Editing All Souls' Day

{{short description|Day for commemoration of all the faithful departed}}
{{hatnote group|
{{redirect|Holy Souls}}
{{redirect|Faithful Departed|the Cranberries album|To the Faithful Departed}}
}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small = yes}}
{{other uses|All Souls' Day (novel)|All Souls Day (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = All Souls' Day
|type = Christian
|image = William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Day of the Dead (1859).jpg
|caption = ''All Souls' Day'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]
|nickname = {{hlist | Feast of All Souls | Defuncts' Day | Day of Remembrance | Commemoration of all the faithful departed}}
|observedby = {{ubl|[[Catholicism]]|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]|[[Lutheranism]]|[[Anglicanism]]|[[Methodism]]|Other [[Protestantism|Protestant denominations]]}}
|litcolor = Black, where it is tradition<ref name="ReferenceA">''General Instruction of the Roman Missal'', 346</ref> (otherwise violet or purple)<ref name="ReferenceA">''General Instruction of the Roman Missal'', 346</ref> or violet
|begins =
|ends =
|significance = For the souls of all the faithful departed
|date = [[2 November]]
|celebrations =
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|observances = {{hlist | Prayer for the departed | visits to cemeteries | decking of graves | special pastries and food}}
|relatedto = {{hlist | [[Saturday of Souls]] | [[Thursday of the Dead]] | [[Day of the Dead]] | [[Halloween]] | [[All Saints' Day]] | [[Samhain]] | [[Totensonntag]] | [[Blue Christmas (holiday)|Blue Christmas]]}}
}}

'''All Souls' Day''', also called '''The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2022-11-02 | title=The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)| access-date=25 November 2022 | archive-date=25 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113536/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2022-11-02 | url-status=live }}</ref> is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed,{{sfn|Bregman|2010|p=45}} observed by [[Christianity|Christian]]s on 2 November.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=42}}{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=33|ps=: All Souls' Day: The annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, 2 November.}} In [[Western Christianity]], including [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and certain parts of [[Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]], All Souls' Day is the third day of [[Allhallowtide]], after [[All Saints' Day]] (1 November) and [[Halloween|All Hallows' Eve]] (31 October).{{sfn|Bannatyne|1998|p=12}} Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. [[Odilo of Cluny]] in the 10th century, many Roman Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls' Day on various dates during the [[Easter season]] as it is still observed in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Catholic]] churches and the [[Eastern Lutheran]] churches. Churches of the [[East Syriac Rite]] ([[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]), (Syriac Catholic Church). commemorate all the faithful departed on the Friday before [[Great Lent|Lent]].<ref name="Economic2022">{{cite web |title=All Souls' Day: History, significance and all you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/all-souls-day-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/95258672.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=2 November 2022}}</ref> As with other days of the Allhallowtide season, popular practices for All Souls Day include attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] offered for the souls of the faithful departed, as well as Christian families visiting graveyards in order to pray and decorate their family graves with garlands, flowers, candles and incense.<ref name="UCA2014">{{cite web |title=In South Asia, All Souls' Day is also a tribute to ecumenism |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/in-south-asia-all-souls-day-is-also-a-tribute-to-ecumenism/74531 |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |year=2014|access-date=2 November 2024 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All Saints Day and} All Souls Day |url=http://www.lutheranlayman.com/2022/11/all-saints-day-all-souls-day.html |publisher=A Lutheran Layman |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=1 November 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Markussen|2013|p=183}} Given that many Christian cemeteries are interdenominational in nature, All Souls Day observances often have an [[ecumenical]] dimension, with believers from various Christian denominations praying together and cooperating to adorn graves.<ref name="TOI2012"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

== In other languages ==
Known in [[Latin]] as ''Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum'', All Souls' Day is known

