2p=26}} But after the CGT launched a general strike, which won French workers the [[eight-hour day]] and the [[Workweek and weekend|weekend]], the union turned away from revolutionary syndicalism towards reformism.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=16-17}} However, by this time, revolutionary syndicalism had already spread throughout Europe, with syndicalist unions being established in the [[National Labor Secretariat|Netherlands]], [[Unione Sindacale Italiana|Italy]], [[National Workers' Union (Portugal)|Portugal]], [[Free Association of German Trade Unions|Germany]] and [[SAC Syndikalisterna|Sweden]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=17-20|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=38-48}} The concurrent development of [[industrial unionism]] led to the establishment of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW) in countries throughout the [[English-speaking world]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=20-22|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=135-137}} By the 1910s, syndicalism had spread throughout every country in Europe and anarchist tendencies started to develop within the movement.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=22}}

===Development of anarcho-syndicalism===
[[File:FORA_Demonstration.jpg|thumb|right|Demonstration by the [[Argentine Regional Workers' Federation]] (FORA) in 1915]]
Although anarchists widely participated in the syndicalist movement, syndicalists were divided into separate tendencies, many of which rejected the ideological prescriptions of anarchism.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=24-30}} At the [[International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam]], convened by the anarcho-syndicalist [[Christiaan Cornelissen]] in 1907, a conflict between the two tendencies broke out; while the syndicalist [[Pierre Monatte]] and the anarchist [[Errico Malatesta]] debated their respective ideologies, [[Amédée Dunois]] attempted to synthesise the two into a "workers' anarchism".{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=30-32|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=31-32}} Anarcho-syndicalism soon became the dominant form of trade union organisation in [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|Spain]], [[Argentine Regional Workers' Federation|Argentina]], [[Brazilian Workers' Confederation|Brazil]], [[Casa del Obrero Mundial|Mexico]], [[Paraguayan Regional Workers' Federation|Paraguay]], [[Uruguayan Regional Workers' Federation|Uruguay]] and many other Latin American countries, where anarcho-syndicalists organised a series of general strikes for the eight-hour day.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=33-37}} Attempts to establish international links between these anarcho-syndicalist organisations culminated in the convocation of a revolutionary syndicalist congress in 1913, although further movements towards the creation of an international organisation were halted by the outbreak of world war.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=37-41|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=31-83}}

===War and Revolution===
[[File:Obreros_Patagonia_Rebelde_Identificados.jpg|thumb|right|Arrested anarcho-syndicalist workers, following the [[Patagonia Rebelde|Patagonia Rebellion]], {{Circa|1920}}]]
The outbreak of [[World War I]] split anarcho-syndicalists into [[Internationalist–defencist schism|internationalist and defencist camps]]; the former declared themselves against both sides of the war, while the latter supported the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] against the [[Central Powers]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=42|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=88-90}} The conflict ultimately demonstrated the inability of the international syndicalist movement to prevent war and discredited "neutral syndicalism" in the eyes of many workers, causing revolutionary sentiments to once again begin rising within the workers' movement.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=46}} When the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]] spread throughout Europe, anarcho-syndicalists became keen participants in the revolutionary wave, during which they faced rising political repression.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=46-47|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=106-116}} Anarcho-syndicalists in Europe, Latin America and Asia organised general strikes, sometimes reaching revolutionary proportions, but were ultimately suppressed by nationalist or communist dictatorships.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=47-63}}

=== Apex ===
[[File:Militiawoman on the barricade.jpg|thumb|right|Anarchist militiawoman [[Ana Garbín]] on a barricade during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]]]]
Following the suppression of their movements and the rising influence of [[Marxism-Leninism]] throughout the world, anarcho-syndicalists moved to establish their own international organisation: the [[IWA-AIT|International Workers' Association]] (IWA).{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=64-93}} Theoretical discussions within the IWA led to debates on the issues of [[platformism]], [[insurrectionary anarchism|insurrectionism]], [[industrialisation|industrialism]] and [[reformism#Socialism|reformism]], while the Spanish [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|National Confederation of Labour]] (CNT) rose to prominence in the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=94-118}} With the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]], the CNT led the defeat of the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]] in [[Revolutionary Catalonia|Catalonia]], where they ignited an [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|anarcho-syndicalist revolution]] that [[collective ownership|collectivised]] three-quarters of the Republican economy. The CNT's decision to join the Republican government caused controversy within the IWA and the social revolution was eventually suppressed by the government. The Republicans ultimately lost the war and the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists were imprisoned, killed or forced into exile by the victorious [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=119-184}}

