Editing All Souls College, Oxford

{{Short description|College of the University of Oxford}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox residential college
| name           = All Souls College
| university     = [[University of Oxford]]
| photo          = [[File:UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 03.jpg|270px|The twin towers of Hawksmoor's Quadrangle]]
| scarf          = <!-- {{scarf}} -->
| full_name      = College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed<ref name=statutes/>
| latin_name     = Collegium Omnium Animarum Fidelium Defunctorum de Oxonia<ref>{{cite book |last=Chalmers |first=Alexander |date=1810 |title=A History of the Colleges, Halls, and Public Buildings, Attached to the University of Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVVMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA166 |location=Oxford |publisher=J. Cooke and J. Parker |page=166 }}</ref><ref>''Oxon.'' is an abbreviation, the full word is ''Oxonia'' (nominative), with ablative also ''Oxonia'', following "de" (Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.925)</ref>
| named_after    = [[All Souls' Day|Feast of All Souls]]
| established    = {{Start date and age|1438}}
| sister_college = [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
| warden         = [[John Vickers|Sir John Vickers]]
| undergraduates = None
| graduates      = Fewer than 6<sup>data limitation<br/> (2023)</sup><ref>{{citeweb |title=Student Statistics |url=https://public.tableau.com/views/UniversityofOxford-StudentStatistics/CollegeBreakdown?%3Aembed=y&%3Adisplay_count=yes&%3AshowTabs=y&%3AshowVizHome=no#3 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref>
| endowment =  £486.7&nbsp;million (2023)<ref name="allsouls1718">{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1718/allsouls.pdf|title=All Souls College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|page=50|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>
| location       = [[High Street, Oxford]] OX1 4AL
| coordinates    = {{coord|51.753279|-1.253041|display=inline,title}}
| location_map   = Oxford (central)
| shield         = [[File:Arms of Chichele.svg|135px]]
| blazon         = ''Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules'' (arms of [[Henry Chichele]])
| homepage       = {{URL|https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/}}
| visitor        = [[Justin Welby]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ''[[ex officio]]''{{r|asc-ox-statutes}}
}}

'''All Souls College'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage {{!}} All Souls College |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> (official name: '''The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford'''<ref name=statutes>{{cite web |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-files/Statutes-1211.pdf |title=Statutes |publisher=All Souls College, University of Oxford |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>) is a [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|constituent college]] of the [[University of Oxford]] in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become [[Fellow#Ancient university fellowships|fellow]]s (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of [[#Examination fellowships|examination fellowships]] through a [[competitive examination]] (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="guardian20100517">"[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/may/17/all-souls-college-entrance-exam Is the All Souls College entrance exam easy now?]", ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2010.</ref> 

The college entrance is on the north side of [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]], whilst it has a long frontage onto [[Radcliffe Square]]. To its east is [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]], whilst [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]] is to the north of All Souls.

The current [[List of Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford|warden]] (head of the college) is [[John Vickers|Sir John Vickers]], a graduate of [[Oriel College, Oxford]].

==History==
The college was founded by [[Henry VI of England]] and [[Henry Chichele]] (fellow of [[New College, Oxford|New College]] and [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]), in 1438, to commemorate the victims of the [[Hundred Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Simmonds |first=Tricia |date=1989 |title=In and Around Oxford |publisher=Unichrome |location=Bath |page=24 |isbn=1-871004-02-0}}</ref> The Statutes provided for a warden and 40 fellows; all to take Holy Orders: 24 to study arts and theology; and 16 to study civil or canon law.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Salter |editor-first1=H E |editor-last2=Lobel |editor-first2=Mary D. |title=A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3, the University of Oxford |date=1954 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=173–193 |chapter=All Souls College |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp173-193 }}</ref> 

Today the college is primarily a research institution, with no student members. All Souls did formerly have students: [[Robert Hovenden]] (Warden of the college from 1571 to 1614) introduced undergraduates to provide the fellows with ''servientes'' (household servants), but this was abandoned by the end of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. Four Bible Clerks remained on the foundation until 1924.<ref>[http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/about/history3.php History page 3] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604151853/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/about/history3.php |date=4 June 2008}}, All Souls College, Oxford (accessed 11 March 2008).</ref>

