Editing Ammianus Marcellinus

{{Short description|4th-century Roman historian and soldier}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
 | name          = Ammianus Marcellinus
 | birth_date    = {{circa|330}}
 | birth_place   = [[Roman Syria]], possibly in Ammia<br />(modern-day [[Amioun]], [[Lebanon]])
 | death_date    = {{circa|391}}–400
 | death_place   =
 | nationality   = Roman
 | occupation    = Historian and soldier
 | notable_works = ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus)|Res gestae]]''
 | children      =
 | module        =
}}

'''Ammianus Marcellinus''', occasionally [[Anglicisation|anglicized]] as '''Ammian'''{{sfn|Thayer|2008}}{{sfn|Lexundria: Ammian}} ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born {{circa|330}}, died {{circa|lk=no|391}}{{snd}}400), was a [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Roman soldier]] and [[historian]] who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from [[Ancient history|antiquity]] (preceding [[Procopius]]). Written in Latin and known as the ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus)|Res gestae]]'', his work chronicled the [[history of Rome]] from the accession of Emperor [[Nerva]] in 96 to the death of [[Valens]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378. Only the sections covering the period 353 to 378 survive.

==Biography==
[[File:Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch).jpg|thumb|230px|Bust of Emperor [[Constantius II]] from Syria]]
Ammianus was born in the East Mediterranean,{{sfn|Young|1916|p=336}} possibly in [[Syria Palaestina|Syria]] or [[Phoenice (Roman province)|Phoenicia]],{{efn|Following earlier scholars, Matthews suggested a hometown of [[Antioch|Antioch on the Orontes]] based on the assumption that Ammianus was the recipient of a letter from a pagan contemporary, Libanius, to a certain Marcellinus;{{sfn|Matthews|1989|p=8}} however Formara in 1992 argued that this letter must have referred in fact to a younger man and an orator newly arrived in Rome, rather than Ammianus, who had long been a resident in the city, and Barnes solidified this stance in modern scholarship. However, many scholars remain convinced that Ammianus was a native of Antioch.{{sfn|Barnes|1998|pp=57–58}}}} around 330,{{sfn|Barnes|1998|p=1}} into a noble family of [[Greeks|Greek]] origin.{{sfn|Bouchier|1916|p=226}}{{sfn|Moulton|1998|p=31}} Since he calls himself ''Graecus'' ({{lit}} Greek), he was most likely born in a Greek-speaking area of the empire.{{sfn|Hodgkin|1880|p=25}} His native language was [[Greek language|Greek]], but he also knew Latin.{{sfn|Norden|1909|p=648}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kenney |first=E. J. |url= |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 2, Latin Literature, Part 1, The Early Republic |date=1983-07-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-27375-6 |pages=5 |language=en |quote=Ammianus Marcellinus and Claudian, whose native language was Greek but who wrote in Latin, are quite untypical.}}</ref> The surviving books of his history cover the years 353 to 378.{{sfn|Kagan|2009|p=23}}

Ammianus began his career as a military officer in the [[Praetorian Guard]], where he gained firsthand experience in various military campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley |url= |title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome |last2=Adkins |first2=Roy A. |date=1998 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-512332-6 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref> He served as an officer in the army of the emperors [[Constantius II]] and [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]. He served in Gaul (Julian) and in the east (twice for Constantius, once under Julian). He professes to have been "a former soldier and a Greek" (''miles quondam et graecus''),{{sfn|Barnes|1998|p=65}} and his enrollment among the elite ''[[Domesticus (Roman Empire)|protectors domestic]]'' (household guards) shows that he was of the middle class or higher birth. Consensus is that Ammianus probably came from a [[Curiales|curial family]], but it is also possible that he was the son of a ''[[Diocese of the East|comes Orientis]]'' of the same family name. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under [[Ursicinus (magister equitum)|Ursicinus]], governor of [[Nisibis]] in [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], and ''[[magister militum]]''. Ammianus campaigned in the East twice under Ursicinus.

