Editing Alliance, Ohio

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Hatnote|"Barber Airport" redirects here. It should not be confused with [[La Ronge (Barber Field) Airport]].}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Alliance, Ohio
|settlement_type          = [[City]]
|nickname                 = Carnation City
|motto                    =

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = Glamorgan Castle (Alliance, OH).JPG
|imagesize                = 250px
|image_caption            = Glamorgan Castle
|image_flag               = Flag of Alliance, Ohio.png
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map               = Map of Stark County Ohio Highlighting Alliance City.png
|mapsize                 = 250px
|map_caption             = Location of Alliance in Stark County
|pushpin_map = Ohio#USA
|pushpin_relief = yes
|pushpin_label = Alliance

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Ohio|Counties]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark]], [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]<ref name="council">{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofalliance.com/223/Members |title=Members - City Council  |publisher=City of Alliance |access-date=January 31, 2023 }}</ref>
|leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Andrew Grove ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|leader_title1            = Council President
|leader_name1             = Arthur Garnes
|established_title        = 
|established_date         =

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 23.46
|area_land_km2            = 23.34
|area_water_km2           = 0.12
|area_total_sq_mi         = 9.06
|area_land_sq_mi          = 9.01
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.04

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 21525
|pop_est_as_of            = 2023
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="2023 est">{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2023-POP-39.xlsx |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref>
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 21672
|population_density_sq_mi = 2404.79
|population_density_km2   = 928.52

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = EDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft             = 1181
|coordinates              = {{coord|40|54|33|N|81|08|21|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 44601
|area_code                = [[Area codes 234 and 330|330, 234]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 39-01420<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 1086972<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1086972}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|www.cityofalliance.com}}
|footnotes                = 
}}

'''Alliance''' is a city in [[Stark County, Ohio]], United States. The population was 21,672 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. It was established in 1854 by the merger of three smaller communities and was a manufacturing and railroad hub in the 20th century. Alliance is associated with the state flower of Ohio, the scarlet [[Dianthus caryophyllus|carnation]], and is known as the "Carnation City". The [[University of Mount Union]], a private liberal arts college established in 1846, is located in the city. Partially extending into [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning County]], Alliance is part of the [[Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area|Canton–Massillon metropolitan area]].

==History==
[[File:Chapman Hall UMU.jpg|thumb|left|Chapman Hall, [[University of Mount Union]] campus (1864)]]
Alliance was founded in 1854 by the merger of three smaller communities called Williamsport, formed in 1827, Freedom, formed in 1838, and Liberty, formed in 1850 to act as a station and support hub for the [[Cleveland Line (Norfolk Southern)|Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Craig|title=Canton Area Railroads|location=Charleston, S.C.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|date=2009|isbn=9780738561110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeEiaVoFAIwC|page=7}}</ref> A fourth community, Mount Union, was added in 1888. Alliance was incorporated as a city in 1889.<ref name=Incorporation>[http://www.rodmanlibrary.org/rpl/history/srp1973/srp-incorporation.htm Incorporation of Alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192016/http://www.rodmanlibrary.org/rpl/history/srp1973/srp-incorporation.htm |date=August 27, 2008 }}, Rodman Public Library website (accessed February 3, 2008)</ref>

There are two popular theories regarding the origin of the city's name. One holds that it was chosen because of the "alliance" of three small settlements into a larger entity.<ref name=City>[http://www.cityofalliance.com/welcome.htm City of Alliance website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213221817/http://www.cityofalliance.com/welcome.htm |date=February 13, 2008 }} (accessed February 3, 2008)</ref> The other theory says the name reflects the fact that two major railroad lines, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad and the [[Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad (1848–1856)|Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad]], intersected at Alliance, once known as "The Crossing".<ref name=Incorporation/><ref name=City/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rodmanlibrary.com/rpl/ref/faq_alliance.htm |title=Alliance, Ohio FAQ |access-date=February 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517152840/http://www.rodmanlibrary.com/rpl/ref/faq_alliance.htm#q3 |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On April 12, 1856, Alliance was directly struck by a [[tornado]], causing extensive damage. A roof of a church was removed, and another church was moved off its foundation. A train that stopped at the Alliance Station was pushed off its rails. The destruction was estimated to be $15,000 to $20,000 (in 1856 dollars, {{Inflation|US|20000|1856|fmt=eq}}). A few injuries and one fatality were confirmed.<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038183/1856-04-22/ed-1/seq-3/ Alliance Tornado of 1856 News]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/pagesfromallianc00magr/pagesfromallianc00magr_djvu.txt Tornado in 1856]</ref>