For over five hundred years All Souls College admitted only men; women were first allowed to join the college as fellows in 1979,<ref name="All Souls College Oxford">{{cite web |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/modern-college|title=All Souls College Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford  |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> the same year as many other previously all-male colleges in the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford |title=Women at Oxford {{!}} University of Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford  |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> The American philosopher [[Susan Hurley]] became the first female fellow in 1981. Conservative fellows opposed this change. Once, upon encountering a woman fellow, the geneticist [[E. B. Ford]] swung his umbrella at her and shouted "Out of my way, [[Chicken|henbird]]!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayler |first=Mark |date=2024-11-08 |title=All Souls is the SAS of academia |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/all-souls-is-the-sas-of-academia/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Spectator |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Buildings and architecture==
===All Souls College Library===
{{main|All Souls College Library}}
[[File:UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|All Souls College Library, showing Wren's sundial over the central door]]
The All Souls College Library (formerly known as the Codrington Library) was founded through a 1710 bequest from [[Christopher Codrington]] (1668–1710), a fellow of the college and a wealthy slave and sugar plantation owner. Codrington was an undergraduate at Oxford and later became colonial governor of the [[Leeward Islands]]. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed a fortune from [[Plantation economy|his sugar plantation in the West Indies]].<ref>James Walvin (17 February 2011), [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_06.shtml "Slavery and the Building of Britain"], British History, [[BBC]].</ref> 

Under the terms of his will Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000 to the college in addition to £10,000 in currency for the library to be rebuilt and endowed. The new library was completed in 1751 to the designs of [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] and has been in continuous use since then. Today the library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800. The collections are particularly strong in law and history (especially military history).<ref>{{cite news|title=Codrington Library|work=all-souls.ac.uk}}</ref>

Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was a fellow from 1653. The design of the sundial, produced in 1658 for the south wall of the Chapel, is attributed to Wren. The sundial  was moved to the quadrangle (above the central entrance to the Library) in 1877.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architecture of the College {{!}} All Souls College |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/architecture-college |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

In 2020, the College decided to cease referring to the Library as 'The Codrington Library' as part of a set of "steps to address the problematic nature of the Codrington legacy", which comes from wealth derived from slave plantations.<ref>All Souls College Library, ''Library History[https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/library-history#2000]''</ref>

[[File:All Souls College Towers.jpg|thumb|The double towers of All Souls College, Oxford]]

===Chapel===
Built between 1438 and 1442, the college chapel remained largely unchanged until the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland|Commonwealth]]. Oxford, having been a largely [[Royalist]] stronghold, suffered under the [[Puritan]]s' wrath. The 42 [[misericord]]s date from the Chapel's building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at [[St Mary's Church, Higham Ferrers]]. Both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock.{{fact|date=March 2021}} During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren. However, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, and so the current structure is heavily influenced by Victorian design ideals.{{fact|date=March 2021}} There have been a number of rearrangements and repairs of the stained glass windows, but much of the original medieval glass survives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutchinson |first=F. E.   |title=Medieval Glass at All Souls College |publisher= Faber and Faber|location = London, UK|year=1949|oclc=1269744}}</ref>

All services at the chapel are according to the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''; the ''[[King James Bible]]'' is also used rather than more modern translations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chapel |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/chapel-allsouls |publisher=All Souls College |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201844/https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/chapel-allsouls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Wealth==

All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford with a [[financial endowment]] of £486.7&nbsp;million (2023).<ref name="allsouls2223">{{cite web |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-03/Annual%20Report%20%26%20Accounts%20Final%202022-23%20SGM.pdf |title=All Souls College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2023 |publisher=All Souls College |page=49 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Approximately 95% of its annual income is derived from its endowment as the College does not receive any income from tuition fees.<ref name="allsouls2223"/>

==Fellowships==
===Examination fellowships===
In the three years following the award of their bachelor's or master's degrees, students graduating from Oxford and current Oxford [[postgraduate student]]s having graduated elsewhere<ref name="allsouls">"[http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Examination_Fellowships_2010:_Further_Particulars_and_Timetable Examination Fellowships 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803071934/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Examination_Fellowships_2010:_Further_Particulars_and_Timetable |date=3 August 2010 }}" All Souls College, Oxford</ref> are eligible to apply for examination fellowships (sometimes informally referred to as "prize fellowships") of seven years each. While tutors may advise their students to sit for the All Souls examination fellowship, the examination is open to anybody who fulfils the eligibility criteria and the college does not issue invitations to candidates to sit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/examination-fellowships-general-information|title=Examination Fellowships: General Information &#124; All Souls College|website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Every year in early March, the college hosts an open evening for women, offering women interested in the examination fellowship an opportunity to find out more about the exam process and to meet members of the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/news/examination-fellowships-2017-open-evening-women|title=Examination Fellowships 2017: Open Evening for Women &#124; All Souls College|website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

