Editing Ammit

{{short description|Ancient Egyptian goddess}}
{{distinguish|Amit}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Egyptian
| name = Ammit
| image = Ammit.svg
| hiero = [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]: ''ꜥm-mwt''<ref name="woerterbuch" />
(''devourer of the dead'')
<hiero>a-m-F10-m-t*Z2ss:A14</hiero>
}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}
'''Ammit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ᵻ|t}}; {{langx|egy|[[wikt:ꜥm-mwt|ꜥm-mwt]]}}, "'''Devourer of the Dead'''"; also rendered '''Ammut''' or '''Ahemait''') was an [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ancient Egyptian goddess]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Estate Overseer of Menmaatra; King's Scribe. |first=Hunefer |date=10 December 2024 |title=papyrus |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA9901-3 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=British Museum}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2023}} with the forequarters of a [[lion]], the hindquarters of a [[hippopotamus]], and the head of a [[Nile crocodile|crocodile]]—the three largest "man-eating" animals known to [[ancient Egypt]]ians. In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], Ammit played an important role during the funerary ritual, the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs#Judgment of the dead|Judgment of the Dead]].

== Nomenclature ==
Ammit ({{langx|egy|{{linktext|ꜥm-mwt}}}}; {{lang|egy|{{linktext|ꜣmt mwtw}}}}<ref name="snape"/>) means "''devourer of the dead''"<ref name="taylor2001"/><ref name="woerterbuch" /> ("''devoureress of the dead''"<ref name="hart"/>{{Refn|Female "devourer of the dead".<ref name="wilkinson" />}}) or "''swallower of the dead''",<ref name="snape"/> where {{lang|egy|{{linktext|ꜥm}}}} is the verb "to swallow",<ref>{{harvp|Erman|Grapow|1926|p=103}}. {{lang|egy|ꜥm}} '{{lang|de|{{linktext|verschlucken}}}} [swallow]'</ref> and {{lang|egy|{{linktext|mwt}}}} signifies "the dead", more specifically the dead who had been adjudged not to belong to the {{lang|egy|{{linktext|akhu}}}} ("blessed dead") who abided by the code of truth ([[Maat|Ma'at]]).<ref name="taylor2001"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|She was also called "eater of [[heart]]s", and "great of death" in her capacity as an underworld deity.<ref name="wilkinson" />}}