===Post-war decline===
[[File:SAC_1maj1991-Malmö.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[SAC Syndikalisterna|Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden]] (SAC), marching on May Day in [[Malmö]]]]
During [[World War II]], anarcho-syndicalists initially adopted an "internationalist" position, taking up the slogan "Neither Fascism, nor Antifascism." But following the [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi occupation of Europe]] and the subsequent suppression of their organisations, anarcho-syndicalists throughout Europe reorientated themselves towards [[anti-fascism]] and joined the [[Resistance during World War II|anti-fascist resistance]].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=185-189}} After the war, anarcho-syndicalism experienced a rapid decline, as anarcho-syndicalist unions were either marginalised by rising [[social corporatism]] or repressed by newly-established authoritarian states.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=191-193|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=402-403}} Anarcho-syndicalists proved unable to keep up with the changes in the post-war capitalist system, which hastened the decline of the anarcho-syndicalist movement and forced its organisations to choose between marginalisation, reform or dissolution.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=193-195}} Despite the economic changes, the IWA chose to reaffirm traditional anarcho-syndicalist principles, causing its Dutch and Swedish sections to split from it.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=195-196}} The SAC chose to revise its principles in order to adapt to the new [[welfare in Sweden|Swedish welfare state]], within which they aimed to establish [[workers' control]] over [[welfare spending|welfare]] and the [[democratisation]] of the economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=196-198}} The IWA declined to its lowest point during the 1960s, as its membership became increasingly preoccupied with theory.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=198-199}}

===Contemporary revival===
[[File:CNT-1mayo2010.jpg|thumb|Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT marching in Madrid in 2010]]
The anarcho-syndicalist movement began to experience a revival in the wake of the [[protests of 1968]] and the [[Spanish transition to democracy]]. While the Spanish CNT experienced a rapid growth, new anarcho-syndicalist organisations were established throughout Europe.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=198-199|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=403-404}} As [[globalization|globalisation]] and [[neoliberalism]] led to the dismantling of welfare states in the West, while the [[Eastern Bloc]] collapsed, anarcho-syndicalists once again began to present [[libertarian socialism]] as a necessary alternative to the state and capitalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=199-200|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=395, 407-408}} By the turn of the 21st century, anarcho-syndicalism had experienced a resurgence, as anarcho-syndicalist organisations re-emerged throughout the globe. Existing anarcho-syndicalist unions once again began taking direct action and organising strikes, while new anarcho-syndicalist unions established large support bases and achieved social reforms.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=200-202|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=395-396}}

==Theory==
[[File:Barcelonacntait (110).JPG|thumb|Offices of the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|National Confederation of Labour]] (CNT) in Barcelona]]
The political theory of anarcho-syndicalism is based on the foundations of [[libertarian socialism]], as formulated by the anti-authoritarian faction of the [[International Workingmen's Association]], while its organisational forms were adopted from [[syndicalism|revolutionary syndicalism]], which was first put into practice by the French labour movement in the early 20th century.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=82}}

Anarcho-syndicalism is distinguished from other forms of syndicalism by its anarchist political philosophy, where other syndicalist tendencies distance themselves from anarchism or even deny any political alignment.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=142}} Other varieties of syndicalism include: the "neutral" revolutionary syndicalism, which separates itself from other political theories;{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=31-34, 46|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=142-143}} [[Daniel De Leon]]'s [[De Leonism|conception of industrial unionism]], which infused it with a [[Marxism|Marxist]] influence;{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1p=137|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2p=143}} and an [[authoritarian socialism|authoritarian form]] of syndicalism developed by [[Georges Sorel]], which advocates for [[vanguardism]] and [[myth]]making to drive the masses towards a general strike.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=28}}