Each year several dozen candidates typically sit the examination.<ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="wainwright20050108"/> Two examination fellows are usually elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place or three places in some years, and on rare occasions made no award.<ref name="time19610519">"[https://archive.today/20130204120618/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,872416,00.html The Soul of All Souls]" ''Time'', 19 May 1961.</ref>

The competition, offered since 1878<ref name="lyall20100527"/> and open to women since 1979,<ref name="mount20100519"/> is held over two days in late September, with two papers of three hours each per day. It has been described in the past as "the hardest exam in the world".<ref name="lyall20100527"/>

Two papers (the 'specialist papers') are on a single subject of the candidate's choice; the options are [[classics]], [[English literature]], economics, history, law, philosophy, and politics. Candidates may sit their two specialist papers in different specialist subjects, provided each paper is in one subject only (for example, a candidate might sit one paper in History and one paper in Politics). Candidates who choose Classics have an additional translation examination on a third day.<ref name="allsouls"/>

Two papers (the 'general papers') are on general subjects. For each general examination, candidates choose three questions from a list.<ref name="sample20100527"/> Past questions have included:
* {{"'}}If a man could say nothing against a character but what he could prove, history could not be written' ([[Samuel Johnson]]). Discuss."<ref name=mount19991004>{{cite journal|last=Mount|first=Harry|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/199910040016 |title=A few things pointy-heads should know|journal=New Statesman|date=4 October 1999}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718085613/http://www.newstatesman.com/199910040016 |date=18 July 2010 }}</ref>
* "Should the [[Orange Prize for Fiction]] be open to both men and women?"<ref name="sample20100527"/>
* "Does the moral character of an orgy change when the participants wear [[Nazi uniform]]s?"<ref name="lyall20100527"/>

Before 2010 candidates also faced another examination, a free-form "Essay" on a single, pre-selected word.<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519">{{cite news|last=Mount|first= Harry|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/7740812/All-Souls-Oxford-should-continue-to-put-genius-to-the-test.html |title=All Souls, Oxford should continue to put genius to the test|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="lyall20100527">{{cite news|last=Lyall|first= Sarah|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/world/europe/28oxford.html |title=Oxford Tradition Comes to This: ‘Death’ (Expound)|newspaper=The New York Times|date= 27 May 2010}}</ref>

Four to six<ref name="wainwright20050108">{{cite news|last=Wainwright|first=Tom|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3348373/The-most-glittering-prize.html |title=The most glittering prize|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date= 8 January 2005}}</ref> finalists are invited to a [[Oral exam|viva voce]]<ref name="time19610519"/> or oral examination.<ref name="allsouls"/> Previously, these candidates were then invited to dinner with about 75 members of the college. The dinner did not form part of the assessment, but was intended as a reward for those candidates who had reached the latter stages of the selection process. However, the dinner has been discontinued as the college felt candidates worried too often that it was part of the assessment process.{{fact|date=March 2021}} 

About a dozen examination fellows are at the college at any one time.<ref name="mount20100519"/> There are no compulsory teaching or requirements, although examination fellows must pursue a course of study or research at some point within their first two years of fellowship. They can study anything for nothing at Oxford with [[room and board]].<ref name="allsouls"/> As "Londoners" they can pursue approved non-academic careers<ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="allsouls"/> if desired, with a reduced stipend, as long as they pursue academia on a part-time basis and attend weekend dinners at the college during their first academic year.<ref name="wainwright20050108"/> {{as of|2011}} each examination fellow receives a stipend of £14,842<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Examination_Fellowships_2011:_Further_Particulars |title=Examination Fellowships 2011: Further Particulars |access-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229152421/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Examination_Fellowships_2011:_Further_Particulars |archive-date=29 December 2011  }}</ref> annually for the first two years; the stipend then varies depending on whether the fellow pursues an academic career.<ref name="allsouls"/>

