Editing Anarcho-punk


{{Short description|Subgenre of punk rock}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Anarcho-punk
| stylistic_origins = [[Punk rock]]
| cultural_origins  = {{Nowrap|Late 1970s, United Kingdom}}
| derivatives       =
| subgenrelist      =
| subgenres         =
| fusiongenres      = * [[Crust punk]]
* [[digital hardcore]]
| regional_scenes   =
| local_scenes      =
| other_topics      = * [[Anarchism]]
* [[anarchism in the arts]]
* [[CrimethInc.]]
* [[folk punk]]
* [[gutter punk]]
* [[hardcore punk]]
* [[punk ideologies]]
* [[punk subculture]]
* [[Red and Anarchist black metal]]
* [[Red and Anarchist Skinheads]]
* [[street punk]]
}}

'''Anarcho-punk''' (also known as '''anarchist punk'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/anarchist-punk-ma0000011967 |title=Anarchist Punk Music Genre Overview |website=AllMusic}}</ref> or '''peace punk'''<ref name="Sartwell">{{cite book |last1=Sartwell |first1=Crispin |title=Political Aesthetics |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |page=110}}</ref>) is an ideological subgenre of [[punk rock]] that promotes [[anarchism]]. Some use the term broadly to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, which may figure in [[crust punk]], [[hardcore punk]], [[folk punk]], and other styles.

== History ==
[[Image:Crass pete steve andy.png|300px|thumb|[[Crass]], shown here in 1984, played a major role in introducing anarchism to the punk subculture.]]

=== Before 1977 ===
Some members of the 1960s [[protopunk]] bands such as the [[MC5]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.furious.com/perfect/MC5/benedmonds.html |title=MC5 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> [[The Fugs]], [[Hawkwind]], and the [[Edgar Broughton Band]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.artistcamp.com/edgar-broughton-band/demons-at-the-beeb/682970000206/index.html |title=Edgar Broughton Band |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> had new left or anarchist ideology. These bands set a precedent for mixing radical politics with rock music and established the idea of rock as an agent of social and political change in the public consciousness. Other precursors to anarcho-punk include avant-garde art and political movements such as [[Fluxus]], [[Dada]], the [[Beat generation]], England's [[angry young men]] (such as [[Joe Orton]]), the [[surrealism]]-inspired [[Situationist International]], the [[May 1968 in France|May 1968]] uprising in Paris, and the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]]. [[Jello Biafra]] of the [[Dead Kennedys]] has cited the [[Youth International Party|Yippies]] as an influence on his activism and thinking.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vander Molen |first=Jodi |url=http://www.progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra |title=Jello Biafra Interview |magazine=[[The Progressive]] |date=February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Colurso |first=Mary |date=29 June 2007 |url=http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2007/06/jello_biafra_can_ruffle_feathe.html |title=Jello Biafra can ruffle feathers |work=[[The Birmingham News]]}}</ref>

=== Post 1977 ===
A surge of popular interest in [[anarchism]] occurred during the 1970s in the [[United Kingdom]] following the birth of [[punk rock]], in particular the [[Situationist International|Situationist]]-influenced graphics of [[Sex Pistols]] artist [[Jamie Reid]], as well as that band's first single, "[[Anarchy in the U.K.]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cross |first=Rich |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mp/9460447.0004.203/--there-is-no-authority-but-yourself-the-individual?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title="There Is No Authority But Yourself": The Individual and the Collective in British Anarcho-Punk |journal=[[Music and Politics]] |year=2010 |issue=2 |doi=10.3998/mp.9460447.0004.203 |access-date=15 March 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Crass]] and the [[Poison Girls]] funded the rented [[Wapping Autonomy Centre]] with a benefit single and this then inspired other squatted [[self-managed social centre]]s in London such as the [[Ambulance Station, Southwark|Ambulance Station]] on Old Kent Road, [[Centro Iberico]], Molly's Café on Upper Street and the Bingo Hall opposite [[Highbury & Islington]] station (now the [[The Garage, London|Garage]]).<ref name="bergcentres">{{cite book |last=Berger |first=George |title=The story of Crass |location=London |publisher=Omnibus Press |year=2006 |page=193 |isbn=1-84609-402-X}}</ref> The concept (and aesthetics) of anarcho-punk was quickly picked up on by bands like [[Flux of Pink Indians]], [[Subhumans (UK band)|Subhumans]] and [[Conflict (band)|Conflict]].<ref name="berger">{{harvp|Berger|2006|pp=67–68}}</ref>

