Editing Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)

{{Short description|Character from children's novel}}
{{good article}}
{{italic disambiguation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox character
| name        = Alice
| series      = Alice
| image       = Alice par John Tenniel 04.png
| caption     = Alice in one of [[John Tenniel]]'s illustrations for ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''  
| first       = ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865)
| last        = ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (2016)
| creator     = [[Lewis Carroll]]
}}

'''Alice''' is a [[fictional character]] and the [[main protagonist]] of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s children's novel ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865) and its sequel, ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871). A child in the mid-[[Victorian era]], Alice unintentionally goes on an underground adventure after falling down a rabbit hole into [[Wonderland (fictional country)|Wonderland]]; in the sequel, she steps through a mirror into [[Looking-Glass world|an alternative world]].

The character originated in stories told by Carroll to entertain the Liddell sisters while rowing on [[the Isis]] with his friend [[Robinson Duckworth]], and on subsequent rowing trips. Although she shares her given name with [[Alice Liddell]], scholars disagree about the extent to which she was based upon Liddell. Characterized by Carroll as "loving and gentle", "courteous to all", "trustful", and "wildly curious",<ref name="Annotated Alice"/> Alice has been variously seen as clever, well-mannered, and sceptical of authority, although some commentators find more negative aspects of her personality. Her appearance changed from ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'', the first draft of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', to [[political cartoon]]ist [[John Tenniel]]'s illustrations of her in the two ''Alice'' books.

Alice has been identified as a [[cultural icon]]. She has been described as a departure from the usual nineteenth-century child protagonist, and the success of the two ''Alice'' books inspired numerous sequels, parodies, and imitations, with protagonists similar to Alice in temperament. She has been interpreted through various critical approaches, and has appeared and been re-imagined in numerous adaptations, including [[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Walt Disney's film]] (1951). Her continuing appeal has been ascribed to her ability to be continuously re-imagined.

==Character==
{{main|Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Through the Looking-Glass}}
[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 22.png|thumb|right|John Tenniel's illustration of Alice and the pig from ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865)]]
Alice is a fictional child living during the middle of the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="1001 book">{{cite book|author=Brennan, Geraldine|editor=Eccleshare, Julia|editor-link=Julia Eccleshare|title=1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up|location=New York|publisher=[[Universe Publishing]]|page=411|isbn=9780789318763|title-link=1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up|year=2009}}</ref> In ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865), which takes place on 4 May,{{#tag:ref|4 May was the birthday of [[Alice Liddell]], the child friend of the author.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=7}}|group="nb"|name="Birthday"}} the character is widely assumed to be seven years old;{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=7}}{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=118}} Alice gives her age as seven and a half in the sequel, which takes place on 4 November.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=7}} In the text of the two ''Alice'' books, author [[Lewis Carroll]] often did not remark on the physical appearance of his protagonist.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|page=106}} Details of her fictional life can be discovered from the text of the two books. At home, she has a significantly older sister, a brother,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alice's adventures in Wonderland and Through the looking-glass and what Alice found there|last=Carroll|first=Lewis|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Hunt, Peter, 1945-, Tenniel, John, 1820-1914.|isbn=9780191571299|edition= New|location=New York|pages=21|oclc=812193030}}</ref> a pet cat named Dinah, an elderly [[Nanny|nurse]], and a [[governess]], who teaches her lessons starting at nine in the morning.<ref name="Triple Alice"/> Additionally, she had gone to a [[day school]] at some point in her [[backstory]].<ref name="Triple Alice"/> Alice has been variously characterised as belonging to the upper class,{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=11}}<ref name="Warren">{{cite journal|title=Carroll and His Alice Books|author=Warren, Austin|date=Summer 1980|journal=[[The Sewanee Review]]|volume=88|issue=3|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=345, 350|jstor=27543708}}</ref> middle class,<ref name="1001 book"/> or part of the [[bourgeoisie]].{{sfn|Rackin|1991|p=14}}

