Editing Allegory of the cave

{{Short description|Allegory by Plato}}
[[File:Platon Cave Sanraedam 1604.jpg|thumb|Plato's allegory of the cave by [[Jan Saenredam]], according to [[Cornelis van Haarlem]], 1604, [[Albertina]], Vienna]]
{{Platonism}}

'''Plato's allegory of the cave''' is an [[allegory]] presented by the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosopher [[Plato]] in his work ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' (514a–520a, [[Republic (Plato)|Book VII]]) to compare "the effect of [[education]] ([[Wiktionary:παιδεία|παιδεία]]) and the lack of it on our [[physis|nature]]". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother [[Glaucon]] and his mentor [[Socrates]] and is narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the [[analogy of the Sun]] (508b–509c) and the [[analogy of the divided line]] (509d–511e).

In the allegory, Plato describes people who have spent their entire lives chained by their necks and ankles in front of an inner wall with a view of the empty outer wall of the cave. They observe the shadows projected onto the outer wall by objects carried behind the inner wall by people who are invisible to the chained “prisoners” and who walk along the inner wall with a fire behind them, creating the shadows on the inner wall in front of the prisoners. The "sign bearers" pronounce the names of the objects, the sounds of which are reflected near the shadows and are understood by the prisoners as if they were coming from the shadows themselves.

Only the shadows and sounds are the prisoners' reality, which are not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent distorted and blurred copies of reality we can perceive through our senses, while the objects under the Sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: [[natural science]]; deductive [[mathematics]], [[geometry]], and [[Deductive reasoning|logic]]; and the [[theory of forms]].

Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not the direct source of the images seen. A philosopher aims to understand and perceive the higher levels of reality. However, the other inmates of the cave do not even desire to leave their prison, for they know no better life.<ref name="ferguson">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=A. S. |title=Plato's Simile of Light. Part II. The Allegory of the Cave (Continued) |journal=The Classical Quarterly |date=1922 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800001956 |jstor=636164 |s2cid=170982104 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2310367 |access-date=2022-09-06 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153043/https://zenodo.org/record/2310367 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings, namely the analogy of the Sun and the analogy of the divided line.

== Summary ==
=== Imprisonment in the cave ===
Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from childhood. These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not to look around at the cave, each other, or themselves (514a–b).<ref name="The Republic">{{cite book|last1=Plato|editor1-last=Rouse|editor1-first=W.H.D.|title=The Republic Book VII|publisher=Penguin Group Inc|pages=365–401}}</ref> Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets "of men and other living things" (514b).<ref name="The Republic" />

The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see, but the objects they carry do ("just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets") (514a).<ref name="The Republic" /> The prisoners cannot see any of what is happening behind them; they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them. The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls; the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows (514c).<ref name="The Republic" />

Socrates suggests that the shadows are reality for the prisoners because they have never seen anything else; they do not realize that what they see are shadows of objects in front of a fire, much less that these objects are inspired by real things outside the cave which they do not see (514b–515a).<ref name="The Republic" />

===Departure from the cave===
Socrates then supposes that the prisoners are released.<ref name="Republic" />{{rp|199}} A freed prisoner would look around and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it difficult for him to see the objects casting the shadows. If he were told that what he is seeing is ''real'' instead of the other version of reality he sees on the wall, he would not believe it. In his pain, Socrates continues, the freed prisoner would turn away and run back to what he is accustomed to (that is, the shadows of the carried objects). The light "... would hurt his eyes, and he would escape by turning away to the things which he was able to look at, and these he would believe to be clearer than what was being shown to him".<ref name="The Republic" />

Socrates continues: "Suppose... that someone should drag him... by force, up the rough ascent, the steep way up, and never stop until he could drag him out into the light of the sun".<ref name="The Republic" /> The prisoner would be angry and in pain, and this would only worsen when the radiant light of the sun overwhelms his eyes and blinds him.<ref name="The Republic" />

"Slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can see only shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually, he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself (516a)".<ref name="The Republic" /> Only after he can look straight at the sun "is he able to reason about it" and what it is (516b).<ref name="The Republic" /> (See also Plato's [[analogy of the Sun]], which occurs near the end of ''The Republic'', Book VI.)<ref>Jowett, B. (ed.) (1941). ''Plato's The Republic''. New York: The Modern Library. {{OCLC|964319}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm|first=John|date=1962-01-01|title=The Line and the Cave|journal=Phronesis|volume=7|issue=1|pages=38–45|doi=10.1163/156852862x00025|issn=0031-8868}}</ref>

===Return to the cave===
Socrates continues, saying that the free prisoner would think that the world outside the cave was superior to the world he experienced in the cave and attempt to share this with the prisoners remaining in the cave attempting to bring them onto the journey he had just endured; "he would bless himself for the change, and pity [the other prisoners]" and would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight (516c).<ref name="The Republic" />