The early 1980s saw the emergence of the [[Leeds]] anarcho-punk scene with groups like [[Abrasive Wheels]], [[The Expelled]] and [[Icon A.D.]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glasper |first1=Ian |title=Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980–1984 |date=22 January 2024 |publisher=[[Cherry Red Records|Cherry Red Books]] |pages=165 |isbn=978-1901447248}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABRASIVE WHEELS |date=9 March 2012 |url=https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/artists-a-to-k/artists-a/abrasive-wheels/ |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Glasper |first1=Ian |title=The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980–1984 |date=22 January 2024 |publisher=[[PM Press]] |pages=385 |isbn=978-1604865165}}</ref> From this scene came [[Chumbawamba]], whose emphasis on confrontational political activism soon overtook their connection to the scene. Despite their anti-corporate views, the group signed to [[EMI]], leading to their 1997 single "[[Tubthumping]]" reaching number 2 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="The City Talking">{{cite AV media |title=Music in Leeds vol.3 |url=https://the-dots.com/projects/music-in-leeds-vol-i-iii-170479 |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=The City Talking}}</ref>

Pioneering [[crust punk]] bands [[Antisect]], [[Anti System]], [[Sacrilege (band)|Sacrilege]] and [[Amebix]] all began in the anarcho-punk scene, before incorporating their anarchist lyrical themes with elements of early [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].<ref name="Rise of Crust">{{cite web |last=Von Havoc |first=Felix |title=Rise of Crust |publisher=Profane Existence |date=1 January 1984 |url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> Early British [[grindcore]] bands like [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]], [[Napalm Death]] and [[Extreme Noise Terror]] were primarily a part of the 1980s anarcho-punk scene, however began embracing elements of [[extreme metal]] and American [[thrashcore]].<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11">Glasper 2009, p. 11</ref>

==== United States ====
Anarcho-punk spread to the United States in the late 1970s with groups like Austin's [[MDC (band)|MDC]] and San Francisco's [[Dead Kennedys]]. Los Angeles' [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] also embraced anarchists politics between 1982 and 1986, when [[Henry Rollins]] was their vocalist.<ref name="Sartwell" /> United States anarcho-punk generally supported revolutions in Latin America and anti-[[Apartheid]] movements and criticised the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=David |title=Rebel music in the triumphant empire: punk rock in the 1990s United States |date=2020 |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0197534885 |page=7}}</ref>

In the 1980s, New York City cultivated a thriving anarcho-punk scene. Beginning as a part of the larger [[New York hardcore]] scene, bands like [[Reagan Youth]], [[False Prophets (band)|False Prophets]] and [[Heart Attack (band)|Heart Attack]]<ref name="Rettman 2015, p219" /> made use of a similar musical style and mentality to their British counterparts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=221 |quote=Todd Youth: The whole peace-punk political thing didn't have anything to do with our world. They were all trying to be British peace-punk bands and do the Crass-type thing.}}</ref> This scene split from New York hardcore as the decade progressed.<ref name="Rettman 2015, p219">{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=219 |quote=Steve Wishnia: At some point there was a split between what would be considered the peace punks - us, Reagan Youth, Heart Attack, No Thanks, A.P.P.L.E - and the skinhead bands like Cro-Mags and Agnostic Front.}}</ref> [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]] were a key figure in the scene during this period, helping to cultivate a new scene in the city based around politics and squatting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=222 |quote=Nausea was definitely a catalyst in 1985 for forging an alternative to the CBGB hardcore matinees. Their brand of highly politically charged punk had antecedents in NYC with documented groups like False Prophets and Reagan Youth, and the unknown ones like Sacrilege and Counterforce. But Nausea had a connection to the squatter movement that spoke to people who felt disconnected from the NYHC scene of the day.}}</ref>