====Notable candidates====
<!--Please only list [[WP:BIO|notable]] candidates. Also, this is a list of candidates for examination fellowships. People like Christopher Wren became All Souls fellows before the exam existed, or through other means. The comprehensive list of fellows occurs later in the article.-->Until 1979, women were not permitted to put themselves forward for fellowships at All Souls.<ref name="All Souls College Oxford"/>

=====Successful=====

[[File:IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Isaiah Berlin]] – philosopher]]
[[File:Te lawrence.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[T. E. Lawrence]] – "Lawrence of Arabia"]]
* [[Leo Amery]] (1897),<ref name="anson"/> politician
* [[J. L. Austin]] (1933),<ref name="nagel20230907">{{Cite magazine |last=Nagel |first=Thomas |date=2023-09-07 |title=Leader of the Martians |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n17/thomas-nagel/leader-of-the-martians |magazine=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=45 |issue=17 |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref> philosopher
* [[Isaiah Berlin|Sir Isaiah Berlin]] (1932),<ref name=mount19991004/> philosopher
* [[George Earle Buckle]] (1877),<ref name="anson"/> journalist
* [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] (1883),<ref name=mount19991004/><ref name="anson"/> [[Viceroy of India]]
* [[Geoffrey Dawson]] (1898),<ref name="anson"/> journalist
* [[Matthew d'Ancona]] (1989),<ref name=mount19991004/> journalist
* [[John Gardner (legal philosopher)|John Gardner]] (1986),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/biograph.htm|title=John Gardner at Home|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> legal philosopher
* [[Birke Häcker]] (2001),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gordon|first1=Olivia|title=Professor Birke Häcker: Interviewed|url=https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/150-academic-staff/1738-birke-hacker|publisher=Brasenose College|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> legal scholar
* [[Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone]] (1931),<ref name="cc">{{cite web | url=http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/education/churchill_era/exercises/appeasement/part_B4.php | title=B: Appeasement and public opinion | work=The Churchill Era | publisher=Churchill College, Cambridge | access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> politician and philosopher
* [[Douglas Jay]], Baron Jay (1930),{{r|lacey2006}} politician
* [[Richard Jenkyns (professor)|Richard Jenkyns]] (1972), classical historian and literary critic
* [[Keith Joseph]], Baron Joseph (1946),<ref name="guardian20100517"/> politician
* [[T. E. Lawrence]] (1919), "Lawrence of Arabia", military officer, writer
*[[M. N. Srinivas]], Social anthropologist
* [[Jeremy Morse|Sir Jeremy Morse]],<ref name=mount19991004/> banker
* [[Edward Mortimer]] (1965) journalist, author, international public servant
* [[Marius Ostrowski]] (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Marius Ostrowski {{!}} All Souls College |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/dr-marius-ostrowski |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> political theorist
* [[David Pannick, Baron Pannick]] (1978),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackstonechambers.com/people/barristers/lord_pannick_qc.html |title=Lord Pannick QC – Blackstone Chambers |website=blackstonechambers.com |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321194433/http://www.blackstonechambers.com/people/barristers/lord_pannick_qc.html |archive-date=21 March 2016  }}</ref> barrister
* [[Derek Parfit]] (1974),<ref name=parfit>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=49|title=Derek Parfit|publisher=All Souls College|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421193257/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=49|archive-date=21 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> philosopher
* [[John Redwood|Sir John Redwood]] (1972),<ref name=mount19991004/> politician
* [[A. L. Rowse]] (1925),<ref name=mount19991004/> historian and poet
* [[Katherine Rundell]] (2008),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/katherine-rundell|title=Katherine Rundell &#124; All Souls College|website=www.asc.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> author
* [[Amia Srinivasan]] (2009), philosopher
* [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]] (1897),<ref name="anson"/> politician
* [[William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill]] (1971),<ref name=mount19991004/> politician
* [[Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce]] (1932),<ref name="shepherd20100514">{{cite news|last=Shepherd|first= Jessica|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/may/14/oxford-university-all-souls-college-exam |title=The word on Oxford University's All Souls fellows exam is: axed|newspaper=The Guardian|date= 14 May 2010}}</ref> jurist
* [[Bernard Williams|Sir Bernard Williams]] (1951),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/williams-bernard/ |title=Bernard Williams (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |publisher=Plato.stanford.edu |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> philosopher
* [[Crispin Wright]] (1969), philosopher
* [[Sir John Vickers]] (1979), economist