When writing on her personality in "Alice on the Stage" (April 1887), Carroll described her as "loving and gentle", "courteous to ''all''<!-- original italics -->", "trustful", and "wildly curious, and with the eager enjoyment of Life that comes only in the happy hours of childhood, when all is new and fair, and when Sin and Sorrow are but names – empty words signifying nothing!"<ref name="Annotated Alice">{{cite book|last=Gardner|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Gardner|author2=Lewis Carroll|title=The Annotated Alice|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-517-18920-7|pages=25–6|title-link=The Annotated Alice}}</ref> Commentators characterise her as "innocent",<ref name="English Journal"/> "imaginative",<ref name="Triple Alice"/> introspective,<ref name="Triple Alice">{{cite journal|author=Hubbell, George Shelton|title=Triple Alice|journal=[[The Sewanee Review]]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|volume=48|issue=2|date=April–June 1940|pages=181–5|jstor=27535641}}</ref> generally well-mannered,<ref name="1001 book"/><ref name="Warren"/> critical of authority figures,<ref name="1001 book"/> and clever.<ref name="English Journal">{{cite journal|title=Alice for Adolescents|author=D'Ambrosio, Michael A.|journal=[[The English Journal]]|publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]|volume=59|issue=8|date=November 1970|page=1075|doi=10.2307/813515|jstor=813515}}</ref> Others see less positive traits in Alice, writing that she frequently shows unkindness in her conversations with the animals in Wonderland,<ref name="A Curious Child">{{cite journal|title=Alice and Wonderland: A Curious Child|author=Auerbach, Nina|journal=[[Victorian Studies]]|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|volume=17|issue=1|date=September 1973|page=37|jstor=3826513}}</ref> takes violent action against the character [[Bill the Lizard]] by kicking him into the air,{{sfn|Cohen|1995|p=137}} and reflects her social upbringing in her lack of sensitivity and impolite replies.{{sfn|Cohen|1995|p=137}} According to Donald Rackin, "In spite of her class- and time-bound prejudices, her frightened fretting and childish, abject tears, her priggishness and self-assured ignorance, her sometimes blatant hypocrisy, her general powerlessness and confusion, and her rather cowardly readiness to abandon her struggles at the ends of the two adventures—[....] many readers still look up to Alice as a mythic embodiment of control, perseverance, bravery, and mature good sense."{{sfn|Rackin|1991|p=14}}

The degree to which the character of Alice can be identified as [[Alice Liddell]] is controversial. Some critics identify the character as Liddell,<ref name="A Curious Child"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Joyce, James|title=Lolita in Humbertland|journal=Studies in the Novel|volume=6|issue=3|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|date=Fall 1974|page=342|jstor=29531672}}</ref> or write that she inspired the character.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Before Snow White|author=Kaufman, J.B.|journal=Film History|volume=5|issue=2|pages=158–175|date=June 1993|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|jstor=27670718}}</ref> Others argue that Carroll considered his protagonist and Liddell to be separate.{{sfn|Leach|1999|p=163–174}}{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=171–5}} According to Carroll, his character was not based on any real child, but was entirely fictional.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=175}}

==Development==
[[File:AAUG p06.png|thumb|left|One of Carroll's drawings of Alice from ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'']]
Alice debuted in Carroll's first draft of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground''.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=10}} ''Under Ground'' originated from stories told to the Liddell sisters during an afternoon on 4 July 1862{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=10}} while [[rowing]] on [[the Isis]] with his friend [[Robinson Duckworth]], and on subsequent rowing trips.<ref name="AAUG">{{cite book|author1=Carroll, Lewis|author2-link=Martin Gardner|author2=Gardner, Martin|chapter=Introduction|title=Alice's Adventures Under Ground|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|location=New York|pages=v–xi}}</ref> At the request of ten-year-old Alice Liddell, Carroll wrote down the stories as ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'', which he completed in February 1864.<ref name="AAUG"/> ''Under Ground'' contains thirty-seven illustrations,<ref name="AAUG"/> twenty-seven of which Alice is depicted in.{{sfn|Davis|1972|p=10}} As his drawings of Alice bear little physical resemblance to Alice Liddell, whose [[given name]] she shares, it has been suggested that Alice's younger sister, Edith, might have been his model.{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=131}}

