Editing Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

{{Short description|1865 children's novel by Lewis Carroll}}
{{Redirect|Alice in Wonderland}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox book
| name         = Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
| image        = Alice's Adventures in Wonderland cover (1865).jpg
| caption      = First edition cover (1865)
| author       = [[Lewis Carroll]]
| illustrator  = [[John Tenniel]]
| country      = United Kingdom
| language     = English
| genre        = [[Portal fantasy]]<br />[[Literary nonsense]]
| publisher    = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
| release_date = November 1865
| followed_by  = [[Through the Looking-Glass]]
| wikisource   = Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
}}

'''''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''''' (also known as  '''''Alice in Wonderland''''') is an 1865 English [[Children's literature|children's novel]] by [[Lewis Carroll]], a mathematics [[university don|don]] at the [[University of Oxford]]. It details the story of a girl named [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] who falls through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world of [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] creatures. It is seen as an example of the [[literary nonsense]] genre. The artist Sir [[John Tenniel]] provided 42 wood-engraved illustrations for the book. 

It received positive reviews upon release and is now one of the best-known works of [[Victorian literature]]; its narrative, structure, characters and imagery have had a widespread influence on popular culture and literature, especially in the [[fantasy]] genre.<ref name="Time"/><ref name="published"/> It is credited as helping end an era of [[didacticism]] in [[children's literature]], inaugurating an era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain".{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=3}} The tale plays with [[logic]], giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children.{{sfn|Lecercle|1994|p=1}} The titular character Alice shares her name with [[Alice Liddell]], a girl Carroll knew—scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|pp=135–136}}{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=7}}

The book has never been out of print and [[Translations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|has been translated]] into 174 languages. Its legacy includes [[Works based on Alice in Wonderland|adaptations]] to screen, radio, visual art, ballet, opera, and musical theatre, as well as theme parks, board games and video games.<ref name="Alice industry"/> Carroll published a sequel in 1871 entitled ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' and a shortened version for young children, ''[[The Nursery "Alice"]]'', in 1890.

==Background==
==="All in the golden afternoon..."===
''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' was conceived on 4 July 1862, when [[Lewis Carroll]] and Reverend [[Robinson Duckworth]] rowed up the river [[The Isis|Isis]] with the three young daughters of Carroll's friend [[Henry Liddell]]:{{sfn|Kelly|1990|pp=x, 14}}{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|p=10}} Lorina Charlotte (aged 13; "Prima" in the book's prefatory verse); [[Alice Liddell|Alice Pleasance]] (aged 10; "Secunda" in the verse); and Edith Mary (aged 8; "Tertia" in the verse).{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=21}}

[[File:Lewis Carroll 1863.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lewis Carroll]] in 1863]]
The journey began at [[Folly Bridge]], Oxford, and ended {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} upstream at [[Godstow]], Oxfordshire. During the trip, Carroll told the girls a story that he described in his diary as "Alice's Adventures Under Ground", which his journal says he "undertook to write out for Alice".{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=17–19}} Alice Liddell recalled that she asked Carroll to write it down: unlike other stories he had told her, this one she wanted to preserve.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|pp=125–126}} She finally received the manuscript more than two years later.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=126}}

4 July was known as the "[[All in the golden afternoon...|golden afternoon]]", prefaced in the novel as a poem.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|pp=107–108}} In fact, the weather around Oxford on 4 July was "cool and rather wet", although at least one scholar has disputed this claim.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=23}} Scholars debate whether Carroll in fact came up with ''Alice'' during the "golden afternoon" or whether the story was developed over a longer period.{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|pp=107–108}} 

