Editing Amygdaloideae

{{Short description|Subfamily of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|50|0|[[Eocene]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Rosales|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/rosalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}Possible Albian record <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peppe |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Hickey |first2=Leo J. |last3=Miller |first3=Ian M. |last4=Green |first4=Walton A. |date=October 2008 |title=A Morphotype Catalogue, Floristic Analysis and Stratigraphic Description of the Aspen Shale Flora(Cretaceous–Albian) of Southwestern Wyoming |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.181 |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=181–208 |doi=10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.181 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref>
| image = Amygdaloideae.jpg
| image_caption = (clockwise from top-left) ''[[Kerria japonica]]'', ''[[Spiraea]]'' sp., ''[[Exochorda racemosa]]'', ''[[Prunus cerasus]]''
| taxon = Amygdaloideae
| authority = [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision = * [[Amygdaleae]]
* [[Exochordeae]]
* [[Gillenieae]]
* [[Kerrieae]]
* [[Lyonothamneae]]
* [[Maleae]]
* [[Neillieae]]
* [[Sorbarieae]]
* [[Spiraeeae]]
| synonyms = * Coleogynoideae <small>Takhtajan 1997</small>
* Dichotomanthoideae <small>Takhtajan 1997</small>
* Lyonothamnoideae <small>Schulze-Menz 1964</small>
* [[Maloideae]] <small>C.Weber</small>
* Pomoideae <small>[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] 1789</small>
* Prunoideae <small>[[Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow|Horan.]]</small>
* [[Spiraeoideae]] <small>Arn.</small>
}}

'''Amygdaloideae''' is a subfamily within the [[flowering plant]] family [[Rosaceae]]. It was formerly considered by some authors to be separate from Rosaceae,<ref>{{cite book |author =John Lindley |year=1830 |title=Introduction to the natural system of botany: or, a systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographic distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom; together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |location=London |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7342346#page/152/mode/1up |pages=84–85|author-link=John Lindley }}</ref> and the family names '''Prunaceae''' and '''Amygdalaceae''' have been used. Reanalysis from 2007 has shown that the previous definition of subfamily Spiraeoideae was [[paraphyletic]].<ref name=Potter/> To solve this problem, a larger subfamily was defined that includes the former Amygdaloideae, [[Spiraeoideae]], and [[Maloideae]]. This subfamily, however, is to be called Amygdaloideae rather than Spiraeoideae under the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]] as updated in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Reine, W.F.P.h.V. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012|title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011|volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154|publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG|isbn=978-3-87429-425-6|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art19}} Article 19.5, ex. 5</ref>

As traditionally defined, the Amygdaloideae includes such commercially important crops as [[plum]], [[cherry]], [[apricot]], [[peach]], and [[almond]]. The [[fruit]] of these plants are known as '''stone fruit''' ([[drupe]]s), as each fruit contains a hard shell (the [[endocarp]]) called a ''stone'' or ''pit'', which contains the single seed.

The expanded definition of the Amygdaloideae adds to these commercially important crops such as [[apple]]s and [[pear]]s that have [[pome]] fruit, and also important ornamental plants such as ''[[Spiraea]]'' and ''[[Aruncus]]'' that have hard dry fruits.

==Taxonomic history==
The name '''Prunoideae''' is sometimes used, but is incorrect. The 1835 publication of that name by [[Gilbert Thomas Burnett]] (Burnett) is invalid because it lacks a description (or diagnosis or reference to an earlier description or diagnosis). [[Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow]] (Horan.) published the name in 1847, but Amygdaloideae, published in 1832 by [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott]], has [[Correct name (botany)|priority]] and is therefore the correct name.

The taxonomy of this group of plants within the Rosaceae has recently been unclear. In 2001 it was reported<ref name=leewen>{{cite journal |author1=Sangtae Lee |author2=Jun Wen |year=2001 |title=A phylogenetic analysis of ''Prunus'' and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi = 10.2307/2657135| pmid = 11159135 |jstor=2657135 |doi-access=free }}</ref> that Amygdaloideae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' consists of two distinct genetic groups or "[[clades]]", ''[[Prunus]]''–''[[Prunus subg. Padus#Maddenia|Maddenia]]'' and ''[[Exochorda]]''–''[[Oemleria]]''–''[[Prinsepia]]''. Further refinement<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal |author1=D. Potter |author2=T. Eriksson |author3=R. C. Evans |author4=S. Oh |author5=J. E. E. Smedmark |author6=D. R. Morgan |author7=M. Kerr |author8=K. R. Robertson |author9=M. Arsenault |author10=T. A. Dickinson |author11=C. S. Campbell |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=http://biology.umaine.edu/Amelanchier/Rosaceae_2007.pdf |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P }} Note that this publication pre-dates the 2011 International Botanical Congress which mandates that the combined subfamily referred to in the paper as Spiraeoideae must be called Amygdaloideae.</ref> shows that ''Exochorda''–''Oemleria''–''Prinsepia'' is somewhat separate from ''Prunus''–''Maddenia''–''Pygeum'', and that the traditional subfamilies [[Maloideae]] and [[Spiraeoideae]] must be included in Amygdaloideae if a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic group]] is to be avoided. With this classification, the genus ''Prunus'' is considered to include ''Armeniaca'', ''Cerasus'', ''Amygdalus'', ''Padus'', ''Laurocerasus'', ''Pygeum'', and ''Maddenia''.