Carroll portrays his protagonist as wearing a [[tunic]], in contrast to the tailored dresses that the Liddell sisters might have worn.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=74}} His illustrations drew influence from the [[Pre-Raphaelite]] painters [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] and [[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]], whose painting ''The Lady with the Lilacs'' (1863) he visually alluded to in one drawing in ''Under Ground''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stern, Jeffery|chapter=Lewis Carroll the Pre-Raphaelite: 'Fainting in Coils'|title=Lewis Carroll Observed|editor=Guilano, Edward|year=1976|publisher=Clarkson N. Potter, Inc|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/168 168–175]|isbn=0-517-52497-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/168}}</ref> He gave the hand-written ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' to Alice Liddell in November 1864.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=168}}  

[[John Tenniel]] illustrated ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865) for a fee of [[Pound sterling|£]]138, which was roughly a fourth of what Carroll earned each year and which he paid for himself.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=269}} Tenniel was an already successful, well-known lead illustrator for the satirical magazine ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'',{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=251}} when Carroll employed him as an illustrator in April 1864.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=169}} In contrast, Carroll did not have any literary fame at the time.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=169}} Tenniel likely based the majority of his illustrations on those in ''Under Ground'',{{sfn|Hancher|1985|p=28}} and Carroll carefully oversaw his work;{{sfn|Woolf|2010|pp=169–70}} among his suggestions was that Alice should have long, light-coloured hair.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|pp=169–70}} Alice's clothes are typical of what a girl belonging to [[Social structure of the United Kingdom#Middle class|the middle class]] in the mid-Victorian era might have worn at home.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=75}} Her [[pinafore]], a detail created by Tenniel and now associated with the character, "suggests a certain readiness for action and lack of ceremony".<ref name="Alice style">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/alice-in-wonderland-the-making-of-a-style-icon-10128741.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325222242/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/alice-in-wonderland-the-making-of-a-style-icon-10128741.html |archive-date=2015-03-25 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Alice in Wonderland: The making of a style icon|date=23 March 2015|author=Vaclavik, Keira|work=The Independent|location=London|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> Tenniel's depiction of Alice has its origins in a physically similar character which appeared in at least eight cartoons in ''Punch'', during a four-year period that began in 1860.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=75}} In an 1860 cartoon, this character wore clothes now associated with Alice: "the full skirt, pale stockings, flat shoes, and a hairband over her loose hair".{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=75}} In the cartoons, the character appeared as an archetype of a pleasant girl from the middle classes;{{Sfn|Brooker|2004|page=112}} she has been described as similar to Alice: "a pacifist and noninterventionist, patient and polite, slow to return the aggression of others".{{sfn|Hancher|1985|p=20}}

[[File:Earlier-alice-tenniel.jpg|thumb|An early depiction of Alice on a ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine cover (left of the lion).]]

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Tenniel's fee for illustrating the sequel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871) rose to £290, which Carroll again paid for out of his own pocket.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=269}} Tenniel changed Alice's clothing slightly in the sequel, where she wears horizontal-striped stockings instead of plain ones and has a more ornate [[pinafore]] with a bow.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=75}} Originally, Alice wore a "[[crinoline]]-supported chessmanlike skirt" similar to that of the [[Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|Red]] and [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|White Queen]]s, as a queen; the design was rejected by Carroll.{{sfn|Hancher|1985|p=104}} Her clothing as a queen and in the railway carriage is a [[Polonaise (clothing)#19th century usage and revival|polonaise-styled dress]] with a [[bustle]], which would have been fashionable at the time.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=75}} The clothing worn by the characters in "My First Sermon" (1863) by pre-Raphaelite painter [[John Millais]] and "The Travelling Companions" (1862) by Victorian painter [[Augustus Leopold Egg]] have some elements in common with Alice's clothing in the railway carriage.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|page=113}} Carroll expressed unhappiness at Tenniel's refusal to use a model for illustrations of Alice,{{#tag:ref|The evidence is lacking for the hypothesis that either Mary Hilton Badcock or Kate Lemon served as the visual model for Tenniel's Alice.{{sfn|Hancher|1985|pp=101, 103}}|group="nb"|name="Models"}} writing that this resulted in her head and feet being out of proportion.{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=135}}