== Iconography ==
{{anchor|ammit_ani}}
[[File:Early Ammit.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Ammit without a [[Lion#Mane|mane]] from the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' of Nebqed. c. 1391–1353 BCE, late [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]].|left]]
Ammit is denoted as a female entity, commonly depicted with the head of a [[crocodile]], the forelegs and upper body of a [[lion]] (or [[leopard]]<ref name="hart"/><ref name="wilkinson" />{{Refn|Cf. one depiction in Egyptian Book of the Dead, Papyrus of Ani, Chapter 30B (Pl. 3), where Ammit is shown with a torso of spotted fur (See [[#ammit ani|image right]]).{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=La9K8fp-BcMC&pg=PA167 Pl. 3]}}}}), and the hind legs and lower body of a [[hippopotamus]].<ref name="wilkinson" /> The combination of three deadly animals of the Nile: crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus, suggests that no one can escape annihilation, even in the [[afterlife]].<ref name="hart" /> She is part lioness,<ref name="venit"/> but her leonine features may present in the form of a [[Lion#Mane|mane]],{{Refn|Cf. Depiction on the Papyrus of Hunefer, Dyn. XIX, British Museum (shown [[#hunefer pic|right]]). A line drawing of the creature in the papyrus is given by Hart.<ref name="hart"/>}}<ref name="gibson"/> which is usually associated with male lions. In the [[Papyrus of Ani]], Ammit is adorned with a tri-colored [[nemes]],{{Refn|"mane that hangs down like a tripartite wig" on a burial shroud, [[Royal Ontario Museum]].<ref name="gibson"/>}}{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|p=155}} which were worn by [[pharaoh]]s as a symbol of kingship.
[[File:Ammit BD.jpg|thumb|Ammit showed at the Weighing of Ani's heart from the [[Papyrus of Ani]]. c. 1250 BCE, [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]].]]
Versions of the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' from the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] started to include Ammit.<ref name="taylor2019" /> During the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|eighteenth dynasty]], the crocodile-lion-hippopotamus hybrid was the conventional depiction of Ammit. She appeared in scenes showing the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs#Judgment of the dead|Judgment of the Dead]], in [[tomb]]s and [[Ancient Egyptian funerary texts|funerary]] [[Papyrus|papyri]]. In this scene, Ammit is shown with other [[Ancient Egyptian deities|Egyptian gods]] in [[Duat]], waiting to learn if she can consume the [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|heart]] of the deceased.<ref name="taylor2019" /> A stylistic shift occurred, during the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]]. Around the [[Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt|twenty-first dynasty]], the Judgment of the Dead scene was painted on the interior and exterior of [[Ancient Egyptian funerary practices#Coffins|coffins]]. The coffin lid of [[Ankhhor|Ankh-hor]], a chief from the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt|twenty-second dynasty]] featured Ammit bearing the head of a hippopotamus, and the body of a [[dog]] with rows of paps.<ref name="taylor2019" /><ref name="spieser" />{{Refn|Cf. Egyptian Book of the Dead, Papyrus of Ani, Chapter 148 (Pl. 11), where the aspect of the Guardian of the Fifth Pylon/Portal,{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=La9K8fp-BcMC&pg=PA95 Pl. 11]}} (Hentet-Arqiu), is assumed by Ammit, and she is illustrated as a "monstrous female demon with hippopotamus body and head, pendulous breasts, lion legs and crocodile snout, squatting, with open jaws and tongue extended, forepaws, holding huge knife,.."