* in other [[Germanic languages]] as ''Allerseelen'' ([[German language|German]]), ''Allerzielen'' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]), ''Alla själars dag'' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]), and ''Alle Sjæles Dag'' ([[Danish language|Danish]]);
* in the [[Romance languages]] as ''Dia de Finados'' or ''Dia dos Fiéis Defuntos'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), ''Commémoration de tous les fidèles Défunts'' ([[French language|French]]), ''Día de los Fieles Difuntos'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), ''Commemorazione di tutti i fedeli defunti'' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), and ''Ziua morților'' or ''Luminația'' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]);
* in the [[Slavic languages]] as ''Wspomnienie Wszystkich Wiernych Zmarłych'' or ''Zaduszki'' ([[Polish language|Polish]]), ''Vzpomínka na všechny věrné zesnulé'', ''Památka zesnulých'' or ''Dušičky'' ([[Czech language|Czech]]), ''Pamiatka zosnulých'' or ''Dušičky'' ([[Slovak language|Slovak]]), ''Spomen svih vjernih mrtvih'' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]), and ''День всех усопших верных'' or ''День поминовения всех усопших'' (''Den' vsekh usopshikh vernykh''; ''Den' pominoveniya vsekh usopshih'') ([[Russian language|Russian]])
* in the {{langx|bat|Vėlinės}} or {{lang|bat|Visų Šventųjų Diena}}
* in {{langx|hu|Halottak napja}}
* and in {{langx|cy|Dygwyl y Meirw||Feast of the Dead}}.

==Background==
[[File:Non bezoekt kerkhof met Allerzielen - Nun visiting graveyard at All Souls' Day (6288419977).jpg|thumb|Nun visiting a graveyard at All Souls' Day]]
In the [[Catholic Church]], "[[Faithful (baptized Catholic)|the faithful]]" refers essentially to baptized Catholics; "all souls" commemorates the [[church penitent]] of souls in [[purgatory]], whereas "all saints" commemorates the [[church triumphant]] of [[saint]]s in [[Heaven in Christianity|heaven]]. In the [[Liturgical books of the Roman Rite|liturgical book]]s of the [[Latin Church]] it is called the ''Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed'' ({{langx|la|links=yes|Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum}}). The Catholic Church teaches that the purification of the souls in purgatory can be assisted by the actions of the faithful on earth. Its teaching is based also on the practice of [[prayer for the dead]] mentioned as far back as 2 Maccabees 12:42–46.<ref name=CCC /> The theological basis for the feast is the doctrine that the souls which, on departing from the body, are not perfectly cleansed from [[venial sin]]s, or have not fully atoned for past transgressions, are debarred from the [[Beatific vision]], and that the faithful on earth can help them by prayers, [[alms]], deeds, and especially by the sacrifice of the [[Holy Mass]].{{sfn|Mershman|1907}}

In the [[Lutheranism]], "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.<ref name="Joyocala">{{cite web |title=All Souls' Day |url=https://joyocala.wordpress.com/2023/11/02/all-souls-day-2/ |publisher=Joy Lutheran Church |location=[[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]] |language=en |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

The [[United Protestant]] tradition emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" in observances of All Souls Day.<ref name="Deshpande2023">{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Sanjana |title=Christians across India commemorate 'All Souls' Day' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/christians-across-india-commemorate-all-souls-day-98011/5 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |language=en |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

All Souls Day is seen by many Christian leaders are one in which [[ecumenism]] is celebrated, given that believers from various denominations collectively visit Christian cemeteries that are interdenominational in nature.<ref name="Vatican2015">{{cite web |title=All Souls Day in South Asia an ecumenical event  |url=https://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2015/11/02/all_souls_day_in_south_asia_an_ecumenical_event_%E2%80%8E/en-1183913 |publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI2012"/> Christians from the Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Methodist and Baptist denominations often come together to clean, repair and then decorate graveyards together.<ref name="UCA2014"/><ref name="TOI2012"/> Ecumenical prayer services are often held at Christian cemeteries on All Souls Day.<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite web |title=Shillong, Dibrugarh residents remember departed loved ones on All Souls' Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shillong-dibrugarh-residents-remember-departed-loved-ones-on-all-souls-day/articleshow/17071096.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

== Observance by Christian denomination ==
===Western Christianity===
[[File:Jakub Schikaneder - All Souls' Day.jpg|thumbnail|''All Souls' Day'', painting by [[Jakub Schikaneder]], 1888]]

====History====
In [[Western Christianity]],  there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the [[catacomb]]s, with their constant prayers for the peace of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead. Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead among the early Christians.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=459}}

In the sixth century, it was customary in Benedictine monasteries to hold a commemoration of the deceased members at Whitsuntide. In the time of [[St. Isidore of Seville]] (d. 636) who lived in what is today Spain, the Monday after Pentecost was designated to remember the deceased. At the beginning of the ninth century, Abbot [[Eigil of Fulda]] set 17 December as commemoration of all deceased in part of what is today Germany.{{sfn|MacDonald|1967|p=119}}