=====Unsuccessful=====
[[File:Hugh Trevor-Roper (1975).jpg|right|thumb|180px|Baron [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] – historian]]
* [[Hilaire Belloc]] (1895),<ref name=mount19991004/> author
* [[John Buchan]], 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1899),<ref name=mount19991004/><ref name="buchanbio">Godine, David R. and Andrew Lownie. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=V3tQ8Wq_fKMC&dq=%22all+souls%22+%22john+buchan%22&pg=PA60 John Buchan: the Presbyterian cavalier]'' (1995), pp. 60–61.</ref> author and [[Governor General of Canada]]
* [[Lord David Cecil]],<ref name=mount19991004/> author
* [[H. L. A. Hart]] (1929, 1930),<ref name="lacey2006">{{cite book | title=A life of H.L.A. Hart: the nightmare and the noble dream | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Lacey, Nicola | year=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUklAQAAIAAJ | pages=41, 43 | isbn=0-19-920277-X}}</ref> philosopher
* [[William Holdsworth|Sir William Holdsworth]] (1897),<ref name="anson"/> legal historian
* [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]], 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth (1888),<ref name="anson">"[http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Sir_William_Anson Sir William Anson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618035933/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/content/Sir_William_Anson |date=18 June 2010 }}"</ref> [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
* [[Harry Mount]] (1994),<ref name="mount20100519"/> journalist
* [[Ramsay Muir]] (1897),<ref name="anson"/> politician
* [[Tom Denning, Baron Denning]] (1923),<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/7315416/Lord-Denning-OM.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310194942/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/7315416/Lord-Denning-OM.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 March 2011 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Lord Denning, OM | date=6 March 1999}}</ref> jurist
* [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], Baron Dacre of Glanton,<ref name=mount19991004/> historian
* [[Eric Williams]], historian and politician<ref name="dabhoiwala20210701">{{Cite magazine |last=Dabhoiwala |first=Fara |title=Imperial Delusions |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/07/01/imperial-delusions/ |magazine=The New York Review of Books |language=en |issn=0028-7504|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
* [[Harold Wilson]], Baron Wilson of Rievaulx,<ref name="pimlott1992">{{cite book | title=Harold Wilson | publisher=HarperCollins | author=Pimlott, Ben | year=1992 | pages=61 | isbn=0002151898}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Tom Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill]], jurist

====Subjects of the "Essay"====
* "bias"<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519"/>
* "censorship"<ref name="lyall20100527"/>
* "chaos"<ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name=mount19991004/>
* "charity"<ref name="lyall20100527"/>
* "comedy"<ref name="hensher20100524">{{cite news|last=Hensher|first= Philip|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/philip-hensher/philip-hensher-comedy-was-the-word-for-my-exam-1981025.html |title='Comedy' was the word for my exam|newspaper=The Independent|date= 24 May 2010}}</ref>
* "conversion" (1979)<ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name="little20100520"/>
* "corruption"<ref name="lyall20100527"/>
* "culture" (1914)<ref name="little20100520">{{cite news|last=Little|first= Reg|url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8174773.One_word_exam_ending/ |title=One-word exam ending|newspaper=The Oxford Times|date=20 May 2010}}</ref>
* "diversity" (2001)
* "error" (1993)<ref name="mount20100519"/>
* "harmony" (2007)<ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name="sample20100527"/>
* "innocence" (1964)<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="lyall20100527"/>
* "integrity" (2004)<ref name="wainwright20050108"/>
* "mercy"<ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name=mount19991004/>
* "miracles" (1994)<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name=mount19991004/>
* "morality"<ref name="mount20100519"/>
* "novelty" (2008)<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name="sample20100527"/>
* "originality"<ref name="little20100520"/>
* "possessions" (1925)<ref name=mount19991004/>
* "reproduction" (2009)<ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name="sample20100527"/><ref name="little20100520"/>
* "style" (2005)<ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="lyall20100527"/><ref name="sample20100527">"[http://documents.nytimes.com/the-fellowship-exam-oxford-universitys-all-souls-college Sample Fellowship Exam, Oxford University's All Souls College]" ''The New York Times'', 27 May 2010.</ref>
* "water" (2006)<ref name="shepherd20100514"/><ref name="mount20100519"/><ref name="sample20100527"/>