In February 1881, Carroll contacted his publisher about the possibility of creating ''[[The Nursery "Alice"]]'', a simplified edition of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' with coloured and enlarged illustrations.{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=213}} Tenniel coloured twenty illustrations from ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', in addition to revising some aspects of them;{{sfn|Wakeling|2014|pp=86–7}} Alice is depicted as a blonde, and her dress is yellow, with blue stockings.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carroll, Lewis|editor=Gardner, Martin|editor-link=Martin Gardner|title=The Nursery 'Alice'|location=New York|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|year=1966|pages=ix–x, 4}}</ref> Her dress became pleated with a bow at the back of it, and she wore a bow in her hair.{{sfn|Wakeling|2014|p=87}} [[Edmund Evans]] printed the illustrations in colour through [[chromoxylography]], a process using woodblocks to produce colour prints.{{sfn|Wakeling|2014|p=87}}

==Cultural impact==
{{main|Portrayals of Alice in Wonderland|Works based on Alice in Wonderland||Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland dress}}
Alice has been recognised as a [[cultural icon]].{{sfn|Sigler|2014|p=xxi}}{{sfn|Brooker|2004|p=xiv}}<ref name="Men in Wonderland">{{cite book|title=Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentlemen|author=Robson, Catherine|year=2001|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=137}}</ref> The ''Alice'' books have continued to remain in print,{{sfn|Cohen|1995|pp=134–5}} and the first book is available in a hundred languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/20/100-best-novels-alice-wonderland|title=The 100 best novels: No 18 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865)|date=20 January 2014|author=McCrum, Robert|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' has continued to maintain its popularity, placing on surveys of the top children's books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml|title=The Big Read – Top 100 Books|publisher= BBC|access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="2015 survey"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150402-the-11-greatest-childrens-books/|title=The 11 greatest children's books|author=Ciabattari, Jane|date= 2 April 2015|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Alice placed on a 2015 British survey of the top twenty favorite characters in children's literature.<ref name="2015 survey">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/11444349/Survey-reveals-50-books-that-every-child-should-read-by-16.html|title=Survey reveals 50 books that every child should read by 16|author=Brown, Kat|date=2 March 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=19 July 2015 |url-access=limited }}</ref> She also lends her name to the [[Alice band|style of headband]] that she is depicted with in Tenniel's illustrations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion|author1=Delahunty, Andrew|author2= Sheila Dignen|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|page=11}}</ref> The continued popularity of the two ''Alice'' books has resulted in numerous adaptations, re-imaginings, literary continuations, and various merchandise.{{sfn|Sigler|2014|p=xxi}} The influence of the two ''Alice'' books in the literary field began as early as the mid-Victorian era, with various novels that adopted the style, acted as parodies of contemporary political issues, or reworked an element of the ''Alice'' books;{{sfn|Sigler|1997|pp=xii-xxi}}{{#tag:ref|Notable examples include ''Mopsa the Fairy'' (1869) by [[Jean Ingelow]], ''[[Davy and the Goblin]]'' (1885) by [[Charles E. Carryl]], ''[[The Westminster Alice]]'' (1900–02) by [[Saki]], and ''[[Clara in Blunderland]]'' (1902) by Caroline Lewis.{{sfn|Sigler|1997|pp=vii–xix}} |group="nb"|name="Influence"}} they featured one or more protagonists with characteristics similar to Alice's ("typically polite, articulate, and assertive"), regardless of gender.{{sfn|Sigler|1997|p=xvii}}
[[File:Clara-in-blunderland-cover-1902.png|180px|thumb|left|The cover of ''Clara in Blunderland'' (1902), a political parody of ''Alice in Wonderland'']]
''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking-Glass'' were critically and commercially successful in Carroll's lifetime;{{sfn|Cohen|1995|pp=133–34}} more than 150,000 copies of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and 100,000 copies of ''Through the Looking-Glass'' had been printed by 1898.{{sfn|Cohen|1995|p=134}} Victorian readers generally enjoyed the ''Alice'' books as light-hearted entertainment that omitted the stiff morals which other books for children frequently included.{{sfn|Rackin|1991|p=20}} In its review of the first ''Alice'' book, ''[[The Spectator]]'' described Alice as "a charming little girl, [...] with a delicious style of conversation," while ''The Publisher{{'}}s Circular'' lauded her as "a simple, loving child."{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p= 260, 257}} Several reviewers thought that Tenniel's illustrations added to the book, with 
''The Literary Churchman'' remarking that Tenniel's art of Alice provided "a charming relief to the all the grotesque appearances which surround her."{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=265}} Alice's character has been highlighted by later literary critics as unusual or a departure from the typical mid-nineteenth-century child protagonists.<ref name="Lurie">{{cite book|author=Lurie, Alison|title=Don't Tell the Grownups: Subversive Children's Literature|date=1990|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|page=7}}</ref>{{sfn|Krips|2004|p=7}}{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=15}} Richard Kelly sees the character as Carroll's creation of a different protagonist through his reworking of the Victorian orphan trope. According to Kelly, Alice must rely on herself in Wonderland away from her family, but the moral and societal narrative arc of the orphan is replaced with Alice's intellectual struggle to maintain her sense of identity against the inhabitants of Wonderland.{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=15}} Alison Lurie argues that Alice defies the gendered, mid-Victorian conceptions of the idealized girl: Alice does not have a temperament in keeping with the ideal, and she challenges the adult figures in Wonderland.<ref name="Lurie"/>