According to [[Widukind of Corvey]] (c. 975), there also existed a ceremony praying for the dead on 1 October in Saxony.{{sfn|Mershman|1907}} But it was the day after [[All Saints' Day]] that Saint [[Odilo of Cluny]] chose when in the 11th century he instituted for all the monasteries dependent on the [[Abbey of Cluny]] an annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, to be observed with alms, prayers, and sacrifices for the relief of the suffering souls in purgatory. Odilo decreed that those requesting a Mass be offered for the departed should make an offering for the poor, thus linking almsgiving with fasting and prayer for the dead.{{sfn|Butler|1990|p=12}}

The 2 November date and customs spread from the Cluniac monasteries to other Benedictine monasteries and thence to the Western Church in general.{{sfn|McNamara|2013}} The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège|Diocese of Liège]] was the first diocese to adopt the practice under [[Notker of Liège|Bishop Notger]] (d. 1008).{{sfn|Mershman|1907}} 2 November was adopted in Italy and Rome in the thirteenth century.{{sfn|MacDonald|1967|p=119}}

In the 15th century the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s instituted a custom of each priest offering three Masses on the Feast of All Souls. During World War I, given the great number of war dead and the many destroyed churches where Mass could no longer be said, [[Pope Benedict XV]], granted all priests the privilege of offering three Masses on All Souls' Day.{{sfn|Saunders|2003}}

====Roman Catholicism====
[[File:Skogskyrkogården at All Saints Day 2010-2.jpg|thumb|left|All Saints' Day at Skogskyrkogården in Stockholm. The graves are lighted with votive lights.]]

If 2 November falls on a Sunday, All Souls' Day is observed on that day. In the [[Liturgy of the hours]] of All Souls' day the sequence ''[[Dies irae]]'' can be used ad libitum. Every priest is allowed to celebrate three holy Masses on All Souls' Day.

In [[Divine Worship: The Missal]], used by members of the Anglican Ordinariates, the minor propers (Introit, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion) are those used for Renaissance and Classical musical [[requiem]] settings, including the [[Dies Irae]]. This permits the performance of traditional requiem settings in the context of the Divine Worship Form of the Roman Rite on All Souls' Day as well as at funerals, votive celebrations of all faithful departed, and anniversaries of deaths.<ref>''Divine Worship: The Missal'', pp. 871–875, 1024–1032</ref>

In the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, as well as in the [[Personal Ordinariates]] established by [[Benedict XVI]] for former Anglicans, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday;<ref>''Roman Missal'', "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed", and "Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar", 59</ref><ref>''Divine Worship: The Missal'', "Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls)", p. 871</ref> in the 1962–1969 form of the [[Roman Rite]], use of which is still authorized, it is transferred to Monday, 3 November.<ref>''Missale Romanum'' 1962, ''Rubricæ generales'', "De dierum liturgicorum occurentia accidentali eorumque translatione", 96b</ref>

According to the sacred tradition of the Catholic Church, from Nov. 1 to Nov. 8, it is possible to gain plenary [[indulgence]] for the benefit of the souls of the departed who are in [[Purgatory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bookofheaven.com/prayers/plenary-indulgence-nov-1-8/|title=November 1 to 8: Plenary Indulgence for the Deceased|date=2 November 2018 }}</ref>

=====All Souls' indulgences=====
According to the ''Enchiridion of Indulgences'', a [[Indulgence#Plenary indulgences|plenary indulgence]] applicable only to the souls in purgatory (commonly called the [[poor souls]]) is granted to the faithful who devoutly visit a cemetery (graveyard) and [[prayer for the dead|pray for the dead]].<ref name="Seton2024">{{cite web |title=Plenary Indulgences for All Souls Week and the Month of November |url=https://seton-parish.org/plenary-indulgences-for-all-souls-week-and-the-month-of-november |publisher=St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref> The plenary indulgence can be gained between the second and ninth days of Allhallowtide (November 1–8); a partial indulgence is granted on other days of the year.<ref name="Seton2024"/> In order to gain the plenary indulgence, the Christian must have received [[Confession (religion)#Christianity|confession and absolution]] and the [[eucharist]] twenty days before or after visiting the graveyard, in addition to praying for the intentions of the Pope.<ref name="Seton2024"/>