The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become accustomed to the sunlight, would be blind when he re-entered the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun (516e).<ref name="The Republic" /> The prisoners who remained, according to the dialogue, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the cave (517a).<ref name="The Republic" />

==Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work==
The allegory is related to Plato's [[theory of Forms]], according to which the "Forms" (or "[[Idea]]s"), and not the material world known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. Knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge or what Socrates considers "the Good".<ref>{{Citation | first=Stephen | last=Watt | contribution=Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7) | title=Plato: Republic | year=1997 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/republic0000plat/page/ xiv–xvi] | place=London | publisher=Wordsworth Editions | isbn=978-1-85326-483-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/republic0000plat/page/ }}</ref> Socrates informs Glaucon that the most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies, which is to behold the Good. Those who have ascended to this highest level, however, must not remain there but must return to the cave and dwell with the prisoners, sharing in their labors and honors.

Plato's ''[[Phaedo]]'' contains similar imagery to that of the allegory of the cave; a philosopher recognizes that before philosophy, his soul was "a veritable prisoner fast bound within his body... and that instead of investigating reality of itself and in itself is compelled to peer through the bars of a prison".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=R. K.|title=Socrates and Plato's Cave|journal=Kant-Studien|year=1967|volume=58|issue=2|page=138|doi=10.1515/kant.1967.58.1-4.137|s2cid=170201374}}</ref>

==Scholarly discussion==
Scholars debate the possible interpretations of the allegory of the cave, either looking at it from an [[Epistemology|epistemological]] standpoint—one based on the study of how Plato believes we come to know things—or through a political ([[politeia]]) lens.<ref name=hall/> Much of the scholarship on the allegory falls between these two perspectives, with some completely independent of either. The epistemological view and the political view, prominently represented by [[Richard Lewis Nettleship]] and A. S. Ferguson, respectively, tend to be discussed most frequently.<ref name=hall/>

Nettleship interprets the allegory of the cave as representative of our innate intellectual incapacity, in order to contrast our lesser understanding with that of the philosopher, as well as an allegory about people who are unable or unwilling to seek truth and wisdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nettleship |first1=Richard Lewis |title=Lectures On The Republic Of Plato |date=1955 |publisher=Macmillan & Co |location=London |chapter=Chapter 4 - The four stages of intelligence|edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260758/page/n245/mode/2up/search/cave}}
</ref><ref name=hall>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Dale |title=Interpreting Plato's Cave as an Allegory of the Human Condition |journal=Apeiron |date=January 1980 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=74–86 |id={{ProQuest|1300369376}} |doi=10.1515/APEIRON.1980.14.2.74 |jstor=40913453 |s2cid=170372013 }}</ref> Ferguson, on the other hand, bases his interpretation of the allegory on the claim that the cave is an allegory of human nature and that it symbolizes the opposition between the philosopher and the corruption of the prevailing political condition.<ref name=ferguson/>

Cleavages have emerged within these respective camps of thought, however. Much of the modern scholarly debate surrounding the allegory has emerged from [[Martin Heidegger]]'s exploration of the allegory, and philosophy as a whole, through the lens of human freedom in his book ''The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus''.<ref name=mcniell>{{cite journal |last1=McNeill |first1=William |title=The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus |journal=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |date=5 January 2003 |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/ |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511220801/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, [[Hannah Arendt]], an advocate of the political interpretation of the allegory, suggests that through the allegory, Plato "wanted to apply his own theory of ideas to politics".<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Abensour |first1=Miguel |title=Against the Sovereignty of Philosophy over Politics: Arendt's Reading of Plato's Cave Allegory |journal=Social Research: An International Quarterly |date=2007 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=955–982 |id={{Gale|A174238908}} {{Project MUSE|527590}} {{ProQuest|209671578}} |doi=10.1353/sor.2007.0064 |jstor=40972036 |s2cid=152872480 }}</ref> Conversely, Heidegger argues that the essence of truth is a way of being and not an object.<ref name=powell>{{cite journal |id={{Gale|A288874147}} |last1=Powell |first1=Sally |title=Discovering the unhidden: Heidegger's Interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and its Implications for Psychotherapy |journal=Existential Analysis |date=1 January 2011 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 }}</ref> Arendt criticised Heidegger's interpretation of the allegory, writing that "Heidegger{{nbsp}}... is off base in using the cave simile to interpret and 'criticize' Plato's theory of ideas".<ref name=":0" />