<ref name="ARAS-ani-pl11"/>}}While the [[Papyrus]] of Nes-min (ca. 300–250 BCE) from the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Period]], portrayed Ammit with the head of a crocodile, and the body of a dog.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peck |first=William H. |date=2000 |title=The Papyrus of Nes-min: An Egyptian Book of the Dead |journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts |volume=74 |issue=1/2 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.1086/DIA41504961 |jstor=41504961 |s2cid=165731702 |issn=0011-9636 }}</ref>

== Role in ancient Egyptian religion ==
Unlike other [[Ancient Egyptian deities|gods]] featured in [[ancient Egyptian religion]], Ammit was not [[Ancient Egyptian deities#Worship|worshipped]].<ref name="wilkinson" /> Instead, Ammit was feared and believed to be a [[demon]] rather than a deity, due to her role as the 'devourer of the dead'.<ref name="wilkinson" /> During the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], deities and demons were differentiated by having a cult or center of worship. Demons in ancient Egyptian religion had supernatural powers and roles, but were ranked below the gods and did not have a place of worship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lucarelli |first=Rita |date=September 2010 |editor-last=Wendrich |editor-first=Willeke |editor2-last=Dieleman |editor2-first=Jacco |editor3-last=Frood |editor3-first=Elizabeth |editor4-last=Baines |editor4-first=John |title=Demons (Benevolent and Malevolent) |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r72q9vv |journal=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology |volume=1 |pages=2–6}}</ref> In the case of Ammit, she was a guardian demon.<ref name=":0" /> A guardian demon was tied to a specific place, such as [[Duat]]. Their appearance was based on a hybrid of an [[animal]] or a [[human]] and was denoted so the dead could recognize them. Guardian demons that appeared as a hybrid of animals were an amalgamation of traits meant to be feared and to differentiate them from deities associated with humanity.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Hieroglyphic Papyrus Book of the Dead; Late Period, 2nd Cent. BC; from Thebes (28748663675).jpg|thumb|[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] depiction of Ammit standing on top of a pedestal left of the scale. She has the head of [[crocodile]], the [[Lion#Mane|mane]] of a [[lion]], and the body of a [[dog]]. From a ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' [[papyrus]] (c. [[2nd century BC]]E) in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]].]]
Prior to the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and the creation of [[List of Book of the Dead spells#125-6: Judgement|Chapter 125]] in the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'', Ammit did not have a large presence in [[ancient Egyptian religion]]. However, [[Khonsu]], the god of the moon, was depicted as a 'devourer of the dead and hearts' in [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] [[Pyramid Texts|pyramid texts]] and [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] Coffin Texts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adel Zaki Nasr |first=Youmna |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period |url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf |journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels |publisher=Mansoura University |issue=12 |pages=541–545}}</ref>