A plenary indulgence, applicable only to the poor souls, can be obtained by visiting a church, chapel or oratory on All Souls Day and praying the [[Lord's Prayer]] there, along with the [[Apostle's Creed]], [[Athanasian Creed]] or [[Nicene Creed]]. Alternatively, Christians can pray the Lauds or Vespers of the [[Office of the Dead]] and the [[Eternal Rest]] prayer for the dead.<ref name=EnchIndul /><ref name=catholic.org />

====Lutheran churches====
[[File:Alla helgons dag vid Röke kyrka-1.jpg|A [[churchyard|graveyard]] outside a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church in the Swedish city of [[Röke]] during Allhallowtide|250px|thumb|right]]
Among continental Lutherans, its tradition has been more tenaciously maintained. During [[Martin Luther (religious leader)|Luther's]] lifetime, All Souls' Day was widely observed in [[Saxony]] although the Roman Catholic meaning of the day was discarded;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ecclesiastically in the [[Lutheran Church]], the day was merged with and is often seen as an extension of All Saints' Day, with many Lutherans still visiting and decorating graves on all the days of Allhallowtide, including All Souls' Day.{{sfn|Markussen|2013|p=183}} In the Lutheran Churches, "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.<ref name="Joyocala"/> Just as it is the custom of [[French people]], of all ranks and creeds, to decorate the graves of their dead on the ''jour des morts'', [[German people|Germans]] come to the graveyards on All Souls' Day with offerings of flowers and special grave lights.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

====Anglican Communion====
[[File:Leichhardt All Souls Anglican Church.JPG|right|thumb|[[All Souls Anglican Church, Leichhardt|All Souls Anglican Church]] in the [[Anglican Diocese of Sydney|Diocese of Sydney]], a parish dedicated to All Souls]]

In the [[Church of England]] it is called The Commemoration of the Faithful Departed and is an optional celebration; Anglicans view All Souls' Day as an extension of the observance of All Saints' Day and it serves to "remember those who have died", in connection with the theological doctrines of the [[Resurrection of the dead|resurrection of the body]] and the [[Communion of Saints]].{{sfn|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}}

In the [[Anglican Communion]], All Souls' Day is known liturgically as the Commemoration of All Faithful Departed, and is an optional observance seen as "an extension of All Saints' Day", the latter of which marks the second day of [[Allhallowtide]].{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}}{{sfn|Dickison|2014}} Historically and at present, several Anglican churches are dedicated to All Souls. During the [[English Reformation]], the observance of All Souls' Day lapsed, although a new Anglican theological understanding of the day has "led to a widespread acceptance of this commemoration among Anglicans".{{sfn|Michno|1998|p=160}} Patricia Bays, with regard to the Anglican view of All Souls' Day, wrote that:{{sfn|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}

{{blockquote|All Souls Day … is a time when we particularly remember those who have died. The prayers appointed for that day remind us that we are joined with the [[Communion of Saints]], that great group of Christians who have finished their earthly life and with who we share the hope of [[Resurrection of the dead|resurrection from the dead]]. |source={{harvnb|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}}}
As such, Anglican parishes "now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration", in keeping with this fresh perspective.{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}} Contributing to the revival was the need "to help Anglicans mourn the deaths of millions of soldiers in [[World War I]]".{{sfn|English|2004|p=4}} Members of the [[Guild of All Souls]], an [[Anglican devotional society]] founded in 1873, "are encouraged to pray for the dying and the dead, to participate in a requiem of All Souls' Day and say a Litany of the Faithful Departed at least once a month".{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=232}}