From the 1930s to 1940s, the books came under the scrutiny of [[Psychoanalytic literary criticism|psychoanalytic literary critics]].{{sfn|Rackin|1991|p=23}} Freudians believed that the events in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' reflected the personality and desires of the author,{{sfn|Leach|1999|p=79}} because the stories which it was based on had been told spontaneously.{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=142}} In 1933, Anthony Goldschmidt introduced "the modern idea of Carroll as a repressed sexual deviant",{{sfn|Leach|1999|p=79–80}} theorizing that Alice served as Carroll's representation in the novel;{{sfn|Woolf|2010|p=143}} Goldschmidt's influential work, however, may have been meant as a hoax.{{sfn|Leach|1999|p=79–80}} Regardless, Freudian analysis found in the books symbols of "classic Freudian tropes": "a vaginal rabbit hole and a phallic Alice, an amniotic pool of tears, hysterical mother figures and impotent father figures, threats of decapitation [castration], swift identity changes".{{sfn|Rackin|1991|p=22}}

[[File:Alice in wonderland 1951.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Alice, as she appears in Walt Disney's film adaptation (1951)]]
Described as "the single greatest rival of Tenniel," [[Walt Disney]] created an influential representation of Alice in [[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|his 1951 film adaptation]], which helped to mould the image of Alice within pop culture.{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=46}} Although Alice had previously been depicted as a blonde in a blue dress in an unauthorised American edition of the two ''Alice'' books published by Thomas Crowell (1893), possibly for the first time,{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=126–7}} Disney's portrayal has been the most influential in solidifying the popular image of Alice as such.<ref name="Alice style"/>{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=208}} Disney's version of Alice has its visual basis in [[Mary Blair]]'s concept drawings<ref name="Alice style"/> and Tenniel's illustrations.{{sfn|Kelly|Carroll|2011|p=46}} While the film was not successful during its original run,{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=208}} it later became popular with college students, who interpreted the film as a drug-drenched narrative.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|p=208}} In 1974, ''Alice in Wonderland'' was re-released in the United States, with advertisements playing off this association.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|p=208}} The drug association persists as an "unofficial" interpretation, despite the film's status as family-friendly entertainment.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|p=208}}