Carroll had known the Liddell children since around March 1856, when he befriended Harry Liddell.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=81}} He had met Lorina by early March as well.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|pp=81–82}} In June 1856, he took the children out on the river.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|pp=89–90}} Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, who wrote a literary biography of Carroll, suggests that Carroll favoured Alice Pleasance Liddell in particular because her name was ripe for allusion.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|pp=83–84}} "Pleasance" means pleasure and the name "Alice" appeared in contemporary works, including the poem "Alice Gray" by William Mee, of which Carroll wrote a parody; Alice is a character in "Dream-Children: A Reverie", a prose piece by [[Charles Lamb]].{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|pp=83–84}} Carroll, an amateur photographer by the late 1850s,{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=77ff}} produced many photographic portraits of the Liddell children – and especially of Alice, of which 20 survive.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=95}}

===Manuscript: ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground''===
[[File:Alice's Adventures Under Ground - Lewis Carroll - British Library Add MS 46700 f45v.jpg|thumb|upright|Page from the manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'', 1864. Handwritten and illustrated by Carroll, it is held in the British Library.|left]]
Carroll began writing the [[manuscript]] of the story the next day, although that earliest version is lost. The girls and Carroll took another boat trip a month later, when he elaborated the plot of the story to Alice, and in November, he began working on the manuscript in earnest.{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|p=57}} To add the finishing touches, he researched [[natural history]] in connection with the animals presented in the book and then had the book examined by other children—particularly those of [[George MacDonald]]. Though Carroll did add his own illustrations to the original copy, on publication he was advised to find a professional illustrator so that the pictures were more appealing to his audience. He subsequently approached [[John Tenniel]] to reinterpret his visions through his own artistic eye, telling him that the story had been well-liked by the children.{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|p=57}}

Carroll began planning a print edition of the ''Alice'' story in 1863.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=9}} He wrote on 9 May 1863 that MacDonald's family had suggested he publish ''Alice''.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=126}} A diary entry for 2 July says that he received a specimen page of the print edition around that date.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=9}} On 26 November 1864, Carroll gave Alice the manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'', with illustrations by Carroll, dedicating it as "A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer's Day".{{sfn|Ray|1976|p=117}}{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=147}} The published version of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' is about twice the length of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' and includes episodes, such as the Mad Hatter's Tea-Party (or Mad Tea Party), that do not appear in the manuscript.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=9}} The only known manuscript copy of ''Under Ground'' is held in the [[British Library]].{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=9}} [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] published a facsimile of the manuscript in 1886.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=9}}

==Plot==
[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 02.png|thumb|upright|The [[White Rabbit]]]]
[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]], a young girl, sits bored by a riverbank and spots a [[White Rabbit]] with a [[pocket watch]] and [[waistcoat]] lamenting that he is late. Surprised, Alice follows him down a rabbit hole, which sends her into a lengthy plummet but to a safe landing. Inside a room with a table, she finds a key to a tiny door, beyond which is a garden. While pondering how to fit through the door, she discovers a bottle labelled "Drink me". Alice drinks some of the bottle's contents, and to her astonishment, she shrinks small enough to enter the door. However, she had left the key upon the table and cannot reach it. Alice then discovers and eats a cake labelled "Eat me", which causes her to grow to a tremendous size. Unhappy, Alice bursts into tears, and the passing White Rabbit flees in a panic, dropping a fan and two gloves. Alice uses the fan for herself, which causes her to shrink once more and leaves her swimming in a pool of her own tears. Within the pool, Alice meets various animals and birds, who convene on a bank and engage in a "Caucus Race" to dry themselves. Following the end of the race, Alice inadvertently frightens the animals away by discussing her cat.