At the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] the celebration of All Souls' Day was fused with [[All Saints' Day]] in the [[Church of England]]<ref name=Episcopal /> or, in the judgement of some, it was "deservedly abrogated".{{sfn|BCP|1850}} It was reinstated in certain parishes in connection with the [[Oxford Movement]] of the 19th century<ref name=Episcopal/> and is acknowledged in United States Anglicanism in the ''Holy Women, Holy Men'' calendar<ref name=Episcopal/> and in the Church of England with the 1980 ''[[Alternative Service Book]]''. It features in ''[[Common Worship]]'' as a [[Lesser Festival]] called "Commemoration of the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)".<ref name="churchofengland">{{cite web |title=Lesser Festivals |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/lesser-festivals |website=The Church of England |access-date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205224537/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/lesser-festivals |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Reformed churches====
Certain [[Calvinism|Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist) churches observe All Souls Day.<ref name="TOI2012"/> In All Souls Day observances by the Reformed Churches, the theological doctrine of "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" is emphasized, along with a remembrance of the faithful departed.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/> Additionally, dead are remembered on the feast of [[Totensonntag]] (Totenfest), the last Sunday before [[Advent]]. It was introduced in 1816, in [[Prussia]], and in addition to the Reformed, it is observed by Lutherans in addition to Allhallowtide, particularly in areas with a large Germanic presence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Totensonntag-Welche-Bedeutung-hat-der-stille-Gedenktag,totensonntag104.html | title=Totensonntag: Welche Bedeutung hat der stille Gedenktag? | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=19 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619094133/https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Totensonntag-Welche-Bedeutung-hat-der-stille-Gedenktag,totensonntag104.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Methodist churches====
In the [[Methodist Church]], [[Saints in Methodism|saints]] refer to all [[Christians]] and therefore, on [[All Saints' Day]], the [[Church Universal]], as well as the deceased members of a [[local congregation]] are honoured and remembered.{{sfn|Hileman|2003}}{{sfn|Peck|2011}} In Methodist congregations that celebrate the liturgy on All Souls' Day, the observance, as with Anglicanism and Lutheranism, is viewed as an extension of All Saints' Day and as such, Methodists "remember our loved ones who had died" in their observance of this feast.<ref name=sheringhammethodist.org.uk />

===Eastern Catholic, Eastern Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox===
{{Main|Saturday of Souls}}

[[File:Soul Saturday Kollyva offerings.jpg|right|thumb|Kollyva offerings of boiled wheat blessed liturgically on Soul Saturday (''Psychosabbaton'')]]
[[Saturday of Souls]] (or Soul Saturday) is a day set aside for the commemoration of the dead within the [[liturgical year]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox]], Eastern Lutheran and Byzantine Catholic Churches.<ref name="Economic2022"/> Saturday is a traditional day of prayer for the dead, because Christ lay dead in the [[Holy Sepulchre|Tomb]] on Saturday.<ref name="GOArch">{{cite web |title=Saints and Feasts: Saturday of Souls |url=https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=1017&PCode=MEATSA&DT=02/22/2020 |website=www.goarch.org |publisher=Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141452/https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=1017&PCode=MEATSA&DT=02/22/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

These days are devoted to prayer for departed relatives and others among the faithful who would not be commemorated specifically as saints. The [[Divine Services]] on these days have special hymns added to them to commemorate the departed. There is often a [[Panikhida]] (Memorial Service) either after the [[Divine Liturgy]] on Saturday morning or after [[Vespers]] on Friday evening, for which [[Koliva]] (a dish made of boiled wheatberries or rice and honey) is prepared and placed on the Panikhida table. After the Service, the priest blesses the Koliva. It is then eaten as a memorial by all present.<ref name="orthodoxpath">{{cite web |author=Panteleimon of Antinoes |title=Saturday of the Souls |url=https://www.orthodoxpath.org/catechisms-and-articles/saturday-of-the-souls/ |website=The Orthodox Path |access-date=6 November 2020 |date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020062026/https://www.orthodoxpath.org/catechisms-and-articles/saturday-of-the-souls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Radonitsa====
{{Main|Radonitsa}}
Another Memorial Day in the East, Radonitsa, does not fall on a Saturday, but on either Monday or Tuesday of the second week after Pascha (Easter).<ref name="Averky">{{cite web |title=The Liturgics of Archbishop Averky |url=http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768210 |website=www.holytrinitymission.org |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726153144/http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768210 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bulgakov Handbook">S. V. Bulgakov, ''Handbook for Church Servers'', 2nd ed., 1274 pp. (Kharkov, 1900), pp. 586–589. Tr. by Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris © 2007.</ref> Radonitsa does not have special hymns for the dead at the Divine Services. Instead a Panikhida will follow the Divine Liturgy, and then all will bring paschal foods to the cemeteries to greet the departed with the joy of the Resurrection.<ref name="Averky"/>

===East Syriac tradition===
East Syriac churches including the [[Syro Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of [[Epiphany season]] (which means Friday just before start of [[Great Lent]]).<ref name=nasranifoundation.org /> The season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. Each Friday of Epiphany season, the church remembers important evangelistic figures.<ref name=syromalabarchurch.in />