===Other fellowships===
Other categories of fellowship include:
* Senior research fellows (a renewable seven-year appointment)
* Extraordinary research fellows (elected to conduct research into the college's history)
* Visiting fellows (academics from other universities, usually elected for a period of one term to one year)
* Post-doctoral research fellows (a non-renewable five-year post open to those who have recently completed doctoral study at a recognised university) 
* Fifty-pound fellows (open only to former fellows no longer holding posts in Oxford)
* Official fellows (consisting of holders of college posts, such as the Domestic Bursar, Estates Bursar, Chaplain, and Fellow Librarian) 
* Distinguished fellows

There are also a number of professorial fellows who hold their fellowships by virtue of their University post.

===Chichele professorships===
Fellows of the college include the [[Chichele Professorship|Chichele professors]], who hold [[statutory]] [[professorship]]s at the [[University of Oxford]] named in honour of [[Henry Chichele]], a founder of the college. [[Fellow]]ship of the college has accompanied the award of a Chichele [[chair (academic)|chair]] since 1870.

Following the work of the 1850 Commission to examine the organisation of the university, the college suppressed ten of its fellowships to create the funds to establish the first two Chichele professorships: The [[Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy]], established in 1859 and first held by [[Mountague Bernard]], and the [[Chichele Professor of Modern History]], first held by [[Montagu Burrows]].

There are currently Chichele Professorships in five different subjects:
* [[Chichele Professor of Economic History]]: [[Kevin O'Rourke (economist)|Kevin O'Rourke]];
* [[Chichele Professor of the History of War]]: [[Peter H. Wilson]] appointed 2015;
* [[Chichele Professor of Public International Law]]: [[Catherine Redgwell]] appointed 2012;
* [[Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory]]: [[Amia Srinivasan]] appointed 2019; and
* [[Chichele Professor of Medieval History]]: [[Julia M. H. Smith]], appointed September 2016.

Probably the best known former Chichele Professor is [[Isaiah Berlin|Sir Isaiah Berlin]]. Perhaps the best known former Professor of the History of War was [[Cyril Falls]].

===Chichele Lectures===
The [[Chichele Lectures]] are a prestigious series of lectures formally established in 1912 and sponsored by All Souls College. The lectures were initially restricted to foreign history, but have since been expanded to include law, political theory, economic theory, as well as foreign and British history. Traditionally the lectures were delivered by a single speaker, but it is now common for several speakers to deliver lectures on a common theme.<ref>Colvin, Howard, and J. S. C. Simmons, ''All Souls: An Oxford College and its Buildings'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 91.</ref>

== Coat of Arms ==
The college's [[coat of arms]] was entered at the [[Heraldic visitation|Visitation]] of 1574 for The College of the Souls of Faithfull People Deceased with the following blazoning<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Geoffrey |title=Civic & corporate heraldry: a dictionary of impersonal arms of England, Wales, & N. Ireland |date=1971 |publisher=(10 Beauchamp Place, S.W.3), Heraldry Today |isbn=978-0-900455-21-6 |location=London |pages=32}}</ref>:{{Infobox COA wide|name=The College of the Souls of Faithfull People Deceased|image=File:Arms_of_Chichele.svg|imagesize=200|bannerimage=|badgeimage=|coronet=|torse=|escutcheon=Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules.|supporters=|motto=|orders=|banner=|badge=|symbolism=|crest=}}