[[File:De Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland Carroll pic 23 edited 1 of 2.png|thumb|left|The [[Cheshire Cat]]]]
The White Rabbit appears looking for the gloves and fan. Mistaking Alice for his maidservant, he orders her to go to his house and retrieve them. Alice finds another bottle and drinks from it, which causes her to grow to such an extent that she gets stuck in the house. Attempting to extract her, the White Rabbit and his neighbours eventually take to hurling pebbles that turn into small cakes. Alice eats one and shrinks herself, allowing her to flee into the forest. She meets a [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Caterpillar]] seated on a mushroom and smoking a [[hookah]]. During the Caterpillar's questioning, Alice begins to admit to her current identity crisis, compounded by [[How Doth the Little Crocodile|her inability to remember a poem]]. Before crawling away, the Caterpillar says that a bite of one side of the mushroom will make her larger, while a bite from the other side will make her smaller. During a period of trial and error, Alice's neck extends between the treetops, frightening a pigeon who mistakes her for a serpent. After shrinking to an appropriate height, Alice arrives at the home of a [[Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Duchess]], who owns a perpetually grinning [[Cheshire Cat]]. The Duchess's baby, whom she hands to Alice, transforms into a piglet, which Alice releases into the woods. The Cheshire Cat appears to Alice and directs her toward the [[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Hatter]] and [[March Hare]] before disappearing, leaving his grin behind. Alice finds the Hatter, March Hare, and a sleepy [[The Dormouse|Dormouse]] in the midst of a [[tea party]]. The Hatter explains that it is always 6&nbsp;p.m. ([[Tea (meal)|tea time]]), claiming that time is standing still as punishment for the Hatter trying to "kill it". A conversation ensues around the table, and the riddle "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" is brought up. Alice impatiently decides to leave, calling the party stupid.

[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 30.png|thumb|upright|Alice trying to play [[croquet]] with a [[Flamingo]]]]
Noticing a door on a tree, Alice passes through and finds herself back in the room from the beginning of her journey. She takes the key and uses it to open the door to the garden, which turns out to be the [[croquet]] court of the [[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Queen of Hearts]], whose guard consists of living playing cards. Alice participates in a croquet game, in which hedgehogs are used as balls, flamingos are used as mallets, and soldiers act as hoops. The Queen is short-tempered and constantly orders beheadings. When the Cheshire Cat appears as only a head, the Queen orders his beheading, only to be told that such an act is impossible. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, Alice prompts the Queen to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter. When the Duchess ruminates on finding morals in everything around her, the Queen dismisses her on the threat of execution.

Alice then meets a [[Gryphon (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Gryphon]] and a [[Mock Turtle]], who dance to the [[The Mock Turtle's Song|Lobster Quadrille]] while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) [['Tis the Voice of the Lobster|a poem]]. The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup", during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for a trial, in which the [[Knave of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Knave of Hearts]] stands accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The trial is conducted by the [[King of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|King of Hearts]], and the jury is composed of animals that Alice previously met. Alice gradually grows in size and confidence, allowing herself increasingly frequent remarks on the irrationality of the proceedings. The Queen eventually commands Alice's beheading, but Alice scoffs that the Queen's guard is only a pack of cards. Although Alice holds her own for a time, the guards soon gang up and start to swarm all over her. Alice's sister wakes her up from a dream, brushing what turns out to be leaves from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.

==Characters==
{{further|List of minor characters in the Alice series|l1=List of minor characters in the ''Alice'' series}}
The main characters in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' are the following:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]
*[[White Rabbit|The White Rabbit]]
*[[Mouse (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Mouse]]
*[[Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Dodo]]
*[[Lory (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Lory]]
*[[Eaglet (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Eaglet]]
*[[Duck (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Duck]]
*[[Pat (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Pat]]
*[[Bill the Lizard]]
*[[The Puppy (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Puppy]]
*[[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Caterpillar]]
*[[Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Duchess]]
*[[Cheshire Cat|The Cheshire Cat]]
*[[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Hatter]]
*[[March Hare|The March Hare]]
*[[The Dormouse]]
*[[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Queen of Hearts]]
*[[King of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The King of Hearts]]
*[[Knave of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Knave of Hearts]]
*[[Gryphon (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Gryphon]]
*[[Mock Turtle|The Mock Turtle]]
}}

=== Character allusions ===
[[file:Teaparty.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mad Tea Party. [[Theophilus Carter]], an eccentric furniture dealer from Oxford, has been suggested as a model for [[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Hatter]].]]