In the 2000s, American anarcho-punk groups like [[Anti-Flag]] and [[Against Me]] gained significant mainstream success for the genre.<ref name="Sartwell" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Biel |first1=Joe |title=Good Trouble. |date=2016 |publisher=Microcosm Publishing |isbn=978-1621062158}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
{{Anarchism sidebar |Culture}}
Anarcho-punk bands often disassociated themselves from established anarchist currents like [[collectivist anarchism]], [[anarcho-syndicalism]] or [[anarcho communism|anarcho-communism]]. Because of this, as well as their emphasis on [[pacifism]], the scene was generally independent of the wider anarchist movement at the time. Bands generally supported [[animal rights]], [[anti-corporate activism|anti-corporatism]], [[labour rights]] and the [[anti-war]] movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Rich |title="There Is No Authority But Yourself": The Individual and the Collective in British Anarcho-Punk |journal=[[Music and Politics]] |year=2010 |issue=2 |doi=10.3998/mp.9460447.0004.203 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mp/9460447.0004.203/--there-is-no-authority-but-yourself-the-individual?rgn=main;view=fulltext |access-date=16 April 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some of the tensions with more established political campaign groups were seen in the co-optation by Crass of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament logo in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the band's mostly unsuccessful attempts to work with CND.<ref>See McKay, G. 2019. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336258827_They've_Got_a_Bomb_Sounding_Anti-nuclearism_in_the_Anarcho-punk_Movement_in_Britain_1978-84#fullTextFileContent "They've got a bomb: sounding anti-nuclearism in the anarcho-punk movement in Britain, 1978-84."] ''Rock Music Studies'' 6(2): 1-20. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1080/19401159.2019.1673076 10.1080/19401159.2019.1673076]
</ref>  

Anarcho-punks have criticised the flaws of the [[punk subculture|punk movement]] and the wider youth culture. Bands like [[Crass]] and [[Dead Kennedys]] have written songs that attack corporate co-option of the punk subculture, people who are deemed to have [[sold out]], and the violence between punks, [[skinhead]]s, [[breakdancing|B-boys]], other youth subcultures,<ref name="berger"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=...In Which Crass Voluntarily Blow Their Own... |url=http://blog.southern.com/about-crass-records/ |publisher=[[Southern Records]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023025044/http://blog.southern.com/about-crass-records/ |archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> and within punk itself. Some anarcho-punks are [[straight edge]], claiming that [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[tobacco]], drugs and promiscuity are instruments of oppression and are self-destructive because they cloud the mind and wear down a person's resistance to other types of oppression. Some also condemn the waste of land, water and resources necessary to grow crops to make alcohol, tobacco and drugs, forfeiting the potential to grow and manufacture food. Some may be straight edge for religious reasons, such as in the case of [[Christian anarchists|Christian]], [[Islam and anarchism|Muslim]], and [[Buddhist anarchism|Buddhist]] anarcho-punks (see [[Anarchism and religion]] for more background).

Although Crass initially espoused [[pacifism]], this is not necessarily the case for all anarcho-punks. Despite the broader punk subculture's antagonism towards hippies, the ideals of the hippie counterculture were an influence on anarcho-punk. Crass were explicit regarding their associations with the hippie counterculture,<ref name="berger" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> and this influence has also carried over to crust punk.

=== Direct action ===
Anarcho-punks universally believe in [[direct action]], although the way in which this manifests itself varies greatly. Despite their differences in strategy, anarcho-punks often co-operate with each other. Many anarcho-punks are [[pacifism|pacifists]] (e.g. Crass and [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]]) and therefore believe in using non-violent means of achieving their aims. These include [[nonviolent resistance]], [[refusal of work]], [[squatting]], economic [[sabotage]], [[dumpster diving]], [[graffiti]], [[culture jamming]], [[ecotage]], [[freeganism]], [[boycott]]ing, [[civil disobedience]], [[hacktivism]] and [[subvertising]]. Some anarcho-punks believe that violence or property damage is an acceptable way of achieving social change (e.g. [[Conflict (band)|Conflict]]). This manifests itself as [[riot]]ing, [[vandalism]], wire cutting, [[Hunt saboteur|hunt sabotage]], participation in [[Animal Liberation Front]], [[Earth Liberation Front]], or even [[Black Bloc]] style activities, and in extreme cases, bombings. Many anarchists dispute the applicability of the term "violence" to describe destruction of property, since they argue that destruction of property is done not to control an individual or institution but to take its control away.<ref>{{cite web |title=César Chavez on the Pragmatics of Violence |url=http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2004/submissions/tp-2.htm |publisher=Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy (SAAP) |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023055608/http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2004/submissions/tp-2.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fringe anarchists in middle of violent demonstrations|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-64114222.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629103332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-64114222.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |newspaper=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

