Editing Allative case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2007}}
{{Special characters}}

The '''allative case''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|t|ɪ|v}} {{respell|AL|ə|tiv}}; [[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''all'''}}; from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''allāt-'', ''afferre'' "to bring to") is a type of [[locative case|locative]] [[grammatical case]]. The term '''allative''' is generally used for the [[lative case]] for the majority of languages that do not make finer distinctions.

==Finnish==
For the [[Finnish language]] (a Uralic language), the allative is the fifth of the locative [[declension|cases]], with the basic meaning of "onto". Its ending is ''-lle'', for example ''pöytä'' (table) and ''pöydälle'' (onto the top of the table). In addition, it is the logical complement of the [[adessive case]] for referring to "being around the place". For example, ''koululle'' means "to the vicinity of the school". With time, the use is the same: ''ruokatunti'' (lunch break) and ''... lähti ruokatunnille'' ("... left to the lunch break"). Some actions require the case, e.g. ''kävely'' - ''mennä kävelylle'' "a walk - go for a walk". It also means "to" or "for", for example ''minä'' (me) and ''minulle'' (to/for me).

The other locative cases in Finnish and [[Estonian language|Estonian]] are these:
*[[Inessive case]] ("in")
*[[Elative case]] ("out of")
*[[Illative case]] ("into")
*[[Adessive case]] ("on")
*[[Ablative case]] ("from off")

==Baltic languages==
For the [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Latvian language]]s, the allative had been used dialectally as an innovation since [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]], but it is almost out of use in modern times. Its ending in Lithuanian is ''-op'' which was shortened from ''-opi'', whereas its ending in Latvian is ''-up''. For the modern languages the remains of the allative can be found in certain fixed expressions that have become [[adverb]]s, such as Lithuanian ''išėjo Dievop'' ("gone to God", i.e. died), ''velniop!'' ("to the devil" i.e. to hell), ''nuteisti myriop'' ("[[death sentence|sentence to death]]"), ''rudeniop'' ("towards autumn"), ''vakarop'' ("towards the evening"), Latvian ''mājup'' ("towards home"), ''kalnup'' ("uphill"), ''lejup'' ("downhill").{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Greek==
For [[Mycenaean Greek]], an ending ''-de'' is used to denote an allative, when it is not being used as an [[enclitic]],<ref>Ventris, Michael and John Chadwick. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''</ref> e.g. ''te-qa-de'', *''Tʰēgʷasde'', "to [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]" ([[Linear B]]: {{lang|gmy|𐀳𐀣𐀆}}). This ending survives into [[Ancient Greek]] in words such as ''Athḗnaze'',<ref>{{LSJ|*)aqh/naze|Ἀθήναζε|ref|mLSJ}}.</ref> from accusative ''Athḗnās'' + ''-de''.

==Latin==
The [[Latin]] accusative case is used for motion towards towns and small islands<ref>Allen and Greenough, sect. 427</ref> in a manner that is analogous to the allative case.

== Udmurt ==
For the [[Udmurt language]], words inflected with the allative (often termed "approximative" for Permic languages) case ending "-лань" /ɫɑɲ/ express the direction of a movement.

==Hebrew==
In Biblical Hebrew (more common in Classical Biblical Hebrew than in Late Biblical Hebrew)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joosten |first=Jan |date=2005 |title=The Distinction Between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913754 |journal=Hebrew Studies |volume=46 |pages=337 |jstor=27913754 |issn=0146-4094}}</ref> the "directional ''[[He (letter)|he]]''", "locative ''he''" or ''he locale'',<ref><!-- The 3 names are mentioned in: -->{{Cite journal |last=Meier |first=Samuel A. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic Clues on the Date and Canaanite Origin of Genesis 2:23-24 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718217 |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=20 |jstor=43718217 |issn=0008-7912}}</ref> in the form of {{Script/Hebrew|־ָה}} /-ɔh/ suffixed to nouns (often place names) also functions as an allative marker, usually translated as 'to' or 'toward'.<ref>Waltke, Bruce, and Michael O'Connor, ''Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax'' (Winonana Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 185-86.</ref> The directional ''he'' appears in later phases of the Hebrew language in expressions such as {{Script/Hebrew|{{wikt-lang|he|מעלה}}}} (upwards) and {{Script/Hebrew|{{wikt-lang|he|הביתה}}}} (homeward).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joosten |first=Jan |date=2005 |title=The Distinction Between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913754 |journal=Hebrew Studies |volume=46 |pages=337 |jstor=27913754 |issn=0146-4094}}</ref>

==Wanyi==
[[Wanyi language|Wanyi]], an endangered [[Australian language]], has the allative suffixes ''-[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-kurru#Wanyi kurru/wurru]''.

==Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Grammatical cases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allative Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]