In ''[[The Annotated Alice]]'', [[Martin Gardner]] provides background information for the characters. The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale show up in chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale"). Alice Liddell is there, while Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo (Lewis Carroll was a [[pen name]] for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson; because he stuttered when he spoke, he sometimes pronounced his last name as "Dodo-Dodgson"). The Duck refers to [[Robinson Duckworth]], and the Lory and Eaglet to Alice Liddell's sisters Lorina and Edith.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=44}}

Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]].{{sfn|Jones|Gladstone|1998|pp=20–21}} One of Tenniel's illustrations in ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''— the 1871 sequel to ''Alice''— depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets on a train) as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=218}} The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn (also in ''Looking-Glass'') look like Tenniel's ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' illustrations of [[William Ewart Gladstone]] and Disraeli, although Gardner says there is "no proof" that they were intended to represent these politicians.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=288}}

Gardner has suggested that the Hatter is a reference to [[Theophilus Carter]], an Oxford furniture dealer, and that Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=93}} The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte); Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda); and Lacie is an [[anagram]] of Alice.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=100}}

The Mock Turtle speaks of a drawling-master, "an old [[conger]] eel", who came once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic [[John Ruskin]], who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children to draw, sketch, and paint in oils.{{sfn|Day|2015|p=196}}{{sfn|Gordon|1982|p=108}} The Mock Turtle sings "Turtle Soup", which is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which the Liddells sang for Carroll.{{sfn|Kelly|1990|pp=56–57}}{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=141}}

== Poems and songs ==
Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', including:
*"[[s:All in the Golden Afternoon|All in the golden afternoon...]]"—the prefatory verse to the book, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
*"[[How Doth the Little Crocodile]]"—a parody of [[Isaac Watts]]'s nursery rhyme, "[[s:Against Idleness and Mischief|Against Idleness and Mischief]]"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=16}}
*"[[The Mouse's Tale]]"—an example of [[concrete poetry]]
*"[[You Are Old, Father William]]"—a parody of [[Robert Southey]]'s "[[s:The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them|The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them]]"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=36}}
*The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..."—a parody of [[David Bates (poet)|David Bates]]' "Speak Gently"
*"[[Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat]]"—a parody of [[Jane Taylor (poet)|Jane Taylor]]'s "[[Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star|Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]]"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=57}}
*"[[The Lobster Quadrille]]"—a parody of [[Mary Howitt|Mary Botham Howitt]]'s "[[s:The Spider and the Fly|The Spider and the Fly]]"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=80}}
*"[['Tis the Voice of the Lobster]]"—a parody of [[Isaac Watts]]'s "[[s:The Sluggard|The Sluggard]]"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=82}}
*"Beautiful Soup"—a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"{{sfn|Gray|1992|p=85}}
*"[[The Queen of Hearts (poem)|The Queen of Hearts]]"—an actual nursery rhyme
*"They told me you had been to her..."—White Rabbit's evidence

== Writing style and themes ==

=== Symbolism ===
[[File:PlayingCards Rosebush.jpg|thumb|upright|Three cards painting the white rose tree red to cover it up from the Queen of Hearts (Coloured Tenniel illustration)]]
Carroll's biographer [[Morton N. Cohen]] reads ''Alice'' as a ''[[roman à clef]]'' populated with real figures from Carroll's life. Alice is based on Alice Liddell; the Dodo is Carroll; Wonderland is Oxford; even the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, according to Cohen, is a send-up of Alice's own birthday party.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|pp=135–136}} The critic Jan Susina rejects Cohen's account, arguing that Alice the character bears a tenuous relationship with Alice Liddell.{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=7}}

Beyond its refashioning of Carroll's everyday life, Cohen argues, ''Alice'' critiques Victorian ideals of childhood. It is an account of "the child's plight in Victorian upper-class society", in which Alice's mistreatment by the creatures of Wonderland reflects Carroll's own mistreatment by older people as a child.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|pp=137–139}}