[[Robert Frost]] alluded to the merging of Amygdalaceae into Rosaceae in his poem ''The Rose Family'',<ref name="robertfrost">{{ cite book| author =Robert Frost | year = 1928| title = West-Running Brook | publisher = Henry Holt & Co| author-link = Robert Frost| title-link = West-Running Brook}}</ref> when he wrote "The rose is a rose and was always a rose / But the theory now goes that the apple's a rose, / and the pear is, and ''so's the plum, I suppose''." In the next line he wrote, "The dear [i.e., "the dear Lord", euphemized] only knows what will next prove a rose." This referred to shifting botanical opinion which had recently<ref>{{cite book|author =Focke, W. O. |year=1894 |title= Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten |chapter= Rosaceae |pages=1–61 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32134975#page/9/mode/1up |location=Leipzig |publisher=W. Engelmann |editor1=A. Engler |editor2=K. Prantl |volume=3 |issue=3 |language=de}}</ref> reunited Amygdalaceae, Spiraeaceae, and Malaceae into Rosaceae (which matches de Jussieu's 1789 classification).<ref>{{cite book|author =de Jussieu, A.L. |year=1789 |title= Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita |publisher=Herrisant |location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32208#page/2/mode/1up |language=la}}</ref>

==Classification==
A recent classification places the following genera in the subfamily:<ref name=Potter/>
{{div col begin|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Adenostoma]]''
* ''[[Amelanchier]]''
* ''[[Aria (plant)|Aria]]'' here considered a subgenus of ''[[Sorbus]]''
* ''[[Aronia]]''
* ''[[Aruncus]]''
* ''[[Chaenomeles]]''
* ''[[Chamaebatiaria]]''
* ''[[Chamaemeles]]''
* ''[[Chamaemespilus]]'' here considered a subgenus of ''[[Sorbus]]''
* ''[[Coleogyne]]''
* ''[[Cormus (plant)|Cormus]]'' here considered a subgenus of ''[[Sorbus]]''
* ''[[Cotoneaster]]''
* ''[[Crataegus]]''
* ''[[Cydonia (plant)|Cydonia]]''
* ''[[Dichotomanthes]]''
* ''[[Docynia]]''
* ''[[Docyniopsis]]''
* ''[[Eriobotrya]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus]]''
* ''[[Exochorda]]''
* ''[[Gillenia]]''
* ''[[Hesperomeles]]''
* ''[[Heteromeles]]''
* ''[[Holodiscus]]''
* ''[[Kageneckia]]''
* ''[[Kelseya]]''
* ''[[Kerria (plant)|Kerria]]''
* ''[[Lindleya]]''
* ''[[Luetkea]]''
* ''[[Lyonothamnus]]''
* ''[[Malacomeles]]''
* ''[[Malus]]'' (Apples and crabapples)
* ''[[Mespilus]]''
* ''[[Neillia]]''
* ''[[Neviusia]]''
* ''[[Oemleria]]''
* ''[[Osteomeles]]''
* ''[[Peraphyllum]]''
* ''[[Petrophytum]]''
* ''[[Photinia]]''
* ''[[Physocarpus]]''
* ''[[Prinsepia]]''
* ''[[Prunus]]'' (Peaches and almonds)
* ''[[Pseudocydonia]]''
* ''[[Pyracantha]]''
* ''[[Pyrus]]'' (Pears)
* ''[[Rhaphiolepis]]''
* ''[[Rhodotypos]]''
* ''[[Sibiraea]]''
* ''[[Sorbaria]]''
* ''[[Sorbus]]''
* ''[[Spiraea]]''
* ''[[Spiraeanthus]]''
* [[Extinct|†]]''[[Stonebergia]]'' (Early Eocene; [[Allenby Formation]], Canada)<ref name="Wolfe1988">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=J.A.|last2=Wehr |first2=W.C. |year=1988 |title=Rosaceous ''Chamaebatiaria''-like foliage from the Paleogene of western North America |journal=Aliso |volume= 12 |issue=1 |pages= 177–200 |url= https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014287|doi=10.5642/aliso.19881201.14|doi-access=free |bibcode=1988Aliso..12..177W }}</ref>
* ''[[Stranvaesia]]''
* ''[[Sorbus torminalis|Torminalis]]'' here considered as ''[[Sorbus]]'' subgenus ''Torminaria''
* ''[[Vauquelinia]]''
* ''[[Xerospiraea]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q854082}}

[[Category:Amygdaloideae| ]]
[[Category:Rosid subfamilies]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Arnott Walker Arnott]]