Anarcho-syndicalism also distinguishes itself from other forms of anarchism, due to its favourability towards [[industrialisation]] and organisation.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=25-26}} While other forms of anarchism reject [[Centralisation#Centralisation in economy|economic centralisation]] and the [[division of labour]], considering the ideal of a [[stateless society]] to be one of [[decentralisation|decentralised]], small-scale social units, anarcho-syndicalism foresees trade unions as taking over a large-scale and centralised industrial economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=26}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that the establishment of a syndicalist system could lead to the [[withering away of the state]] and as such to [[anarchy]] and [[communism]].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=26-27}} Some support the temporary establishment of a [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist system]] of distribution "[[To each according to his contribution|to each according to their contribution]]", until a state of [[post-scarcity]] is achieved, at which point it would give way to an [[anarchist communism|anarchist communist]] system of distribution "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]".{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=27-28}}

In the contemporary period, anarcho-syndicalism is divided into two main factions: the "orthodox" faction, which rejects any [[diversity of tactics]] or [[collaboration]] with statist forces, in favour of waiting for the right conditions for a [[revolutionary situation]]; and the "revisionist" faction, which is open to participation in systems of [[social welfare]] and pursues [[Gradualism|gradual reforms]] towards the [[democratization|democratisation]] of the economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=194-197}}

===Anti-politics ===
Anarcho-syndicalism is an [[apoliticism|apolitical]] or [[anti-politics|anti-political]] ideology,{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=142-143}} opposed to the formation of socialist political parties and participation in parliamentary politics.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1pp=82-83|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=142-143}} Anarcho-syndicalists argue that socialist participation in politics, rather than moving society closer to socialism, has damaged the labour movement by substituting [[self-help]] for [[Representative democracy|representation]].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=83}} They have further criticised socialist parties for abandoning [[anti-capitalism]] in favour of [[nationalism]], which they believe to have resulted in the reinforcement of capitalism and the integration of the labour movement into the [[nation state]]. To anarcho-syndicalists, political [[careerism]] corrupted socialist politicians, while electoralism transformed socialism from a [[Prefigurative politics|constructive project]] into a [[Reformism#Socialism|reformist one]].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=83-84}} Anarcho-syndicalists are thus opposed to unions affiliating with political parties and attempt to prevent the capture of unions by party politicians.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=142-143}} From this position, anarcho-syndicalists have denounced [[Bolshevism]] as a vehicle for [[authoritarianism]] and [[state capitalism]], and criticised [[social democracy|social democrats]] for bureaucratic inaction.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=84-85}}

===Trade unionism===
Anarcho-syndicalists see trade unions not only as a means by which workers can organise for immediate improvements to their living and working conditions; but also as a means of training workers for [[workers' self-management|management]], with the goal of establishing [[workers' control]] over production and the creation of a [[Socialist economics|socialist economy]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=24-25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2p=86}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that trade unions are better suited for these tasks than socialist political parties, as workers often still require trade unions to protect their rights even under socialist governments.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=86-88}} Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the [[vanguard]] of the labour movement; they believe workers' power resides in the economic sphere, as they are responsible for producing the [[wealth]] that society relies upon.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=88-89}} For anarcho-syndicalists, trade unions represent the [[prefigurative politics|prefiguration]] of a future socialist economy, the foundation that a new syndicalist society will be built on.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1p=89|2a1=van der Walt|2y=2018|2pp=250-251}} [[Popular education|Workers' education]] is therefore at the centre of anarcho-syndicalism, which aims to use trade unions to prepare workers to take over management of the industrial economy.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=89-90}}

===Federalism===
[[File:Syndicalism Outline.gif|thumb|right|Outline of the federal system used by anarcho-syndicalism]]
Anarcho-syndicalism organises itself according to the principles of [[federalism]] and [[free association of producers|free association]], in which the [[Self-ownership|self-determination of each individual]] is upheld.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=90}} Anarcho-syndicalists are staunchly opposed to [[centralisation|centralised]], [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] forms of organisation, which they believe stifle [[self-organisation|independent initiative]] with [[bureaucracy]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1pp=90-91|2a1=van der Walt|2y=2018|2p=252}} In anarcho-syndicalist organisations, individual unions carry out their activities on a voluntary basis; for any larger-scale activity that requires [[delegation]], representatives are typically elected for [[Term limit|single terms]] and are paid the same amount as the workers they represent.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=91-92}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that centralism weakens and inhibits workers' capacity to take independent action and make decisions, and that centralised organisations inevitably tend towards inertia and stagnation.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=92-93}} In contrast, they believe that federalist organisations provide workers with both the means to take rapid action in individual struggles and also connections that could allow them to establish workers' control of the economy and society in a [[social revolution]].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=93}}