In 1923, [[Alliance Rubber Company]] was founded in Alliance. It was a manufacturer of rubber bands cut from discarded rubber rings into small strips.

Alliance's Main Street was originally laid out to bring traffic to the train station, the heart of the city's transportation hub. The railroads were central to industry and personal transportation, bringing in raw materials for factories and sending out finished goods. Due to this, Alliance is sometimes referred to as "the town where Main Street is a dead end".<ref>{{cite web|title=A Short History of Alliance, Ohio|url=http://www.alliancehistory.org/history.html|publisher=Alliance Historical Society|access-date=November 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120175909/http://www.alliancehistory.org/history.html|archive-date=November 20, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Alliance became a qualified [[Tree City USA]] as recognized by the [[National Arbor Day Foundation]] in 1982.<ref>"Tree Cities Ohio" [https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/treecities.cfm?chosenstate=Ohio]. " ''Arbor Day Foundation'' accessed September 18, 2020.</ref>

==Geography==
Alliance is located approximately {{convert|16|mi|km}} northeast of [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], {{convert|27|mi|km}} southwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] and {{convert|51|mi|km}} southeast of [[Cleveland]]. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|8.96|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|8.92|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012 }}</ref> There are no lakes within city limits, although the [[Mahoning River]] flows through the northeastern part of the city.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1840= 315
|1850= 500
|1860= 1421
|1870= 4063
|1880= 4636
|1890= 7607
|1900= 8974
|1910= 15083
|1920= 21603
|1930= 23047
|1940= 22405
|1950= 26161
|1960= 28362
|1970= 26547
|1980= 24322
|1990= 23376
|2000= 23253
|2010= 22322
|2020= 21672
|estyear= 2023
|estimate= 21525
|estref= <ref name="2023 est"/>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref> of 2010, there were 22,322 people, 8,631 households, and 5,232 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2502.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 10,022 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1123.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 84.6% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 10.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.8% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.5% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 8,631 households, of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.4% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 16.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 23,253 people, 8,908 households, and 5,665 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,700.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 9,730 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,129.8|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 85.51% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 11.19% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.77% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.41% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.93% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.17% of the population.

There were 8,908 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 15.5% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,078, and the median income for a family was $37,011. Males had a median income of $31,033 versus $20,063 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,185. About 12.7% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 26.8% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

==Arts and culture==
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
Alliance is a town rich with social, industrial and railroad history, with the restored [[Glamorgan (Alliance, Ohio)|Glamorgan Castle]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Glamorgan Castle History and Events |url=http://www.alliancecityschools.org/quick_links/glamorgan_castle_history___events |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141201003013/http://www.alliancecityschools.org/quick_links/glamorgan_castle_history___events |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |publisher=Alliance City Schools |access-date=November 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Glamorgan Castle|url=https://glamorgancastle.org/|publisher=Castle Crusaders|access-date=September 17, 2024<!-- Semi-official site -->}}</ref> previous home of the owner of Morgan Engineering; the [[Haines House (Alliance, Ohio)|Haines House]], a restored underground railroad home; and the [[Earley-Hartzell House|Mabel Hartzell historic home]]; all three properties are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Stark County, Ohio|National Register of Historic Places]]. The name of [[Levi L. Lamborn]], the man who cultivated the scarlet [[carnation]], Ohio's state flower, can still be seen on the facade of a building in the old downtown district. The Richardsonian Romanesque stone house of the Devine family is currently{{when|date=September 2024}} being renovated. The historic downtown area is experiencing a gradual renaissance, with the opening of a Saturday Farmers' Market on Main Street near the historic Caboose, and the renovation of a storefront on Main Street as an art gallery and live performance space, joining a scattering of antique shops and other businesses.