In the eighth chapter, three cards are painting the roses on a rose tree red, because they had accidentally planted a white-rose tree that the Queen of Hearts hates. According to [[Wilfrid Scott-Giles]], the rose motif in ''Alice'' alludes to the English [[Wars of the Roses]]: red roses symbolised the [[House of Lancaster]], and white roses the rival [[House of York]].{{sfn|Green|1998|pp=257–259}}

=== Language ===
''Alice'' is full of linguistic play, puns, and parodies.{{sfn|Beer|2016|p=75}} According to [[Gillian Beer]], Carroll's play with language evokes the feeling of words for new readers: they "still have insecure edges and a nimbus of nonsense blurs the sharp focus of terms".{{sfn|Beer|2016|p=77}} The literary scholar Jessica Straley, in a work about the role of evolutionary theory in Victorian children's literature, argues that Carroll's focus on language prioritises humanism over [[scientism]] by emphasising language's role in human self-conception.{{sfn|Straley|2016|pp=88, 93}}

Pat's "Digging for apples" is a [[Bilingual pun|cross-language pun]], as ''pomme de terre'' (literally; "apple of the earth") means potato and ''pomme'' means apple.{{sfn|Gardner|1993|p=60}} In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her memory of the noun [[declension]]s "in her brother's [[Instruction in Latin#Order of cases|Latin Grammar]], 'A mouse – of a mouse – to a mouse – a mouse – O mouse!{{' "}} These words correspond to the first five of Latin's six cases, in a traditional order established by medieval grammarians: ''mus'' ([[Nominative case|nominative]]), ''muris'' ([[Genitive case|genitive]]), ''muri'' ([[Dative case|dative]]), ''murem'' ([[Accusative case|accusative]]), ''(O) mus'' ([[Vocative case|vocative]]). The sixth case, ''mure'' ([[Ablative case|ablative]]) is absent from Alice's recitation. Nilson suggests that Alice's missing ablative is a pun on her father Henry Liddell's work on the standard ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon|A Greek-English Lexicon]]'', since ancient Greek does not have an ablative case. Further, mousa (μούσα, meaning [[Muses|muse]]) was a standard model noun in Greek textbooks of the time in paradigms of the first declension, short-alpha noun.<ref name="nilsen1988">{{cite journal|last1=Nilsen|first1=Don L. F.|year=1988|title=The Linguistic Humor of Lewis Carroll|journal=Thalia|volume=10|issue=1|pages=35–42|issn=0706-5604|id={{ProQuest|1312106512}}}}</ref>

=== Mathematics ===
Mathematics and logic are central to ''Alice''.{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|p=59}} As Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and ''Through the Looking-Glass''.{{sfn|Gardner|1990|p=363}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bayley|first=Melanie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07bayley.html|title=Algebra in Wonderland|date=6 March 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=13 March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312005347/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07bayley.html|archive-date=12 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserts in the ''[[New Scientist]]'' magazine that Carroll wrote ''Alice in Wonderland'' in its final form as a satire on mid-19th century mathematics.<ref name="bayley2009">{{cite web|last=Bayley|first=Melanie|date=16 December 2009|title=Alice's adventures in algebra: Wonderland solved|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=[[New Scientist]]|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021119/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Eating and devouring ===
[[Carina Garland]] notes how the world is "expressed via representations of food and appetite", naming Alice's frequent desire for consumption (of both food and words), her 'Curious Appetites'.<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1353/uni.2008.0004 |title = Curious Appetites: Food, Desire, Gender and Subjectivity in Lewis Carroll's Alice Texts |journal = The Lion and the Unicorn |volume = 32 |pages = 22–39 |year = 2008 |last1 = Garland |first1 = C. |s2cid = 144899513 | issn=0147-2593}}</ref> Often, the idea of eating coincides to make gruesome images. After the riddle "Why is a raven like a writing-desk?", the Hatter claims that Alice might as well say, "I see what I eat…I eat what I see" and so the riddle's solution, put forward by Boe Birns, could be that "A raven eats worms; a writing desk is worm-eaten"; this idea of food encapsulates idea of life feeding on life itself, for the worm is being eaten and then becomes the eater—a horrific image of mortality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boe Birns|first1=Margaret |title=Solving the Mad Hatter's Riddle|journal= The Massachusetts Review|volume=25|issue=3|year=1984|pages=457–468 (462)|jstor=25089579}}</ref>