==Customs==
Every hundred years, and generally on 14 January, there is a commemorative feast after which the fellows parade around the college with flaming torches, singing the ''[[Mallard Song]]'' and led by a "Lord Mallard" who is carried in a chair, in search of a legendary mallard that supposedly flew out of the foundations of the college when it was being built.<ref>{{cite web|website= British Folk Customs |url= http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=59 |title=Hunting the Mallard, Oxfordshire }}</ref> During the hunt the Lord Mallard is preceded by a man bearing a pole to which a mallard is tied – originally a live bird, latterly either dead (1901) or carved from wood (2001). The last mallard ceremony was in 2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallard leads Oxford fellows a merry dance |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1314859/Mallard-leads-Oxford-fellows-a-merry-dance.html|first= Linus |last=Gregoriadis |author2=Sean O'Neill |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and the next is due in 2101. The precise origin of the custom is not known, but it dates from at least 1632.<ref>HOLE, Christina, ''English Custom and Usage'', London, Batsford, 1941, p.28: "...we know that the custom existed at least as early as 1632, for in that year Archbishop Abbot censured the college for a riot "in pretence of a foolish Mallard". "Mallard" has since become a colloquialism at the college, generally meaning "rubbish".</ref> A benign parody of this custom has been portrayed as the [[Unseen University]]'s "Megapode chase" in Sir [[Terry Pratchett]]'s 2009 novel ''[[Unseen Academicals]]''.

==People associated with All Souls==

===Fellows===
{{see also|Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford}}

Past and current fellows of the college have included:
[[File:Robert recorde.jpg|right|thumb|120x120px|[[Robert Recorde]] – inventor of the Western "[[equals sign]]" (=).]]
[[File:Brownlow North by Kettle.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|[[Brownlow North]] – Bishop of Lichfield in 1771, Bishop of Worcester in 1774, and Bishop of Winchester in 1781. Portrait by [[Tilly Kettle]].]]
[[File:George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston by John Cooke.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|[[George Nathaniel Curzon]] by John Cooke – [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative]] statesman who was [[Viceroy of India]] and [[Foreign Secretary (UK)|Foreign Secretary.]] Portrait after [[John Singer Sargent]].]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[William Emmanuel Abraham]]
* [[Diwakar Acharya]]
* [[Leo Amery]]
* [[William Reynell Anson]]
* [[Andrew Ashworth]]
* [[F. W. Bain]]
* [[Max Beloff]]
* [[Isaiah Berlin]]
* [[Margaret Bent]]
* [[Tim Besley]]
* [[Peter Birks]]
* [[Susanne Bobzien]]
* [[William Blackstone]]
* [[Malcolm Bowie]]
* [[Peter Brown (historian)|Peter Brown]]
* [[Julian Bullard]]
* [[Myles Burnyeat]]
* [[Lionel Harry Butler|Lionel Butler]]
* [[Raymond Carr]]
* [[David Caute]]
* [[Alasdair Clayre]]
* [[Christopher Codrington]]
* [[Gerald Cohen]]
* [[Peter Conrad (academic)|Peter Conrad]]
* [[George Nathaniel Curzon]]
* [[Matthew d'Ancona]]
* [[David Daube]]
* [[David Dilks]]
* [[Michael Dummett]]
* [[Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard]]
* [[Cécile Fabre]]
* [[Sheppard Frere]]
* [[Diego Gambetta]]
* [[John Gardner (legal philosopher)|John Gardner]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[Robert Gentilis]]
* [[Gabriel Gorodetsky]]
* [[Birke Häcker]]
* [[Ruth Harris (historian)|Ruth Harris]]
* [[Andrew Harvey (religious writer)|Andrew Harvey]]
* [[Reginald Heber]]
* [[Hensley Henson]]
* [[Cecilia Heyes]]
* [[Rosemary Hill]]
* [[Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone]]
* [[Christopher Hood]]
* [[John Hood (university administrator)]]
* [[Roger Hood]]
* [[Michael Howard (historian)|Michael Howard]]
* [[Susan Hurley]]
* [[E. F. Jacob]]
* [[Keith Joseph]]
* [[Colin Kidd]]
* [[Leszek Kołakowski]]
* [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]]
* [[T. E. Lawrence]]
* [[Edward Chandos Leigh]]
* [[Thomas Linacre]]
* [[Vaughan Lowe]]
* [[Stephen Lushington (judge)|Stephen Lushington]]
* [[Robert Gwyn Macfarlane]]
* [[James Rochfort Maguire]]
* [[Noel Malcolm]]
* [[John Mason (diplomat)|John Mason]]
* [[Angela McLean (biologist)|Angela McLean]]
* [[Catherine Morgan]]
* [[Edward Mortimer]]
* [[Max Müller]]
* [[Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen]]
* [[Brownlow North]]
* [[Avner Offer]]
* [[Marius Ostrowski]]
* [[David Pannick]]
* [[Derek Parfit]]
* [[Anthony Quinton]]
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Robert Recorde]]
* [[Catherine Redgwell]]
* [[John Redwood]]
* [[A. L. Rowse]]
* [[Katherine Rundell]]
* [[Peter Salway]]
* [[Andrew Scott (economist)|Andrew Scott]]
* [[Graeme Segal]]
* [[Amartya Sen]]
* [[Catriona Seth]]
* [[Alpa Shah]]
* [[Patrick Shaw-Stewart]]
* [[Gilbert Sheldon]]
* [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]]
* [[Boudewijn Sirks]]
* [[Margareta Steinby]]
* [[Alfred C. Stepan]]
* [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]]
* [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]]
* [[Adam Thirlwell]]
* [[Guenter Treitel]]
* [[Cecilia Trifogli]]
* [[John Vickers]]
* [[William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill]]
* [[Kate Warner]] 
* [[Marina Warner]]
* [[Martin Litchfield West]]
* [[Charles Algernon Whitmore]]
* [[Richard Wilberforce]]
* [[Bernard Williams]]
* [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]]
* [[Llewellyn Woodward]]
* [[Patrick Wormald]]
* [[Christopher Wren]]
* [[Crispin Wright]]
* [[Edward Young]]
* [[R. C. Zaehner]]
* [[Lucia Zedner]]
{{div col end}}