Throughout the [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] and the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], a collection of spells was created to form the [[Coffin Texts]]. In Spell 310, [[Khonsu]] burned [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|hearts]] heavier than the [[Maat#Weighing of the Heart|feather of ma'at]] during the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs#Judgment of the dead|Judgment of the Dead]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faulkner |first=Raymond O. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAncientEgyptianCoffin1/The%20ancient%20Egyptian%20coffin1/page/n239/mode/2up |title=The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts: Volume I Spells 1-354 |publisher=Aris & Phillips Ltd. |year=1973 |isbn=0-85668-005-2 |location=Warminster, England |pages=227–228}}</ref> In Spell 311, Khonsu devoured the hearts of the gods and the dead. Divine hearts were devoured for their power. Hearts deemed impure during judgment were devoured, leaving the deceased trapped in [[Duat]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Faulkner |first=Raymond O. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAncientEgyptianCoffin1/The%20ancient%20Egyptian%20coffin1/page/n241/mode/2up |title=The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts: Volume I Spells 1-354 |publisher=Aris & Phillips Ltd. |year=1973 |isbn=0-85668-005-2 |location=Warminster, England |pages=228–229}}</ref> These spells were among those adapted into the ''Book of the Dead'' starting in the New Kingdom.

Spells 310 and 311 of the Coffin Texts are referred to in [[List of Book of the Dead spells#64–89: Coming Forth by Day|Chapters 79]], and 125 in the ''Book of the Dead''. Chapter 79 refers to the burning of the heart, while the scene of judgment and devouring of hearts is found in Chapter 125.<ref name=":1" /> Instead of [[Khonsu]] devouring the [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|heart]] of the dead, Ammit was referred to as the 'devourer of the dead'. Ammit was present during the weighing of the heart, usually near the scale waiting to learn the results. If the heart of the dead was impure, she ate their heart leaving them soulless and trapped in [[Duat]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kleiner |first=Fred S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQfFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume I |date=2020 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-357-37048-3 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Weighing of the heart ===
{{anchor|hunefer_pic}}
[[File:The Weighing of the Heart.svg|thumb|left|300px|Judgment of the Soul based from the [[Papyrus]] of Ani. Shows heart being weighed on the scale of [[Maat]] against the [[feather of truth]], by the [[jackal]]-headed [[Anubis]]. Ammit stands ready to eat the heart if it fails the test. The [[ibis]]-headed [[Thoth]], [[scribe]] of the [[gods]], records the result.]]
The ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' was a collection of [[Ancient Egyptian funerary texts|funerary texts]] used to guide the dead to [[Duat]], the Egyptian [[underworld]]. The process of the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs#Judgment of the dead|Judgment of the Dead]] was described in [[List of Book of the Dead spells#125-6: Judgement|Chapter 125]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lichtheim |first=Miriam |author-link=Miriam Lichtheim |title=Ancient Egyptian literature : a book of readings. Volume II, The New Kingdom |date=April 3, 2006 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert |isbn=978-0-520-93306-4 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=132–139 |oclc=778435126}}</ref><ref name="snape" /> The ruler of Duat, [[Osiris]], presided over judgment. [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] depictions of this scene occurred at the Hall of the Two Truths (or Two ''Maats''). {{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|With Osiris accompanied Isis and Nephthys and the Sons of Horus. In later times, its judgment was presided by Ra.<ref name="taylor2001"/>}}<ref name="taylor2001"/>{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|p=155}} [[Anubis]], the Guardian of the Scales, conducted the dead towards the weighing scale.{{Refn|Group="lower-alpha"|Lay literature sees fit to say that Anubis drops the heart on the scale, but scholarship stops at stating that Anubis drags the person to the scale, and also attending to the pan and [[plumb bob]] of the scale in the weighing process (e.g. Budge,<ref name="budge1934"/> Taylor here.<ref name="taylor2001"/>)}} Ammit would be situated near the scale, awaiting the results. While [[Thoth]], the god of hieroglyphs and judgment, would record the results.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aronin |first=Rachel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7 |title=Current Research in Egyptology 2007: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference |collaboration=Meg Gundlach |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84217-329-9 |editor-last=Griffin |editor-first=Kenneth |volume=8 |location=Oxford |pages=8, 10–11 |chapter=Divine Determinatives in the Papyrus of Ani |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dqv7.5 |jstor=j.ctvh1dqv7.5 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7.5}}</ref> The [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|heart]] of the deceased was weighed against the [[Maat#Weighing of the Heart|feather of Ma'at]],{{efn|Often illustrated as an ostrich feather (the feather was often pictured in Ma'at's headdress).}} the goddess of truth.<ref name="taylor2001"/>{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|p=155}}<ref name="budge1934"/> The feather of Ma'at symbolized the balance, and truthfulness needed to be present during one's lifetime. The heart or ''[[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|Ib]]'', represented the individual's soul and was the key to traveling to [[Aaru]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Ville |first=Jacques |date=Fall 2011 |title=Mythology and the Images of Justice |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324 |journal=Law and Literature |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=336–337 |doi=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324 |jstor=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324 |hdl=10566/288 |s2cid=220308728 |issn=1535-685X |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In [[List of Book of the Dead spells#125-6: Judgement|Chapter 125]] of the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'', the deceased is given a series of declarations to recite at the Judgment of the Dead. ''The Declaration of Innocence'' was a list of 42 sins the deceased was innocent of committing. ''The Declaration to the Forty-two Gods'' and ''The Address to the Gods'' were recited directly to the [[Ancient Egyptian deities|gods]], proclaiming the deceased's purity and loyalty.<ref name=":3" />