In the twenty-first century, Alice's continuing appeal has been attributed to her ability to be continuously re-imagined.<ref name="Alice style"/> In ''Men in Wonderland'', Catherine Robson writes that, "In all her different and associated forms—underground and through the looking glass, textual and visual, drawn and photographed, as Carroll's brunette or Tenniel's blonde or Disney's prim miss, as the real Alice Liddell [...] Alice is the ultimate cultural icon, available for any and every form of manipulation, and as ubiquitous today as in the era of her first appearance."<ref name="Men in Wonderland"/> Robert Douglass-Fairhurst compares Alice's cultural status to "something more like a modern myth," suggesting her ability to act as an empty canvas for  "abstract hopes and fears" allows for further "meanings" to be ascribed to the character.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of Alice|date=2015|author=Douglass-Fairhurst, Robert|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=417|isbn=978-0-674-96779-3}}</ref> Zoe Jacques and Eugene Giddens suggest that the character occupies a status within pop culture where "Alice in a blue dress is as ubiquitous as [[Hamlet (character)|Hamlet]] holding a skull," which creates "the strange position whereby the public 'knows' Alice without having read either ''Wonderland'' or ''Looking-Glass''."{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=214}} They argue that this allows for creative freedom in subsequent adaptations, in that faithfulness to the texts can be overlooked.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=214}}

In Japan, Alice has a significant influence on pop culture. Tenniel's artwork and Disney's film adaptation have been credited as factors in the continuing favorable reception of the two novels.{{sfn|Monden|2015|p=86}} Within [[Japanese youth culture|youth culture in Japan]], she has been adopted as "a rebellion figure in much the same way as the American and British 1960s 'hippies' did."{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2013|p=225}} She has also been a source of inspiration for Japanese fashion, in particular [[Lolita fashion]].{{sfn|Monden|2015|p=86}} Her popularity has been attributed to the idea that she performs the ''[[shōjo]]'' ideal, a Japanese understanding of girlhood that is "sweet and innocent on the outside, and considerably autonomous on the inside."{{sfn|Monden|2015|p=87}}

===Other illustrators===
{{main|Illustrators of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland}}
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| caption1  = One of Rackham's art-nouveau illustrations, in which Alice encounters the [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Caterpillar]] (1907)

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}}

The two ''Alice'' books are frequently re-illustrated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alice Illustrated: 120 Images from the Classic Tales of Lewis Carroll|editor=Menges, Jeff A.|chapter=Notes on the Illustrations|location=[[Mineola, New York]]|publisher=Dover Publications|page=xiii|isbn=978-0-486-48204-0|date=January 2012}}</ref> The expiration of the copyright of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' in 1907{{#tag:ref|''Through the Looking-Glass'' entered the [[public domain]] in 1948,{{sfn|Hahn|2015|p=579}} after the 1911 Act, which extended the time before a book could enter the public domain from seven years following the death of the author to fifty.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=50}}|group="nb"|name="Looking Glass copyright"}} resulted in eight new printings, including one illustrated in an [[Art Nouveau]] style by [[Arthur Rackham]].<ref name="Rackham">{{cite book|title=Lewis Carroll Observed|editor=Guilano, Edward|author=Hearn, Michael Patrick|year=1976|chapter=Arthur Rackham's Wonderland|publisher=Clarkson N. Potter, Inc|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/31 31–36, 43–44]|isbn=0-517-52497-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/31}}</ref> The illustrators for the other editions published in 1907 include [[Charles Robinson (illustrator)|Charles Robinson]], Alice Ross, W. H. Walker, [[Thomas Maybank]] and [[Millicent Sowerby]].{{sfn|Davis|1972|p=11–12}} Among the other notable illustrators are [[Blanche McManus]] (1896);{{sfn|Davis|1972|p=10}} [[Peter Newell]] (1901), who used [[monochrome]]; [[Mabel Lucie Atwell]] (1910); [[Harry Furniss]] (1926); and [[Willy Pogany]] (1929), who featured an [[Art Deco]] style.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|page=107}}