=== DIY punk ethic ===
Many anarcho-punk bands subscribe to a "[[DIY ethic|do-it-yourself]]" (DIY) ethic. A popular anarcho-punk slogan is "DIY not EMI," a conscious rejection of a major record company.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ambrosch |first1=Gerfried |title=The Poetry of Punk: The Meaning Behind Punk Rock and Hardcore Lyrics |date=2018 |language=en |isbn=978-1-351-38444-5 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q79aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 136] }}</ref> Many anarcho-punk bands were showcased on the ''[[Bullshit Detector]]'' series of LPs released by [[Crass Records]] and Resistance Productions between 1980 and 1994. Some anarcho-punk performers were part of the [[cassette culture]]. This allowed artists to bypass the traditional recording and distribution routes, with recordings often being made available in exchange for a blank tape and a self-addressed envelope. The anarcho-punk movement has its own network of [[fanzine]]s, [[punk zine]]s, and self-published books<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bidge |first1=Dickhead |title=The Anarchism and Punk Book Project: By the Punks, For the Punks! |url=https://diyconspiracy.net/anarchism-and-punk-book-project/ |website=DIY Conspiracy |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> which disseminate news, ideas and artwork from the scene. These are DIY productions, tending to be produced in runs of hundreds at most. The 'zines are printed on [[photocopier]]s or duplicator machines, and distributed by hand at punk concerts, in radical bookstores and infoshops, and through the mail.

== Musical style and aesthetics ==
Anarcho-punk bands are often less focused on particular musical delivery and more focused on a totalised aesthetic that encompasses the entire creative process, from album and concert art, to political message, and to the lifestyles of the band members.<ref name="allmusic">[{{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d11374|pure_url=yes}} allmusic<!-- Bot generated title -->] quotation: {{quotation|...its ideology of personal freedom (musical self-expression ought to be available to anyone, regardless of technical ability), and also that the message tended to be more important than the music.}}</ref> Crass listed as band members the people who did their album art and live visuals. The message is considered to be more important than the music.<ref name="berger" /><ref name="allmusic"/> According to the punk aesthetic, one can express oneself and produce moving and serious works with limited means and technical ability.<ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="Byrne2010">[[David Byrne]], Jeremy Deller (2010) [http://www.davidbyrne.com/news/press/articles/modernpainters_2010.php ''Audio Games''], in ''[[Modern Painters (magazine)|Modern Painters]]'', 1 March 2010 quotation: {{quotation|I think I embrace a bit of the punk aesthetic that one can express oneself with two chords if that's all you know, and likewise one can make a great film with limited means or skills or clothes or furniture. It's just as moving and serious as works that employ great skill and craft sometimes. Granted, when you learn that third chord, or more, you don't have to continue making "simple" things, unless you want to. Sometimes that's a problem.}}</ref> It is not uncommon for anarcho-punk songs to lack the usual rock structure of verses and a chorus, however, there are exceptions to this. For example, later [[Chumbawamba]] songs were at the same time anarcho-punk and pop-oriented.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Aaron Lake |last=Smith |title=Chumbawamba's Long Voyage |date=June 2012 |url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2012/07/chumbawambas-long-voyage/ |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref>

Bands such as Crass, Conflict, [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]] and Chumbawamba make use of both male and female vocalists.<ref name="Larkin80">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music |The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music]] |editor=Colin Larkin |editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |date=2003|edition=Third |isbn=1-85227-969-9 |pages=124/5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffin |first1=Joh |title=Nausea Biography by John Griffin |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/nausea-mn0000318559/biography |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="The City Talking" /><ref>Rimbaud, P; "...EXIT – 'The Mystic Trumpeter, Live at the Roundhouse 1972'" accompanying booklet, Exitstencil Recordings 2013</ref>