 After the declarations are recited, their heart is weighed. If the [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ib (heart)|heart]] weighed less than the feather of Ma'at, the deceased was ruled to be pure. [[Thoth]] recorded the result and Osiris would allow the deceased to continue their voyage toward [[Aaru]] and [[immortality]]. If the heart was heavier than the feather of Ma'at, the deceased was deemed impure. Ammit would devour their heart, leaving the deceased without a soul. [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs|Ancient Egyptians]] believed the [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul|soul]] would become restless forever, dying a second death. Instead of living in Aaru, the soulless individual would be stuck in [[Duat]].<ref name="snape" /><ref name="taylor2019" /><ref name=":2" />
[[File:Temple of Deir el-Medina 21.JPG|thumb|Wall carving of Ammit on a pedestal in a scene depicting the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs#Judgment of the dead|Judgment of the Dead]] from the [[Hathor#Temples in Egypt|Temple of Hathor]] in [[Deir el-Medina]]]]
Ammit is often depicted sitting in a crouched position near the scale, ready to eat the heart.<ref name="taylor2019" />{{sfnp|Von Dassow|2008|p=155}} Ancient Egyptians were buried with a copy of the ''Book of the Dead'', guaranteeing they would be successful at the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs|Judgment of the Dead]]. Thus, Ammit was left hungry without any hearts to eat, and the consecrated dead was then able to bypass the [[Lake of fire|Lake of Fire]], featured in [[List of Book of the Dead spells#125-6: Judgement|Chapter 126]] of the ''Book of the Dead''.<ref name="snape" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Janes |first=Regina M. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570 |title=Inventing Afterlives: The Stories We Tell Ourselves About Life After Death |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-231-18570-7 |location=New York |pages=40–42 |chapter=Impermanent Eternities: Egypt, Sumer, and Babylon, Ancient Israel, Greece, and Rome |doi=10.7312/jane18570 |jstor=10.7312/jane18570 |s2cid=166143164 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570.5}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Saba Mubarak]] portrays Ammit in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) television series ''[[Moon Knight (miniseries)|Moon Knight]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Who Voices Ammit In Moon Knight's Final Episode? |url=https://screenrant.com/moon-knight-ammit-voice-actor/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref> In the ''[[Mummies Alive!]]'' cartoon series, the main villain Scarab accidentally summons Ammut, and she sticks around. In the show, she is a dog-like and rather small-sized pet who does not speak. In [[Rick Riordan]]'s series ''[[The Kane Chronicles]]'', Ammit is portrayed. In ''[[Primeval (TV series)|Primeval]]'', Ammit was a ''[[Pristichampsus]]'' that came through an Anomaly (a gateway in time) to ancient Egypt, where people believed it to be a god.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:BD Weighing of the Heart.jpg|Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the [[Papyrus of Ani]]. Ammit is shown at the far right, near [[Thoth]]. c. 1250 BCE, [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]].
File:The judgement of the dead in the presence of Osiris.jpg|Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Papyrus of [[Hunefer]]. Ammit is shown next to the scale. [[Anubis]] is on her left, and [[Thoth]] on her right. c. 1275 BCE, [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]].
File:Temple of Deir el-Medina Panorama.jpg|Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the [[Hathor#Temples in Egypt|Temple of Hathor]] in [[Deir el-Medina]]. [[Thoth]] is seen to the right of the scale, while to the right, Ammit sits on top of a pedestal.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* ''[[Book of the Dead]]''
* [[Chalkydri]], other mythical creatures depicted with the body of a lion and head of a crocodile<ref>Kulik, Alexander (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cdyu2ZdhwFoC&q=chalkydri%20238 3 Baruch: Greek-Slavonic Apocalypse of Baruch]. p. 238. [[De Gruyter]]. {{isbn|9783110212488}}. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</ref>
* [[Cerberus]], a chthonic creature in Greek mythology

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="ARAS-ani-pl11">{{citation|title=Papyrus of Ani, sheet 11 (vignette) |work=The Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism (ARAS) |jstor=community.11652438}}</ref>

<ref name="budge1934">{{cite book|last=Budge |first=E. A. Wallis |author-link=E. A. Wallis Budge|title=From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt |location= |publisher=Dover |date=1988 |orig-date=1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJmOunL6Kw4C&pg=PA213|pages=213, 294 |isbn=<!--0486258033,  -->9780486258034}}</ref>

<ref name="gibson">{{cite book|last=Gibson |first=Gayle |author-link=<!--Gayle Gibson--> |chapter=The Place of Silence: Musings on a Partial Ptolemaic Burial Shroud Recently Rediscovered in the Royal Ontario Museum |editor1-last=Geisen |editor1-first=Christina |editor1-link=<!--Christina Geisen--> |editor2-last=Li |editor2-first=Jean |editor2-link=<!--Jean Li--> |editor3-last=Shubert |editor3-first=Steven B. |editor3-link=<!--Steven B. Shubert--> |editor4-last=Yamamoto |editor4-first=Kei |editor4-link=<!--Kei Yamamoto (scholar)--> |title=His Good Name: Essays on Identity and Self-Presentation in Ancient Egypt in Honor of Ronald J. Leprohon |location= |publisher=ISD LLC |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZosEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |page=180 |isbn=<!--1948488388, -->9781948488389}}</ref>