The [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] relocated to the former Midland-Buckeye bank, at 260 East Main Street, in June 2011, opening the CFA Foundation's [[Feline Historical Museum]], the first of its kind of the United States.

Alliance was also home to the [[World War History & Art Museum]], located in College Plaza at 1300 East State Street. WWHAM had a dozen exhibits including a world class collection of 320 original paintings and drawings by the troops of World War I, an HO scale model of the German 2nd Panzer Division in 1944, and original art by the pilots and airmen of World War II. It closed to the public on April 17, 2014, and now does traveling shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwham.com|title=World War History and Art Museum|access-date=November 30, 2014 }}</ref>

===The Carnation City===
Alliance is commonly referred to as the Carnation City, having been given that designation by the [[Ohio General Assembly]] in 1959.<ref name=lamborns>[http://www.rodmanlibrary.org/rpl/history/srp1973/srp-carnation.htm Dr. Lamborn's Carnations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204033753/http://www.rodmanlibrary.org/rpl/history/srp1973/srp-carnation.htm |date=February 4, 2007 }}, Rodman Public Library website (accessed February 3, 2008)</ref> Alliance gave Ohio its official [[state flower]], the scarlet [[Dianthus caryophyllus|carnation]]. Alliance's association with the carnation began in 1866 when an Alliance doctor, Levi L. Lamborn, purchased six potted carnation plants to grow in a [[greenhouse]] at his house. At that time this flower was rarely cultivated in the United States. In 1876 Lamborn ran against [[William McKinley]] for the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] seat from this district. The two men were personal friends, although they were political opponents. McKinley had expressed his admiration for Lamborn's carnations, so before each of their [[political debate]]s Lamborn gave McKinley a carnation to wear on his lapel. Mr. McKinley won the election and associated the carnation with his success, and wore carnations during his successful campaigns for [[Governor of Ohio]] and then [[President of the United States]].<ref name=lamborns/>

In 1884, Lamborn suggested that Ohio should make the carnation a state emblem. In 1904, three years after [[William McKinley|President McKinley's]] [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]], the Ohio General Assembly designated the scarlet carnation as the official state flower as a "token of love and reverence to the memory of William McKinley". On January 29 of each year (President McKinley's birth anniversary), a bouquet of red carnations is placed in the hands of McKinley's statue at the Capitol in Columbus.<ref name=lamborns/>

Since 1960, Alliance has held an annual Carnation Festival during August.<ref name=carnation>[http://www.carnationfestival.com/ Greater Alliance Carnation Festival website]</ref>

== Government ==
Alliance operates under a [[mayor–council government]]. Eight council members are elected as a legislature for 2-year terms, comprising four separate wards, three at-large districts, and a council president. In addition, an independently elected mayor serves as an executive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofalliance.com/213/Mayor-Director |title=Mayor / Director |publisher=City of Alliance |access-date=January 31, 2023 }}</ref> The current mayor is Andrew Grove. The current council president is Art Garnes.<ref name="council" /> The mayor, auditor, treasurer, and law director are all elected to 4-year terms.

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
Alliance is served by the public [[Alliance City School District]], which oversees the following schools serving the city:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904349 |website=[[National Center for Education Statistics]] |title=Alliance City schools |publisher=U.S. Department of Education |accessdate=January 31, 2023 }}</ref>
*Alliance Early Learning School – grades PK-1
*Alliance Elementary School at Rockhill – grades 2-3
*Alliance Intermediate School – grades 4-5
*Alliance Middle School – grades 6-8
*[[Alliance High School (Ohio)|Alliance High School]] – grades 9-12
*Parkway Learning and Development Center – alternative & online education

The local Catholic parish school, Holy Cross Academy – Regina Coelli Campus, is overseen by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown|Diocese of Youngstown]] and serves students from pre-kindergarten to eighth grade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Regina Coelli Campus – About Us|url=https://www.rcsjalliance.com/31|publisher=rcsjalliance.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stark's restructured Catholic schools prepare to open|url=https://www.the-review.com/x606653968/Starks-restructured-Catholic-schools-prepare-to-open|work=[[The Alliance Review]]|date=August 15, 2013}}</ref>

===Higher education===
The [[University of Mount Union]] was founded in 1846 and is near the intersection of Union Avenue and State Street.