Nina Auerbach discusses how the novel revolves around eating and drinking which "motivates much of her [Alice's] behaviour", for the story is essentially about things "entering and leaving her mouth."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Auerbach |first1=Nina |title=Alice and Wonderland: A Curious Child|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=17|issue=1|year=1973|pages=31–47 (39)|jstor=3826513}}</ref> The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest, for Alice's relation to them shifts constantly because, as Lovell-Smith states, Alice's changes in size continually reposition her in the food chain, serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the 'eat or be eaten' attitude that permeates Wonderland.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lovell-Smith|first1=Rose|year=2004|title=The Animals of Wonderland: Tenniel as Carroll's Reader|journal=Criticism|volume=45|issue=4|pages=383–415|doi=10.1353/crt.2004.0020|s2cid=191361320 |id={{Project MUSE|55720}}}}</ref>

=== Nonsense ===
''Alice'' is an example of the [[literary nonsense]] genre.{{sfn|Schwab|1996|p=51}} According to [[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''Alice''{{'s}} brand of nonsense embraces the [[Nihilism|nihilistic]] and [[Existentialism|existential]]. Characters in nonsensical episodes such as the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, in which it is always the same time, go on posing paradoxes that are never resolved.{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|pp=60–61}}

=== Rules and games ===
Wonderland is a rule-bound world, but its rules are not those of our world. The literary scholar Daniel Bivona writes that ''Alice'' is characterised by "gamelike social structures."{{sfn|Bivona|1986|p=144}} She trusts in instructions from the beginning, drinking from the bottle labelled "drink me" after recalling, during her descent, that children who do not follow the rules often meet terrible fates.{{sfn|Bivona|1986|pp=146–147}} Unlike the creatures of Wonderland, who approach their world's wonders uncritically, Alice continues to look for rules as the story progresses. [[Gillian Beer]] suggests that Alice looks for rules to soothe her anxiety, while Carroll may have hunted for rules because he struggled with the implications of the [[non-Euclidean geometry]] then in development.{{sfn|Beer|2016|pp=173–174}}

== Illustrations ==
{{main|Illustrators of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|l1=Illustrators of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland}}
[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 04.png|thumb|upright|[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] by [[John Tenniel]], one of his 42 illustrations for the 1865 published version of the book.]]
The manuscript was illustrated by Carroll, who added 37 illustrations—printed in a [[facsimile]] edition in 1887.{{sfn|Ray|1976|p=117}} John Tenniel provided 42 [[Wood engraving|wood-engraved]] illustrations for the published version of the book.<ref name="legendary">{{cite news|last1=Flood|first1=Alison|date=30 May 2016|title='Legendary' first edition of Alice in Wonderland set for auction at $2–3m|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/30/alice-in-wonderland-first-edition-christies-auction|access-date=24 January 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124120142/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/30/alice-in-wonderland-first-edition-christies-auction|url-status=live}}</ref> The first print run was destroyed (or sold in the US)<ref>{{cite book|last=Ovenden|first=Graham|title=The Illustrators of Alice|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1972|isbn=978-0-902620-25-4|location=New York|page=102}}</ref> at Carroll's request because Tenniel was dissatisfied with the printing quality. There are only 22 known first edition copies in existence.<ref name="legendary"/> The book was reprinted and published in 1866.{{sfn|Ray|1976|p=117}} Tenniel's detailed black-and-white drawings remain the definitive depiction of the characters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insight: The enduring charm of Alice in Wonderland |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/insight-enduring-charm-alice-wonderland-1507205 |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=The Scotsman |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711161954/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/insight-enduring-charm-alice-wonderland-1507205 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell,{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=7}} who had dark hair and a short fringe. ''Alice'' has provided a challenge for other illustrators, including those of 1907 by [[Charles Pears]] and the full series of colour plates and line-drawings by [[Harry Rountree]] published in the (inter-War) Children's Press (Glasgow) edition.<!--perhaps 1928 {{worldcat|oclc=809576112}}--> Other significant illustrators include: [[Arthur Rackham]] (1907), [[Willy Pogany]] (1929), [[Mervyn Peake]] (1946), [[Ralph Steadman]] (1967), [[Salvador Dalí]] (1969), [[Graham Ovenden|Graham Overden]] (1969), [[Max Ernst]] (1970), [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]] (1970), [[Tove Jansson]] (1977), [[Anthony Browne (author)|Anthony Browne]] (1988), [[Helen Oxenbury]] (1999),{{sfn|Stan|2002|pp=233–234}} and [[Lisbeth Zwerger]] (1999).