Notable illustrators from the 1930s onwards include Edgar Thurstan (1931), and his visual allusions to the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]; D.R. Sexton (1933) and J. Morton Sale (1933), both of whom featured an older Alice; [[Mervyn Peake]] (1954); [[Ralph Steadman]] (1967), for which he received the Francis Williams Memorial award in 1972; [[Salvador Dalí]] (1969), who used [[Surrealism]];{{sfn|Brooker|2004|pp=78–9}} and [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], with his watercolours (1970).{{sfn|Brooker|2004|page=108–110}} By 1972, there were ninety illustrators of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and twenty-one of ''Through the Looking-Glass''.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=126–130}} Among the notable illustrators of Alice in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s are [[Barry Moser]] (1982); [[Greg Hildebrandt]] (1990); David Frankland (1996); [[Lisbeth Zwerger]] (1999), who used watercolours in her adaptation; [[Helen Oxenbury]] (1999), who won two awards, the [[Kurt Maschler Award]] in 1999 and the [[Kate Greenaway Medal]] in 2000, for her work; and DeLoss McGraw (2001), with his [[Abstract art|abstract]] illustrations.{{sfn|Brooker|2004|page=111}}
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Brooker |first=Will |author-link=Will Brooker |title=Alice's Adventures: Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture |year=2004 |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |isbn=0-8264-1433-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/alicesadventures0000broo }}
*{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Anne|year=1979|title=Lewis Carroll: A Life|location=New York|publisher=Schocken Books|isbn=978-0-8052-3722-1|oclc=4907762|url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollbiog00anne}}
*{{cite book|last=Cohen |first=Morton N. |author-link=Morton N. Cohen|title=Lewis Carroll: A Biography|year=1995|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|isbn=0-679-42298-6|title-link=Lewis Carroll: A Biography }}
*{{cite book|last=Davis|first=John|year=1972|chapter=Introduction|editor=Ovenden, Graham|title=Illustrators of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass|location=New York|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Jo Elwyn|last2=Gladstone|first2=J. Francis|title=The Alice Companion: A Guide to Lewis Carroll's Alice Books|year=1998|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=Washington Square, New York}}
*{{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Daniel|year=2015|title=The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199695140}}
*{{cite book|last=Hancher|first=Michael|year=1985|title=The Tenniel Illustrations to the Alice Books|location=Columbus|publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Zoe|first2=Eugene|last2=Giddens|title=Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass: A Publishing History|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|date=2013|isbn=978-1-4094-1903-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Richard|last2=Carroll|first2=Lewis|title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|type = ebook|publisher=[[Broadview Press]]|year=2011}}
*{{cite book|last=Krips|first=Valerie|title=The Presence of the Past: Memory, Heritage and Childhood in Post-War Britain|year=2004|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Karoline Leach|last=Leach|first=Karoline|date=1999|title=In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=[[Peter Owen Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-7206-1044-4|title-link=In the Shadow of the Dreamchild}}
*{{cite book|last=Monden|first=Masafumi|title=Japanese Fashion Cultures|year=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|isbn=978-1-4725-3280-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Rackin|first=Donald|title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass: Nonsense, Sense, and Meaning|year=1991|location=New York|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]}} 
*{{cite book|editor-last=Sigler|editor-first=Carolyn|year=1997|title=Alternative Alices: Visions and Revisions of Lewis Carroll's Alice Books|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|isbn=0-8131-0932-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Sigler|editor-first=Carolyn|date=2014|title=Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: A Documentary Volume|volume=375|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|location=Detroit, Michigan}}
*{{cite book|last=Wakeling|first=Edward|date=2014|title=Lewis Carroll: The Man and His Circle|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd}}
*{{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Jenny|title=The Mystery of Lewis Carroll|date=2010|location=New York|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0-312-61298-6|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteryoflewisca0000wool}}

==External links==
* {{gutenberg|no=11|name=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland}}
* [https://exhibitions.lib.umd.edu/alice150 Alice 150 Years and Counting Exhibition] at [[University of Maryland Libraries]]

{{Alice|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)}}
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 19th century]]
[[Category:Child characters in literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can change size]]
[[Category:Fictional English people]]
[[Category:Fictional queens]]
[[Category:Fictional characters displaced in other dimensions]]
[[Category:Fictional adventurers]]
[[Category:Lewis Carroll characters]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1865]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Alice Liddell]]
[[Category:Mass media portrayals of the middle class]]