Various scholars also debate the possibility of a connection between the work in the allegory and the cave and the work done by Plato considering the [[analogy of the divided line]] and the [[analogy of the Sun]]. The divided line is a theory presented to us in Plato's work the [[Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']]. This is displayed through a dialogue given between Socrates and Glaucon in which they explore the possibility of a visible and intelligible world, with the visible world consisting of items such as shadows and reflections (displayed as AB) then elevating to the physical item itself (displayed as BC) while the intelligible world consists of mathematical reasoning (displayed by CD) and philosophical understanding (displayed by DE).<ref name="Republic">[[Plato]], ''[[Plato's Republic|The Republic]]'', Book 6, translated by [[Benjamin Jowett]], [http://www.filepedia.org/files/Plato%20-%20The%20Republic.pdf online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418215659/http://www.filepedia.org/files/Plato%20-%20The%20Republic.pdf |date=18 April 2009 }}</ref>

Many see this as an explanation for the way in which the prisoner in the allegory of the cave goes through the journey, first in the visible world with shadows such as those on the wall,<ref name="Republic" /> then the realization of the physical with the understanding of concepts such as the tree being separate from its shadow. It enters the intelligible world as the prisoner looks at the sun.<ref name=raven>{{cite journal |last1=Raven |first1=J. E. |title=Sun, Divided Line, and Cave |journal=The Classical Quarterly |date=1953 |volume=3 |issue=1/2 |pages=22–32 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800002573 |jstor=637158 |s2cid=170803513 }}</ref>

[[Image:DividedLine.svg|frame|center|The divided line – ('''AC''') is generally taken as representing the visible world and ('''CE''') as representing the intelligible world<ref name="CDP">"divided line," ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy'', 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-63722-8}}, p. 239.</ref>]]
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The Analogy of the Sun refers to the moment in book six in which Socrates, after being urged by Glaucon to define goodness, proposes instead an analogy through a "child of goodness". Socrates reveals this "child of goodness" to be the Sun, proposing that just as the Sun illuminates, bestowing the ability to see and be seen by the eye<ref name=Pojman>{{cite book|last1=Pojman|first1=Louis|last2=Vaughn|first2=L.|name-list-style=amp|title=Classics of Philosophy|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc|location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|169}} with its light, so the [[Form of the Good|idea of goodness]] illumines the intelligible with truth, leading some scholars to believe this forms a connection of the Sun and the intelligible world within the realm of the allegory of the cave.

==Influence==
The themes and imagery of Plato's cave has influenced civil thought and culture. For instance:

* [[Francis Bacon]] used the term "[[Idola specus|Idols of the Cave]]" to refer to errors of reason arising from the idiosyncratic biases and preoccupations of individuals.
* In his 1658 discourse, ''[[Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial|Urn Burial]]'', [[Thomas Browne]] states: "A Dialogue between two Infants in the womb concerning the state of this world, might handsomely illustrate our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in Platoes denne, and are but Embryon Philosophers".
* Evolutionary biologist [[Jeremy Griffith]]'s book ''A Species In Denial'' includes the chapter "Deciphering Plato's Cave Allegory".<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Jeremy|title=A Species in Denial|year=2003|publisher=WTM Publishing & Communications|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-74129-000-4|page=83|url=http://www.worldtransformation.com/asid-deciphering-platos-cave-allegory/|access-date=2013-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201946/http://www.worldtransformation.com/asid-deciphering-platos-cave-allegory/|archive-date=2013-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== In fiction and popular media ===
[[File:An Illustration of The Allegory of the Cave, from Plato’s Republic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Allegory of the cave]]