===Wardens===
{{Main|List of Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford}}

===In fiction===
In the 2011 historical fantasy novel ''[[A Discovery of Witches]]'' by [[Deborah Harkness]], main character and [[vampire]] Matthew Clairmont is a Fellow of All Souls College, having passed the examination in 1989 after writing an essay on the topic of "desire".<ref name="harkness2011">{{cite book |last1=Harkness |first1=Deborah |title=A Discovery of Witches |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-311968-5 |pages=171–178}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="250px" heights="200px">
File:All Souls College Radcliffe Square gate.jpg|The gates on [[Radcliffe Square]]  
File:1 all souls college oxford 2012.jpg|A view of All Souls from the [[Radcliffe Square]] gate, showing [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]]'s 'gothicised classical' elevation.
File:The south east corner of Radcliffe Square from above.jpg|The south eastern corner of All Souls College, abutting Radcliffe Square
File:High Street Oxford looking east in landscape view.jpg|All Souls Quad abutting [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]]
File:All souls from new college lane.jpg|All Souls College as viewed from [[New College Lane]]
File:The spires of All Souls College - geograph.org.uk - 1420243.jpg|The spires of All Souls
File:All souls.jpg|All Souls College at twilight
File:Panorama St Mary the Virgin tower.jpg|View from [[University Church of St Mary the Virgin|St Mary the Virgin]]'s tower (with All Souls on the right)
File:All-Souls-Oxford.jpg|All Souls College Chapel - the stone altar reredos seen through the later classical screen
File:All-Souls3-Oxford.jpg|All Souls College
File:All-Souls2-Oxford.jpg|All Souls College
File:All-Souls-College-Oxford.jpg|All Souls College. Though gothic externally, this range designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] is completely classical inside.
</gallery>

==References==
<references>
{{r|n=asc-ox-statutes|r=
{{cite web
| author=All Souls College, Oxford
| title=All Souls College Statutes
| language=en-GB

| url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-files/Statutes%20(final).pdf
| url-status=live
| access-date=2022-10-20

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702052356/https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-files/Statutes%20(final).pdf
| archive-date=2022-07-02
}}
}}
</references>

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wikisource|Literary Landmarks of Oxford/All Souls|All Souls College, as described in "Literary Landmarks of Oxford".}}
* {{Official website|https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514165125/http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?pos=2&people_title=Examination%20Fellows Current Examination Fellows]
* [http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/allsouls/ Virtual Tour of All Souls College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309041700/http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/allsouls/ |date=9 March 2013 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chicheley, Henry|volume=6|pages=126–128}} This has a detailed account of Chichele's actions in founding the college.

{{University of Oxford}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:All Souls College, Oxford| ]]
[[Category:1438 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 15th century]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Oxford]]
[[Category:Grade I listed educational buildings]]
[[Category:Nicholas Hawksmoor buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Charities based in England]]
[[Category:University of Oxford examinations]]
[[Category:Postgraduate colleges in British universities]]