In the [[Syro Malabar Church]], the Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful when the parish remembers the activities of forebears who worked for the parish and faithful. They also request the intercession of all departed souls for the faithful celebration of parish festival. In East Syriac liturgy, the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Friday throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Popular customs ==
On All Souls Day, Christians of various denominational backgrounds, including Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, among others, often help one another clean the graves of cemeteries, along with adorning them with flowers.<ref name="UCA2014"/> The General Secretary of the [[Church of North India]] described the [[ecumenism]] present in All Souls Day, stating that "This coming together shows Christian unity".<ref name="UCA2014"/> With respect to the economy, vendors "sell flowers, candles and incense sticks" to those visiting the graveyards, who are Christians of the Catholic and Protestant traditions.<ref name="UCA2014"/> Prayer services with representatives from different Christian denomination for All Souls Day are held at graveyards for those visiting them.<ref name="TOI2012"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

All Souls Day emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life".<ref name="Deshpande2023"/> Some All Souls' Day traditions are associated with the doctrine of the poor souls of [[purgatory]] (in Roman Catholicism) or the [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] (in Protestantism and Orthodoxy). Bell tolling is done in honour of the dead. Lighting candles serves variously to kindle a light for the poor souls, honour the dead, as well as to ward off demons.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Burning of Blessed Candles is Beneficial To the Suffering Souls |url=https://friendsofthepoorsouls.blogspot.com/2006/04/burning-of-blessed-candles-is.html |publisher=The Friends of the Poor Souls |access-date=2 November 2024 |language=en |date=4 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="CarterPetro1998">{{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Albert Howard |last2=Petro|first2=Jane Arbuckle|title=Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned|year=1998|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|language=en|isbn=978-0-8122-1517-5|page=100}}</ref> [[Soul cakes]] are given to children going souling—going from door to door to [[prayer for the dead|pray for the dead]] (cf. ''[[trick-or-treating]]'', ''[[Pão-por-Deus]]'').{{sfn|Schousboe|2012|pp=10–13}}<ref name=Mosteller>{{cite book|last=Mosteller|first=Angie |title=Christian Origins of Halloween |date=2 July 2014|publisher=Rose Publishing |isbn=978-1-59636-535-3|quote=In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.}}</ref>

===Europe===
All Souls' Day is celebrated in many European countries with vigils, candles, the decoration of graves, and special prayers as well as many regional customs.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Examples of regional customs include leaving cakes for departed loved ones on the table and keeping the room warm for their comfort in [[Tyrol (state)|Tirol]] and the custom in [[Brittany]], where people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded, at the graves of their loved ones and anoint the hollow of the [[tomb stone|tombstone]] with [[holy water]] or to pour libations of milk on it. At bedtime, supper is left on the table for the souls.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} All Souls' Day is known in [[Maltese language|Maltese]] as ''Jum il-Mejtin'', and is accompanied a traditional supper including roasted pig, based on a custom of letting a pig loose on the streets with a bell around its neck, to be fed by the entire neighborhood and cooked on that day to feed the poor.<ref name=ToM /> In [[Linz]], funereal musical pieces known as [[aequale]]s were played from tower tops on All Souls' Day and the evening before.<ref name=triton /> In the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] All Souls' Day is called Dušičky, or "little souls". Traditionally, candles are left on graves on Dušičky.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strašíková |first1=Lucie |title=Dušičky – čas symbolického prolínání světa živých a mrtvých |url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/1435848-dusicky-cas-symbolickeho-prolinani-sveta-zivych-a-mrtvych |website=ČT24 |publisher=Česká televize |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=cs |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144504/https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/1435848-dusicky-cas-symbolickeho-prolinani-sveta-zivych-a-mrtvych |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sicily and other regions of southern Italy, All Souls' Day is celebrated as the ''Festa dei Morti'' or ''U juornu rii morti'', the "Commemoration of the Dead" or the "Day of the Dead", which according to Joshua Nicolosi of the ''Sicilian Post'' could be seen "halfway between Christian and pagan traditions".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sicilian Post: The Day of the Dead in Sicily|date=November 2018 |url=https://www.sicilianpost.it/en/the-day-of-the-dead-in-sicily-between-life-and-the-afterlife/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129162641/https://www.sicilianpost.it/en/the-day-of-the-dead-in-sicily-between-life-and-the-afterlife/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Palermo Street Food - The Sicilian Day of the Dead|date=November 2014 |url=http://www.palermostreetfood.com/blog/2014/11/1/the-sicilian-day-of-the-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330122721/http://www.palermostreetfood.com:80/blog/2014/11/1/the-sicilian-day-of-the-dead |archive-date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> Families visit and clean grave sites, home altars are decorated with family photos and votive candles, and children are gifted a special basket or ''cannistru'' of chocolates, pomegranate, and other gifts from their ancestors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dooid Magazine - All Souls Day Traditions in Sicily|date=12 October 2019 |url=https://magazine.dooid.it/en/interests-en/events/all-souls-day-traditions-sicily/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102175021/https://magazine.dooid.it/en/interests-en/events/all-souls-day-traditions-sicily/ |archive-date=2 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Because of the gifting of sugary sweets and the emphasis on sugar puppet decorations, the Commemoration Day has spurred local Sicilian events such as the ''Notte di Zucchero'' ("Night of Sugar") in which communities celebrate the dead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notte di Zucchero|url=http://nottedizucchero.it/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070212/http://nottedizucchero.it/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 }}</ref> {{Lang|it|[[Piada dei morti]]}} ({{Literal translation|piada of the dead}}), a sweet [[focaccia]] topped with [[raisin]]s, [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s, and [[pine nut]]s,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lazzari |first=Martina |date=29 October 2023 |title=Piada dei morti, preparazione e curiosità sulla dolce "piadina" romagnola |trans-title=Piada dei morti: Preparation and curiosity about the sweet Romagnol "piadina" |url=https://www.riminitoday.it/social/piada-dei-morti-preparazione-e-curiosita-sulla-dolce-piadina-romagnola.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=RiminiToday |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=Piada dei morti ricetta dolce facile romagnolo per il 2 Novembre |trans-title=Easy recipe for sweet Romagnol piada dei morti for 2 November |url=https://blog.giallozafferano.it/loti64/piada-dei-morti-ricetta-facile/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Giallo Zafferano |language=it-IT}}</ref> is traditionally eaten in November for All Souls' Day in the environs of [[Rimini]], in [[Emilia-Romagna]].<ref name=":3" />

===Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Hallowmas India 1.jpg|thumb|A Christian woman in India decorates a grave with flower petals]]
In the [[Indian subcontinent]] (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), Christians hold prayer services in which they pray for the faithful departed, especially remembering their loved ones.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/> Christians of various denominations visit cemeteries and adorn graves with flower petals, garlands, candles and incense sticks.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

===Philippines===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
{{Main|All Saints' Day#Philippines}}
In the Philippines, Hallow mas is variously called "''Undás''", "''Todos los Santos''" (Spanish, "All Saints"), and sometimes "''Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao''" ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], "Day of the dead / those who have passed away"), which incorporates All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day.{{Dubious|reason=As at [[Day of the Dead]], it's confusing whether "Undás" is more than one day|date=November 2022}} Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs. Offerings of prayers, flowers, candles,<ref name="guardian-world-saints" /> and food. [[Chinese Filipinos]] additionally burn [[joss stick|incense]] and ''[[joss paper|kim]]''. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery with feasts and merriment.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}} 
* [[Purgatorial society]]
* [[Guild of All Souls]]
* [[Zaduszki]]
* [[Flowering Sunday]]
* [[Cemetery Sunday]]
* [[Totensonntag]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=ToM>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-traditions-to-mark-all-souls-day-at-the-inquisitors-palace.629197|title=Maltese traditions to mark All Souls Day at the Inquisitor's Palace|website=Times of Malta|date=27 October 2016|access-date=5 July 2019|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705180634/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-traditions-to-mark-all-souls-day-at-the-inquisitors-palace.629197|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="guardian-world-saints">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/nov/01/all-saints-day |title=All Saints Day around the world |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 November 2010 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214947/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/nov/01/all-saints-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=triton>From sleevenotes, Triton Trombone Quartet: "German Trombone Music"; BIS-CD-644</ref>

<ref name=nasranifoundation.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_9fri_denha.html |title=Commemoration of the Departed Faithful |work=Nasrani Foundation |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002148/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_9fri_denha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=syromalabarchurch.in>{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/pdf/Panchangam%20English2016.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/pdf/Panchangam%20English2016.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar 2016|publisher=Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Commission for Liturgy}}</ref>

<ref name=Episcopal>{{cite web |url=http://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/bi102812half_0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/bi102812half_0.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=episcopalchurch.org|publisher= The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society|date=28 October 2012|title=All Saints' Day/All Faithful Departed}}</ref>