<ref name="hart">{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |date=April 8, 1986 |isbn=9780203136447 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpGADio-_NkC&pg=PR1 |pages=3–4 }}; {{cite book|last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |author-mask=2 |chapter=Introduction; Ammut |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |location= |publisher= Psychology Press|date=2005 |orig-date=1986 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA12 |pages=7, 12–13 |isbn=<!--0415344956,  -->9780415344951}}</ref>

<ref name="snape">{{cite book|last=Snape |first=Steven |author-link=<!--Steven Snape (Egyptologist)--> |chapter=Rekhmire and the Tomb of the Well-Known Soldier |title=Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death |location= |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lcAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |page=198 |isbn=<!--1405120894, -->9781405120890}}</ref>

<ref name="spieser">{{cite journal|last=Venit|first=Marjorie Susan |author-link=<!--Marjorie Susan Venit-->  |title=Avaleuses et dévoreuses: des déesses aux démones en Égypte ancienne |journal=Chronique d'Égypte |volume=84 |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2McNKx4uPYkC&q=Ammit+mamelles |page=13<!--5–19-->|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="taylor2001">{{cite book|last=Taylor |first=John H. |author-link=<!--John H. Taylor (Egyptologist)--> |chapter=Death and Resurrection in Ancient Egyptian Society |title=Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt|location= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4eRywSWJzAC&pg=PA38 |pages=36–38 |isbn=<!--0226791645, -->9780226791647}}</ref>
<ref name="taylor2019">{{cite book|last=Taylor |first=John H. |author-link=<!--John H. Taylor (Egyptologist)--> |chapter=The Mummies and Coffins of Ankh-hor and Heribrer |editor-last=Kalloniatis |editor-first=Faye |editor-link=<!--Faye Kalloniatis--> |title=The Egyptian Collection at Norwich Castle Museum: Catalogue and Essays |location= |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2019  |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jl3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |page=23<!--20–29--> |isbn=<!--1789251990, -->9781789251999}}</ref>

<ref name="venit">{{cite book|last=Venit |first=Marjorie Susan |author-link=<!--Marjorie Susan Venit--> |chapter=Tradition and Innovation in the Tombs of the Egyptian Chora |title=Visualizing the Afterlife in the Tombs of Graeco-Roman Egypt |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |page=142 |isbn=<!--1107048087, -->9781107048089}}</ref>

<ref name="wilkinson">{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard H. |author-link=Richard H. Wilkinson |url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/218/mode/2up |title=The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt |date=2003 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-500-05120-7 |pages=218}}</ref>

<ref name="woerterbuch">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Erman |editor1-first=Adolf |editor1-link=Adolf Erman |editor2-last=Grapow |editor2-first=Hermann |editor2-link=Hermann Grapow |entry=ꜥm |title=Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache |volume=1 |location=Berlin |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |date=1926 |url=https://www.ancientegyptfoundation.org/downloads/worterbuch/worterbuch_der_aegyptischen_spracheVol.1.pdf |page=104.9 |quote=ꜥm-mwt {{lang|de|{{linktext|Toten|fressen}} (Name des {{linktext|Tiers}} beim {{linktext|Toten|gericht}})}} [Feeding/feeder on the dead. (Name of the beast at the judgment of the dead)]}}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Von Dassow |editor-first=Eva |editor-link=<!--Eva Von Dasow--> |translator1-last=Faulkner |translator1-first=Raymond  |translator1-link=Raymond O. Faulkner |translator2-last=Goelet |translator2-first=Ogden |translator2-link=<!--Ogden Goelet (Egyptologist)--> |title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day – The Complete Papyrus of Ani Featuring Integrated Text and Full-Color Images |publisher=Chronicle Books |date=2008 |isbn=<!--0811864898,  -->9780811864893}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ammit}}

{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer|collapsed}}

[[Category:Book of the Dead]]
[[Category:Egyptian death goddesses]]
[[Category:Egyptian demons]]
[[Category:Egyptian underworld]]
[[Category:Justice goddesses]]
[[Category:Lion goddesses]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Reptile deities]]
[[Category:Underworld goddesses]]