[[File:Diyarbakirwalls2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The walls of [[Amida (Mesopotamia)|Amida]], built by [[Constantius II]] before the [[Siege of Amida (359)|Siege of Amida]] of 359. Ammianus himself was present in the city until a day before its fall.]]
He traveled with Ursicinus to Italy in an expedition against [[Silvanus (magister peditum)|Silvanus]], an officer who had proclaimed himself emperor in [[Gaul]]. Ursicinus ended the threat by having Silvanus assassinated, then stayed in the region to help install Julian as Caesar of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. Ammianus probably met Julian for the first time while serving on Ursicinus' staff in Gaul.

In 359, Constantius sent Ursicinus back to the east to help in the defense against a Persian invasion led by King [[Shapur II]] himself. Ammianus returned with his commander to the East and again served Ursicinus as a staff officer. Ursicinus, although he was the more experienced commander, was placed under the command of Sabinianus, the ''Magister Peditum'' of the east. The two did not get along, resulting in a lack of cooperation between the [[Limitanei]] (border regiments) of Mesopotamia and Osrhoene under Ursicinus' command and the ''[[Comitatus (warband)|comitatus]]'' (field army) of Sabinianus. While on a mission near Nisibis, Ammianus spotted a Persian patrol which was about to try and capture Ursicinus, and warned his commander in time.<ref>Ammianus, ''Res gestae'', 18, 10–17.</ref> In an attempt to locate the Persian Royal Army, Ursicinus sent Ammianus to Jovinianus, the semi-independent governor of [[Corduene]], and a friend of Ursicinus. Ammianus successfully located the Persian main body and reported his findings to Ursicinus.<ref>Ammianus, ''Res gestae'', 18, 7.1–7.7.</ref>

After his mission in Corduene, Ammianus left the headquarters at [[Amida (Roman city)|Amida]] in the retinue of Ursinicus, who was on a mission to make sure the bridges across the Euphrates were demolished. They were attacked by the Persian vanguard, who had made a night march in an attempt to catch the Romans at Amida unprepared. After a protracted cavalry battle, the Romans were scattered; Ursicinus evaded capture and fled to Melitene, while Ammianus made a difficult journey back to Amida with a wounded comrade.<ref>Ammianus, ''Res gestae'', 18, 8, 4–7.</ref> The Persians [[Siege of Amida (359)|besieged]] and eventually sacked Amida, and Ammianus barely escaped with his life.{{sfn|Kagan|2009|pp=29–30}}

When Ursicinus was dismissed from his military post by Constantius, Ammianus too seems to have retired from the military; however, reevaluation of his participation in [[Julian's Persian campaign]] has led modern scholarship to suggest that he continued his service but did not for some reason include the period in his history.
He accompanied Julian, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the [[Alamanni]] and the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]].
After Julian's death, Ammianus accompanied the retreat of the new emperor, [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]], as far as Antioch.
He was residing in Antioch in 372 when a certain [[Theodorus (usurper)|Theodorus]] was thought to have been identified as the successor to the emperor [[Valens]] by divination.
Speaking as an alleged eyewitness, Marcellinus recounts how Theodorus and several others were made to confess their deceit through the use of torture, and cruelly punished.

[[File:IVLIANVS.png|thumb|200 px|Portrait of [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] from a bronze coin of [[Antioch]]]]

He eventually settled in Rome and began the ''Res gestae''. The precise year of his death is unknown, but scholarly consensus places it somewhere between 392 and 400 at the latest.{{sfn|Kelly|2008|p=104}}{{sfn|Barnes|1998|p=?}}

Modern scholarship generally describes Ammianus as a pagan who was tolerant of Christianity.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=133-}} Marcellinus writes of Christianity as being a "plain and simple"{{sfn|Marcellinus|1894|p=275 [21.16.18]}} religion that demands only what is just and mild, and when he condemns the actions of Christians, he does not do so based on their Christianity as such.{{sfn|Hunt|1985|pp=193,195}} His lifetime was marked by lengthy outbreaks of sectarian and dogmatic strife within the new state-backed faith, often with violent consequences (especially the [[Arian controversy]]) and these conflicts sometimes appeared unworthy to him, though it was territory where he could not risk going very far in criticism, due to the growing and volatile political connections between the church and imperial power.