According to the anarcho-syndicalist model, federal organisations are built from the bottom-up, on both a territorial and industrial basis:{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=93-94|3a1=van der Walt|3y=2018|3p=260}} first, workers join together in independent trade unions; the trade unions in a given city or district then combine into a [[cartel]], which act as centres for popular education and build [[solidarity]] between workers of different trades; the cartels then group together on a regional basis, up to the national level, providing larger-scale coordination between its member organisations.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=93-94}} Under this model, each trade union is also federatively linked with other unions of the same trade and related trades in [[industrial unionism|industrial unions]], which allow workers a greater scope of [[solidarity action]]s in struggles relevant to their economic sector.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=94}} Anarcho-syndicalists see this federative form of industrial organisation as the nucleus for the reorganisation of the economy and society, as it would be able to take over the management of production in every economic sector.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2p=94}} In such a [[revolutionary situation]], cartels would take over production in their communities, determine the needs of their local population and organise the economy to meet those needs. A national federation would likewise be able to organise production throughout a given country to meet the needs of the entire populace nationwide, while the industrial unions established workers' control over the [[means of production]] and [[transport]]ation.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=94-95}}

==Practice==
In contrast to political parties that seek to enhance the political power of [[state (polity)|states]] over [[society]], anarcho-syndicalists aim to restrict the ability of the state to act and influence society.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=109-110}} Anarcho-syndicalism also seeks to abolish [[capitalism]] and replace it with [[socialism]], which it does by lowering the [[profit margin]]s of business owners and raising the workers' [[Share (finance)|share]] in the product of their own labour.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=110}} Anarcho-syndicalists consider the state to be a result of [[class stratification]], established and maintained in order to protect the [[monopoly]] of capitalists over the economy. As such, anarcho-syndicalists predict that the [[Withering away of the state|dissolution of the state]] will be an inevitable consequence of the abolition of capitalism. While moving towards this, they also consider it necessary to protect the [[civil and political rights]] that workers have achieved from [[Reactionary|political reaction]].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=110-111}}

Anarcho-syndicalism is driven by the practice of [[direct action]], which eschews legalistic methods in favour of workers forcing their employers to make concessions.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=23}} Methods of direct action include boycotts, sabotage and [[strike action]]s, the latter of which syndicalists framed as a "revolutionary drill" to prepare workers for the overthrow of capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=23-24}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]]
* [[Left-libertarianism]]
* [[List of federations of trade unions]]
* [[Participatory economics]]
* [[Solidarity unionism]]
* [[Wildcat strike action]]
{{Portal|Politics|Socialism|Anarchism}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}