<ref name=sheringhammethodist.org.uk>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheringhammethodist.org.uk/allsoulsdayservice.htm |title=All Souls Day Service |last=Sherwood |first=Colin |work=St Andrew`s Methodist Church |publisher=[[Methodist Church of Great Britain]] |access-date=21 September 2015 |quote=During our All Souls Day Service on 2nd. November, as we remembered our loved ones who had died, some recently and other longer ago, candles were lit in memory of them and placed on a cairn built in front of the pulpit. |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808050633/https://www.sheringhammethodist.org.uk/allsoulsdayservice.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=EnchIndul>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |date=16 July 1999| edition= 4th|title=Enchiridion Indulgentiarum |language=la |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114232116/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html |archive-date=14 January 2010 |at=N.15}}</ref>

<ref name=catholic.org>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/indulgw.php|title=The Enchiridion of Indulgences|website=Catholic Online|access-date=5 July 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194630/https://www.catholic.org/prayers/indulgw.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=CCC>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM|work=Catechism of the Catholic Church|publisher=vatican.va|title=The Final Purification, or Purgatory|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214044852/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

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*{{cite book|last=Butler|first=Alban|author-link=Alban Butler|editor1=Herbert J. Thurston|editor2=Donald Attwater|title=Butler's Lives of the Saints|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ButlersLivesOfTheSaintsCompleteEdition/page/n43/mode/2up|volume=I : January – February – March|year=1990|publisher=Christian Classics|location=Westminster, Maryland|chapter=St Odilo, Abbot}}
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*{{cite web|url=https://baptistnews.com/opinion/commentaries/item/29405-recovering-allhallowtide|title=Recovering Allhallowtide|last=Dickison|first=Scott|date=22 October 2014|publisher=[[Baptist News Global]]|access-date=20 September 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162033/http://baptistnews.com/opinion/commentaries/item/29405-recovering-allhallowtide|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last=English|first=June|title=Anglican Young People's Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifDU1uF0sCkC&pg=PA4|year=2004|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-8192-1985-5}}
*{{cite web|first=Laura Huff|last=Hileman|title=What is All Saint's Day?|url=http://upperroom.org/askjulian/default.asp?act=answer&itemid=276387|quote=Saints are just people who are trying to listen to God's word and live God's call. This is "the communion of saints" that we speak of in the Apostle's Creed – that fellowship of believers that reaches beyond time and place, even beyond death. Remembering the saints who have helped extend and enliven God's kingdom is what All Saints Day is about.|publisher=[[The Upper Room (United Methodist Church)]]|year=2003|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126142637/http://upperroom.org/askjulian/default.asp?act=answer&itemid=276387|archive-date=26 January 2012|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newcatholicencyc1cath/page/306/|title=The New Catholic Encyclopedia|editor-first=The Most Revd William|editor-last=MacDonald|publisher=The Catholic University of America|chapter=All Souls' Day|date=1967|isbn=9780070102354}}
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*{{cite web |first=The Rev. J. Richard |last=Peck |title=Do United Methodists believe in saints? |url=http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&ct=3166373 |quote=We also recognize and celebrate All Saints' Day (1 Nov.) and "all the saints who from their labors rest". United Methodists call people "saints" because they exemplified the Christian life. In this sense, every Christian can be considered a saint. |publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]] |year=2011 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718063201/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&ct=3166373 |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}
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{{refend}}

===Further reading===
* [https://www.catholicireland.net/the-liturgy-of-all-souls-day/ Tracey OSM, Liam. "The liturgy of All Souls Day", ''Catholic Ireland'', 30 November 1999]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0606.pdf |title=Saturday before Pentecost |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630225412/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0606.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2007}}&nbsp;{{small|(17.1&nbsp;KB)}} Notes on Russian Orthodox observance by N. Bulgakov
* {{cite web |url=http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0492.pdf |title=Saturday of Meatfare Week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129060838/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0492.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2007}}&nbsp;{{small|(13.9&nbsp;KB)}} N. Bulgakov
* [http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/11/02/pope_offers_mass_for_faithful_departed_on_all_souls_day/1269610 "Pope offers Mass for faithful departed on All Souls' Day", Vatican radio, 2 November 2016]

{{Hallowtide}}
{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}
{{Halloween}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allhallowtide]]
[[Category:Christianity and death]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical days]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Holidays based on the date of Easter]]<!--Eastern Orthodox churches have movable days for this-->
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Observances honoring the dead]]