Ammianus was not blind to the faults of Christians or of pagans and was especially critical of them; he commented that "no wild beasts are so hostile to men as Christian sects, in general, are to one another"{{sfn|Marcellinus|1894|p=283 [22.5.4]}} and he condemns the emperor Julian for excessive attachment to (pagan) sacrifice, and for his edict effectively barring Christians from teaching posts.{{sfn|Hunt|1985|p=198}}

==Work==
[[File:Ammianus Marcellinus 1533.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Title page to the 1533 editio princeps of books XXVII–XXXI of ''Res gestae'', the first complete edition of the surviving  books]]

While living in Rome in the 380s, Ammianus wrote a Latin history of the Roman empire from the accession of [[Nerva]] (96) to the death of Valens at the [[Battle of Adrianople]] (378),{{sfn|Kagan|2009|p=22}} in effect writing a continuation of the history of [[Tacitus]]. At 22.16.12, he praises the [[Serapeum of Alexandria]] in Egypt as the glory of the empire, so his work was presumably completed before the destruction of that building in 391.

The ''Res gestae'' (''Rerum gestarum libri XXXI'') was originally composed of thirty-one books, but the first thirteen have been lost.{{sfn|Frakes|1997|p=125}}{{efn|Historian T. D. Barnes argues that the original was actually thirty-six books, which if correct would mean that eighteen books have been lost.{{sfn|Barnes|1998|p=28}}}} The surviving eighteen books, covering the period from 353 to 378,{{sfn|Fisher|1918|p=39}} constitute the foundation of modern understanding of the history of the fourth-century Roman Empire. They are lauded as a clear, comprehensive, and generally impartial account of events by a contemporary; like many ancient historians, however, Ammianus was in fact not impartial, although he expresses an intention to be so, and had strong moral and religious prejudices. Although criticized as lacking literary merit by his early biographers, he was in fact quite skilled in rhetoric, which significantly has brought the veracity of some of the ''Res gestae'' into question.

His work has suffered substantially from manuscript transmission. Aside from the loss of the first thirteen books, the remaining eighteen are in many places corrupt and [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunose]]. The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century [[Charlemagne|Carolingian]] text, Vatican lat. 1873 (''V''), produced in [[Fulda]] from an insular exemplar. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in Fragmenta Marbugensia (''M''), another ninth-century [[Franks|Frankish]] [[codex]] which was taken apart to provide covers for account-books during the fifteenth century. Only six leaves of ''M'' survive; however, before this manuscript was dismantled the Abbot of Hersfeld lent the manuscript to [[Sigismund Gelenius]], who used it in preparing the text of the second Froben edition (''G''). The dates and relationship of V and M were long disputed until 1936 when R. P. Robinson demonstrated persuasively that V was copied from M. As L. D. Reynolds summarizes, "M is thus a fragment of the archetype; symptoms of an insular pre-archetype are evident."{{sfn|Reynolds|1983|pp=6ff}}

His handling from his earliest printers was little better. The ''[[editio princeps]]'' was [[List of editiones principes in Latin|printed in 1474 in Rome]] by Georg Sachsel and Bartholomaeus Golsch, which broke off at the end of Book 26. The next edition (Bologna, 1517) suffered from its editor's conjectures upon the poor text of the 1474 edition; the 1474 edition was pirated for the first Froben edition (Basle, 1518). It was not until 1533 that the last five books of Ammianus' history were put into print by Silvanus Otmar and edited by [[Mariangelo Accorso|Mariangelus Accursius]]. The first modern edition was produced by C.U. Clark (Berlin, 1910–1913).{{sfn|Reynolds|1983|pp=6ff}} The first English translations were by [[Philemon Holland]] in 1609,{{sfn|Jenkins|2017|p=31}} and later by [[Charles Duke Yonge|C.D. Yonge]] in 1862.{{sfn|Jenkins|2017|p=31}}

==Reception==
[[Edward Gibbon]] judged Ammianus "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary."{{sfn|Gibbon|1995|loc=Chapter 26.5}} But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: "The coarse and undistinguishing pencil of Ammianus has delineated his bloody figures with tedious and disgusting accuracy."{{sfn|Gibbon|1995|loc=Chapter 25}} Austrian historian [[Ernst Stein]] praised Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between [[Tacitus]] and [[Dante]]".{{sfn|Stein|1928|p=?}}