== Media ==
Alliance is the [[city of license]] for [[PBS]] affiliate [[WNEO]], channel 45, which has its studios and offices in Kent. Alliance is also the city of license for radio stations [[WDJQ]] (92.5 FM) and [[WDPN (AM)|WDPN]] (1310 AM).

==Transportation==
[[File:Alliance Amtrak station 2.jpg|thumb|[[Alliance station|Alliance Station]]]]

Alliance is served by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)|Capitol Limited]]'' between [[Chicago]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], via [[Alliance station|Alliance Station]], located at 820 East Main Street. The municipality is also served by the [[Stark Area Regional Transit Authority]] (SARTA) bus system.

Barber Airport is a privately owned, public-use airport located {{convert|10.5|mi|km}} north of Alliance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AirNav: 2D1 - Barber Airport |url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/2d1 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.airnav.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2D1 - Barber Airport {{!}} SkyVector |url=https://skyvector.com/airport/2D1/Barber-Airport |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=skyvector.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=AOPA Airports |url=https://www.aopa.org/destinations/airports/2D1/details |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.aopa.org}}</ref> The airport historically hosted the Ohio [[Aeronca Aircraft|Aeronca]] Aviators Fly-In.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2002 |title=Calendar |journal=[[Flying Magazine]] |pages=62}}</ref>

==Notable people==
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· The fact of their association should have a reliable source cited.
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* [[Charles Armstrong (physician)|Charles Armstrong]], virologist<ref name="beeman">{{cite web|url=http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/ArmstrongBiography.pdf|title=Charles Armstrong, M.D.: A Biography|last=Beeman|first=Edward|year=2007|access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Ken Blackwell]], [[Mayor of Cincinnati]]
* [[Kierstan Bell]], [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]] guard for the [[Las Vegas Aces]]
* [[Herman Carr]], physicist and pioneer of magnetic resonance imaging
* [[Len Dawson]], 1987 [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] inductee
* [[Hilan Ebert]], US Naval Academy graduate lost at sea in World War II
* [[Allan Funk]], professional wrestler
* [[William Miller Jenkins]], 5th [[Governor of Oklahoma Territory]]
* [[Gertrude Alice Kay]], children's book illustrator and author
* [[Perry King]], actor, star of [[Riptide (American TV series)|Riptide]]
* [[Levi L. Lamborn]], doctor, horticulturalist, and politician who lived in the city.
* [[Yuri Lowenthal]], American voice actor
* [[Don Panoz]], pharmaceutical and motorsport entrepreneur<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Degrees|url=http://honorarydegrees.wvu.edu/don-panoz|website=West Virginia University|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919042611/http://honorarydegrees.wvu.edu/don-panoz|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dymonte Thomas]], NFL player
* [[Gertrude Tressel Rider]], braille librarian
* [[Ivan Sag]], linguist and cognitive scientist
* [[Lorin B. Sebrell]], rubber chemist<ref>{{cite web |last=Price |first=Mark J. |title=Local History: Chemists Form Bonds for Science |work=Akron Beacon Journal |date=April 20, 2009 |url=http://www.ohio.com/news/chemists-form-bonds-for-science-1.147294}}</ref>
*[[Hugh Wilson (American botanist)|Hugh Wilson]], botanist and professor at [[Texas A&M University]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alliance, Ohio}}
{{wikivoyage|Alliance (Ohio)|Alliance, Ohio}}
* {{Official website|https://www.cityofalliance.com/}}
* [https://www.allianceohiochamber.org/ Alliance Chamber of Commerce]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Alliance (city)|display=Alliance, a city of Stark county, Ohio, U. S. A. |short=x}}

{{Mahoning County, Ohio}}
{{Stark County, Ohio}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alliance, Ohio| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Mahoning County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Stark County, Ohio]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1854]]