Not all anarcho-aesthetics were reductive or simplistic though. George McKay had written of the idea of 'Crassonics', the  ''sounds'' that the band Crass used or made in the recording studio to represent the nuclear sublime. These 'incorporated sounds of destruction, alienation, and accusation, in a righteous and relentless assault on the new nuclear norm.... [L]istenability and expressibility seemed polar opposites: to express nuclear horror in music ... one had to interrogate the limits of what one would be willing to listen to.'<ref>McKay, G. 2019. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336258827_They've_Got_a_Bomb_Sounding_Anti-nuclearism_in_the_Anarcho-punk_Movement_in_Britain_1978-84#fullTextFileContent '"They've got a bomb": sounding anti-nuclearism in the anarcho-punk movement, 1978=84.'] ''Rock Music Studies'' (6)2: 1-20.</ref>

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
*[[Anarchism and the arts]]
*[[Anarchist symbolism]]
*[[Animal rights and punk subculture]]
*[[Crust punk]]
*[[Red and Anarchist Skinheads]]
*[[Punk ideologies]]
*[[List of anarcho-punk bands]]
*[[List of anarchist musicians]]
*[[List of subcultures]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Geoff Eley]] - "Do It Yourself Politics (DIY)", ''Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000'', chapter 27: "The Center and the Margins: Decline or Renewal?." [[Oxford University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-19-504479-7}} p.&nbsp;476-481.
* Ian Glasper - ''The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984'' (Cherry Red publishing, 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-901447-70-5}})
* Craig O'Hara - ''Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise'' ([[AK Press]], 1999 {{ISBN|978-1-873176-16-0}})
* George Berger - ''The Story of Crass'' (London: [[Omnibus Press]] 2006, {{ISBN|1-84609-402-X}})
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Avery-Natale |first1=Edward Anthony |title=Ethics, Politics, and Anarcho-Punk Identifications: Punk and Anarchy in Philadelphia |date=3 March 2016 |language=en |isbn=978-1-4985-1999-1 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]]}}
* Dines, M. and M. Worley, eds. (2016) [https://www.academia.edu/4128948/The_Aesthetic_of_Our_Anger_Anarcho_Punk_Politics_Music ''The Aesthetic of Our Anger: Anarcho-Punk, Politics, Music.''] Colchester: Minor Compositions / Autonomedia. 
* {{Cite journal |last1=Donaghey |first1=Jim |title=Bakunin Brand Vodka: An Exploration into Anarchist-Punk and Punk-Anarchism |journal=[[Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies]] |issue=1 |date=2013 |url=https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/adcs/article/view/17142 |language=en |issn=1923-5615}}
* {{cite book |last=Glasper |first=Ian |title=The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980–1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbVHEAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[PM Press]] |isbn=978-1-60486-988-0}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Andy |editor2-last=Peterson |editor2-first=Richard A. |last1=Gosling |first1=Tim |chapter=Not for Sale: The Underground Network of Anarcho-Punk |title=Music Scenes: Local, Translocal, and Virtual |url=https://archive.org/details/musicsceneslocal00benn |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicsceneslocal00benn/page/n184 168]–183 |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8265-1450-9 |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |location=Nashville}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Mann |first1=Jackson Albert |title=The Short, Tragic, and Instructive Life of Anarcho-Punk |date=2020 |url=https://www.hamptonthink.org/read/the-short-tragic-and-instructive-life-of-anarcho-punk |language=en |publisher=[[Hampton Institute]]}}
* {{Cite thesis |last1=Roby |first1=David |title=Crust Punk: Apocalyptic Rhetoric and Dystopian Performatives |date=2013 |url=https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/151027 |language=en |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stacy |title=Punk Productions: Unfinished Business |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7914-6187-7 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Refbegin}}
*[http://www.uncarved.org/music/apunk/index.html A critical look at anarcho-punk] Links to a series of articles and interviews on the subject.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029043734/http://www.minimovies.org/crass/ Crass Documentary Trailers & download]
*[https://www.waterstones.com/book/what-is-anarchist-music/ruud-noys/9781909798793 What is Anarchist Music? by Ruud Noys]

{{Refend}}

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