According to [[Kimberly Kagan]], his accounts of battles emphasize the experience of the soldiers but at the cost of ignoring the bigger picture.  As a result, it is difficult for the reader to understand why the battles he describes had the outcome they did.{{sfn|Kagan|2009|pp=27–29}}

Ammianus' work contains a detailed description of the [[365 Crete earthquake|earthquake and tsunami of 365]] in [[Alexandria]], which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July 365. His report describes accurately the characteristic sequence of earthquake, retreat of the sea, and sudden incoming giant wave.{{sfn|Kelly|2004|pp=141–167}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
; Editions and translations
* {{cite book | last=Marcellinus | first=Ammianus | translator=C.D. Yonge | year=1894 | title=The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus | location=London | publisher= George Bell & Sons | oclc=4540204}}
*{{Cite web| title = LacusCurtius • Ammian (Ammianus Marcellinus)
 | last = Thayer | first = Bill
 | website = penelope.uchicago.edu
 | url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/home.html
 | date = 10 February 2008 | access-date = 2022-01-09
}}
;Studies
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Ammian, History
 | encyclopedia = Lexundria
 | url = https://lexundria.com/amm/0/y
 | access-date = 2022-01-09
 | ref = {{harvid|Lexundria: Ammian}}
}}
*{{cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology)
 | last = Barnes | first = Timothy D. | year = 1998
 | publisher = Cornell University Press
 | isbn = 080143526-9
}}
*{{cite book |last=Bouchier |first=Edmund Spenser |title=Syria as a Roman Province |date=1916 |publisher=B. H. Blackwell}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sanz Casasnovas |first1=Gabriel |title="Rabies indomita": representación del bárbaro y violencia contra los no romanos en las "Res gestae" de Amiano Marcelino |date=2022 |publisher=Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza |location=Zaragoza |isbn=9788413404479}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Last Latin Historian
 | last = Fisher | first = H. A. L.
 | author-link = H. A. L. Fisher
 | journal = [[Quarterly Review]]
 | year = 1918 | volume = 230 July
 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529544;view=1up;seq=55
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Ammianus Marcellinus and Zonaras on a Late Roman Assassination Plot
 | last = Frakes | first = Robert M.
 | author-link = Robert Frakes
 | journal = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
 | year = 1997 | volume = Bd. 46, H. 1 1st Qtr
}}
*{{cite book| title = Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
 | last = Gibbon | first = Edward | year = 1995
 | editor-last = Bury | editor-first = J.B.
 | publisher = Random House
 | volume = I
 | isbn = 978-0-679-60148-7
}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hodgkin |first=Thomas |title=Italy and Her Invaders |date=1880 |publisher=Clarendon Press}}
*{{cite journal | title = Christians and Christianity in Ammianus Marcellinus
 | last = Hunt | first = E.D.
 | journal = [[Classical Quarterly]]
 | year = 1985 | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 186–200
 | series = New Series
 | doi = 10.1017/S0009838800014671 | jstor = 638815
| s2cid = 171046986 }}
*{{cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus: An Annotated Bibliography, 1474 to the Present
 | last = Jenkins | first = Fred W. | year = 2017
 | publisher = Brill
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Eye of Command
 | last = Kagan | first = Kimberly | year = 2009
 | publisher = University of Michigan Press
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Ammianus and the Great Tsunami
 | last = Kelly | first = G.
 | journal = [[Journal of Roman Studies]]
 | year = 2004 | volume = 94 | pages = 141–167
 | url = https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/ammianus-and-the-great-tsunami(635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24).html
 | doi = 10.2307/4135013 | hdl = 20.500.11820/635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24 | jstor = 4135013
 | s2cid = 160152988 | hdl-access = free
}}
*{{cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian
 | last = Kelly | first = Gavin | year = 2008
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-521-84299-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Roman Empire of Ammianus
 | last = Matthews | first = J. | year = 1989
 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
}}
*{{Cite book |last=Moulton |first=Carroll |title=Ancient Greece and Rome: Achaea-Delphi |date=1998 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-80503-0}}
*{{cite book| title = Antika Kunstprosa
 | last = Norden | first = Eduard | year = 1909