* The films ''[[The Conformist (1970 film)|The Conformist]]'' (1970), [[World on a Wire|''World on a Wire'']] (1973), ''[[Cube (1997 film)|Cube]]'' (1997), ''[[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]]'' (1998), ''[[The Truman Show]]''  (1998), ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999), ''[[The Thirteenth Floor]] (1999)'', ''[[City of Ember]]'' (2008), ''[[Us (2019 film)|Us]]'' (2019), and ''[[An Urban Allegory (film)|An Urban Allegory]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennale Cinema 2024 {{!}} Allégorie Citadine |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2024/out-competition/all%C3%A9gorie-citadine |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Venice Biennale|La Biennale di Venezia]] |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826150129/https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2024/out-competition/all%C3%A9gorie-citadine |url-status=live}}</ref> model Plato's allegory of the cave, as does the TV series [[1899 (TV series)|''1899'']].<ref>''The Matrix and Philosophy: Welcome to the Desert of the Real'' by William Irwin. Open Court Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8126-9501-1}}. "Written for those fans of the film who are already philosophers."</ref>
* ''[[The Cave (novel)|The Cave]]'' by [[José Saramago]] culminates in the discovery of Plato's Cave underneath the center, "an immense complex fusing the functions of an office tower, a shopping mall and a condominium".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keates|first1=Jonathan|title=Shadows on the Wall|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/books/shadows-on-the-wall.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=24 November 2002|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 2002|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417043434/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/books/shadows-on-the-wall.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ray Bradbury]]'s novel ''[[Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1953) explores the themes of reality and perception explored in Plato's allegory of the cave and Bradbury references Plato's work in the novel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freewebs.com/hanakiri/WritingPortfolio/essays/Parallels%20between%20Ray%20Bradburys%20Fahrenheit%20451%20and%20Platos%20Allegory%20of%20the%20Cave.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606174327/https://www.freewebs.com/hanakiri/WritingPortfolio/essays/Parallels%20between%20Ray%20Bradburys%20Fahrenheit%20451%20and%20Platos%20Allegory%20of%20the%20Cave.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-06-06|title=Parallels between Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Plato's 'Allegory of the Cave' }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fahrenheit 451|last=Bradbury|first=Ray|publisher=The Random House Publishing Group|year=1953|isbn=978-0-758-77616-7|pages=151}}</ref>
* [[Orphaned Land]]'s 2018 release ''[[Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs]]'' is a [[concept album]] based on the allegory. Calling Plato an "unsung prophet", frontman [[Kobi Farhi]] explains that the "protest album" describes how humanity embraces the [[Light versus darkness|darkness]] and that the people are afraid to break their chains and embrace the [[Light versus darkness|light]].<ref name="blab">{{cite web |title=Orphaned Land Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs Travk-By-Track Breakdown |url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/orphaned-land-unsung-prophets-dead-messiahs-track-by-track-breakdown |website=Balabbermouth |access-date=2023-12-01 |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202053451/https://blabbermouth.net/news/orphaned-land-unsung-prophets-dead-messiahs-track-by-track-breakdown |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Allegorical interpretations of Plato]]
* [[Anekantavada]] 
* [[Brain in a vat]]
* [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
* [[Experience machine]]
* ''[[Flatland]]''
* [[Intelligibility (philosophy)]]
* [[Kupamanduka]]
* [[Nous]] – [[Noumenon]]
* [[Phaneron]]
* [[Plato's Republic in popular culture|Plato's ''Republic'' in popular culture]]
* [[Simulation hypothesis]]
* [[Holographic principle]]
* [[Blind men and an elephant]], a rough equivalent in [[Eastern Philosophy]]
* [[Maya (religion)|Maya (illusion)]]
* [[Surrogation]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
The following is a list of supplementary scholarly literature on the allegory of the cave that includes articles from [[Epistemology|epistemological]], political, alternative, and independent viewpoints on the allegory:

* {{cite journal |last1=Eckert |first1=Maureen |title=Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave |journal=Glimpse Journal |date=2012 |volume=9 |pages=42–49 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/ECKCSI }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=A. |title=Shades of Truth: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Allegory of the Cave |journal=Idealistic Studies |date=2004 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |id={{INIST|16811501}} |doi=10.5840/idstudies200434118 }}
*{{cite book |last1=LeMoine |first1=Rebecca |title=Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity |publisher=Oxford UP |date=2020 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190936983.001.0001 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Malcolm |first1=J. |title=The Cave Revisited |journal=The Classical Quarterly |date=May 1981 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=60–68 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800021078 |s2cid=170697508 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=McNeill |first1=William |title=The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus |journal=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |date=5 January 2003 |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/ }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mitta |first1=Dimitra |title=Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory |journal=Kernos |date=1 January 2003 |issue=16 |pages=133–141 |doi=10.4000/kernos.815 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=N. R. |title=The 'Simile Of Light' in Plato's Republic |journal=The Classical Quarterly |date=April 1932 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800002366 |s2cid=170223655 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tsabar |first1=Boaz |title='Poverty and Resourcefulness': On the Formative Significance of Eros in Educational Practice |journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education |date=1 January 2014 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1007/s11217-013-9364-5 |s2cid=144408538 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zamosc |first1=Gabriel |title=The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave |journal=Ideas y Valores |date=2017 |volume=66 |issue=165 |id={{ProQuest|1994433580}} |doi=10.15446/ideasyvalores.v66n165.55201 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Republic (Gutenberg edition)/Book VII}}
{{Wikisource|Πολιτεία/Ζ (Text in Greek)}}
{{commons category|Allegory of the cave}}
* {{PhilPapers|search|Allegory%20of%20the%20cave}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69F7GhASOdM Animated interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA Ted-ed: Plato's Allegory of the Cave]
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1497/pg1497-images.html#link2H_4_0010 Plato: The Republic, Book VII] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm Plato: The Allegory of the Cave, from ''The Republic''] at [[University of Washington]] – Faculty
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110212132/http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/platoscave.html Plato: Book VII of ''The Republic'', Allegory of the Cave] at [[Shippensburg University]]

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