* {{cite book|last=Damier|first=Vadim|year=2009|orig-year=2000|title=Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century|translator-last=Archibald|translator-first=Malcolm|location=[[Edmonton]]|publisher=Black Cat Press|isbn=978-0-9737827-6-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Rethinking Anarchism and Syndicalism: the colonial and postcolonial experience, 1870–1940|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|location=[[Leiden]]|year=2010a|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pages=xxxi-lxxiii}}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Final Reflections: the vicissitudes of anarchist and syndicalist trajectories, 1940 to the present|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|location=[[Leiden]]|year=2010b|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pages=395–412}}
* {{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Rocker|year=1989|orig-year=1938|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism|publisher=[[Pluto Press]]|isbn=0-7453-1392-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Wayne|year=1989|title=The Workers Themselves|title-link=The Workers Themselves|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|isbn=0-7923-0276-1|lccn=89-8205}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Black Flame (book)|Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism]]|first1=Lucien|last1=van der Walt|author-link=Lucien van der Walt|first2=Michael|last2=Schmidt|year=2009|location=[[Edinburgh]]|publisher=[[AK Press]]|isbn=978-1-904859-16-1|lccn=2006933558|oclc=1100238201}}
* {{cite journal|last=van der Walt|first=Lucien|year=2016|title=Global Anarchism and Syndicalism: Theory, History, Resistance|url=https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-24-issue-1/abstract-9310/|journal=[[Anarchist Studies]]|volume=24|issue=1|issn=0967-3393|pages=85–106}}
* {{cite book|last=van der Walt|first=Lucien|chapter=Syndicalism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=249–264|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14|s2cid=242074567 }}
* {{cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|chapter=Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=353–370|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21|s2cid=242074567 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Aguilar Fernández |first=Palomar |year=2002 |title=Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=1-57181-496-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert J. Alexander|title=The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|isbn=1-85756-400-6|location=[[London]]|publisher=Janus|year=1999|oclc=43717219|url=https://libcom.org/history/anarchists-spanish-civil-war-robert-alexander}}
* {{cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Nathaniel|year=2019|title=Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–23|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|volume=32|issue=3|pages=173–193|issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00004_1|s2cid=213843688 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Zoe |title=Means and Ends: The Revolutionary Practice of Anarchism in Europe and the United States |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-84935-498-1 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |oclc=1345217229 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Beevor |title=Battle for Spain the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=0-14-303765-X |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/295 }}
* {{cite book|last=D'Agostino|first=Anthony|chapter=Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=409–428|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_24|s2cid=158605651 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Danny|last2=Stainforth|first2=Elizabeth|year=2022|title=Learning to live: Anarcho-syndicalism and utopia in Spain, 1931–37|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|volume=36 |pages=3–20 |issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00078_1|s2cid=254803080 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/194715/1/EvansStainforth-FINAL.pdf }}
* {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Robert|chapter=Anarchism and the First International|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=325–342|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19|s2cid=158605651 }}
* {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Paul|chapter=The Labour Movement in Spain before 1914|editor-last=Geary|editor-first=Dick|year=1989|title=Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/laboursocialistm0000unse|publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]]|isbn=0-85496-200-X|lccn=88-21418|pages=231–265}}
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Roca Martínez |first=Beltrán |year=2006 |title=Anarchism, anthropology and Andalucia: an analysis of the CNT and 'New Capitalism' |journal=[[Anarchist Studies]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=106–130 |publisher=[[Lawrence & Wishart]] |location=London |issn=0967-3393 |url=http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228212207/http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal|last=Simon|first=S. Fanny|year=1946|title=Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in South America|journal=[[The Hispanic American Historical Review]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=26|issue=1|pages=38–59|doi=10.2307/2507692 |issn=1527-1900|jstor=2507692}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/002200947300800304|last=Vallance|first=Margaret|date=July 1973|title=Rudolf Rocker – a biographical sketch|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=75–95|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London/Beverly Hills|s2cid=159569041|issn=0022-0094|oclc=49976309}}
* {{cite journal|last=Weltman|first=Burton|year=2000|title=Revisiting Paul Goodman: Anarcho-Syndicalism as the American Way of Life|journal=Educational Theory|volume=50|issue=2|pages=179–199|issn=1741-5446|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5446.2000.00179.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Robert|last2=Sproule|first2=Warren|year=2002|title=Don't Mourn the Death of Theory, Organize! Globalization and the rhizome of anarcho-syndicalism|journal=[[Continuum (journal)|Continuum]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=317–333|issn=1469-3666|doi=10.1080/1030431022000018681|s2cid=146834025 }}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Dana M.|chapter=Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=107–124|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6|s2cid=158841066 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Zoffmann-Rodriguez|first=Arturo|year=2018|title=Anarcho-syndicalism and the Russian Revolution: Towards a political explanation of a fleeting romance, 1917–22|journal=Revolutionary Russia|volume=31|issue=2|pages=226–246|issn=1743-7873|doi=10.1080/09546545.2018.1535949|s2cid=149863663 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514062030/http://www.broadleft.org/anarchis.htm A comprehensive list of Anarcho-syndicalist organisations]
* [http://en.internationalism.org/series/271 What is revolutionary syndicalism?] An ongoing historical series on anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism from a communist perspective
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040926053004/http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/ Anarcho-Syndicalism 101]
* [http://www.syndicalist.us/ Anarcho-Syndicalist Review]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044024/http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/archive/display/181/index.php Syndicalism: Myth and Reality]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712213946/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue43/Jakopovic43.htm ''Revolutionary Unionism: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow''] by Dan Jakopovich
* [http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ns1scd Anarcho-Syndicalism texts] from the Kate Sharpley Library
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/syndicalism "Syndicalism"]. [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchism/66524/Revolutionary-syndicalism "Revolutionary syndicalism"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.

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