 | publisher = Leipzig
}}
*{{cite book| title = Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics
 | editor-last = Reynolds | editor-first = L. D.
 | year = 1983
 | publisher = Clarendon Press
}}
*{{cite book| title = Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches
 | trans-title = History of the late-Roman empire
 | last = Stein | first = E. | year = 1928
 | publisher = Vienna
 | language = de
}}
*{{cite book| title = A history of the Byzantine state and society
 | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997
 | publisher = Stanford University Press
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&pg=PA133
 | page = 133
 | isbn = 978-0-8047-2630-6
}}
*{{cite book| title = East and West Through Fifteen Centuries: Being a General History from B.C. 44 to A.D. 1453
 | last = Young | first = George Frederick | year = 1916
 | publisher = Longmans, Green and Co.
 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206948 | via = [[Internet Archive]]
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus
 | last = Clark | first = Charles Upson | year = 2015
 | orig-year = First published 1904
 | publisher = Creative Media Partners, LLC
 | type = PhD. Discussion
 | isbn = 978-129786683-8
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian
 | last1 = Crump | first1 = Gary A.
 | last2 = Nicols | first2 = John
 | last3 = Kebric | first3 = Robert B.
 | year = 1975
 | publisher = Steiner
 | isbn = 3-515-01984-7
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Late Roman World and its Historian
 | last1 = Drijvers | first1 = January
 | last2 = Hunt | first2 = David
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Routledge
 | isbn = 0-415-20271-X
}}
*{{cite journal | title = A Tale of Two Commanders: Ammianus Marcellinus on the Campaigns of Constantius II and Julian on the Northern Frontiers
 | last = Marcos | first = Moyses
 | journal = [[American Journal of Philology]]
 | year = 2015 | volume = 136 | issue = 4 | pages = 669–708
| doi = 10.1353/ajp.2015.0036 | s2cid = 162495059 }}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Pyrrhic paradigms: Ennius, Livy, and Ammianus Marcellinus
 | last = Roth | first = Roman | year = 2010
 | title = Hermes
 | volume = 138 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–195
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire
 | last = Rowell | first = Henry Thompson | year = 1964
 | publisher = University of Cincinnati
}}
*{{Cite book| title = La Méthode d'Ammien Marcellin
 | last = Sabbah | first = Guy | year = 1978
 | publisher = Les Belles Lettres | location = Paris
 | language = fr
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Ammianus Marcellinus
 | last = Sabbah | first = Guy | year = 2003
 | title = Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity: Fourth to Sixth century AD
 | editor-last = Marasco | editor-first = Gabriele
 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden, The Netherlands
 | pages = 43–84
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought
 | last = Seager | first = Robin | year = 1986
 | publisher = Univ of Missouri Press
 | isbn = 0-8262-0495-3
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Ammianus and the Historia Augusta
 | last = Syme | first = Ronald | year = 1968
 | publisher = Clarendon | location = Oxford
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus
 | last = Thompson | first = E.A | year = 1947
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = London
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Ammianus Marcellinus on the Empress Eusebia: A Split Personality
 | last = Tougher | first = S. | year = 2000
 | title = Greece and Rome
 | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Ammianus Marcellinus
 | viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=
}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33429| name=Ammianus Marcellinus}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Ammianus Marcellinus}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Ammianus&redirect=true Works by Ammianus Marcellinus at Perseus Digital Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004071707/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~drijvers/ammianus/index.htm Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ammianus.html Ammianus Marcellinus' works] in Latin at the Latin Library
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Ammianus_Marcellinus Ammianus Marcellinus' works] in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts
* [http://mvdpoel.ruhosting.nl/bibliografie/ammianmarc.htm Bibliography for Ammianus Marcellinus] at [http://mvdpoel.ruhosting.nl/bibliografie/bibliografie.htm Bibliographia Latina Selecta] compiled by M.G.M. van der Poel

{{Authority control}}

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