== Publication history ==
Carroll first met [[Alexander MacMillan (publisher)|Alexander Macmillan]], a high-powered London publisher, on 19 October 1863.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=126}} His firm, [[Macmillan Publishers]], agreed to publish ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' by sometime in 1864.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=16}} Carroll financed the initial print run, possibly because it gave him more editorial authority than other financing methods.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=16}} He managed publication details such as [[typesetting]] and engaged illustrators and translators.{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=9}}

Macmillan had published [[The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby|''The Water-Babies'']], also a children's fantasy, in 1863, and suggested its design as a basis for ''Alice''{{'s}}.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|pp=14, 16}} Carroll saw a specimen copy in May 1865.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=17}} 2,000 copies were printed by July, but Tenniel objected to their quality, and Carroll instructed Macmillan to halt publication so they could be reprinted.{{sfn|Ray|1976|p=117}}{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=18}} In August, he engaged Richard Clay as an alternative printer for a new run of 2,000.{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=|pp=18, 22}} The reprint cost £600, paid entirely by Carroll.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=129}} He received the first copy of Clay's edition on 9 November 1865.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=129}}

[[File:Lewis carroll, alice's adventures in wonderland, macmillian & co. londra 1884 (gabinetto vieusseux).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Opening pages of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', [[Macmillan Publishers]], London]]
Macmillan finally published the new edition, printed by Richard Clay, in November 1865.<ref name="published">{{cite news|last1=McCrum|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert McCrum|date=20 January 2014|title=The 100 best novels: No 18 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/20/100-best-novels-alice-wonderland|access-date=25 January 2022|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310143738/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/20/100-best-novels-alice-wonderland|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaques|Giddens|2016|pp=22–23}} Carroll requested a red binding, deeming it appealing to young readers.{{sfn|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015|p=152}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland [exhibition item] |url=https://exhibitions.lib.umd.edu/alice150/alice-in-wonderland/early-editions/macmillan-wonderland |access-date=13 January 2023 |publisher=[[University of Maryland Libraries]] |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112205/https://exhibitions.lib.umd.edu/alice150/alice-in-wonderland/early-editions/macmillan-wonderland |url-status=live }}</ref>  A new edition, released in December 1865 for the Christmas market but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed.{{sfn|Hahn|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Muir|1954|p=140}} The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Carroll's permission to the New York publishing house of [[D. Appleton & Company]].{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=50}} The binding for the Appleton ''Alice'' was identical to the 1866 Macmillan ''Alice'', except for the publisher's name at the foot of the [[Bookbinding#Spine|spine]]. The title page of the Appleton ''Alice'' was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865 and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.<ref name="published" />

The entire print run sold out quickly. ''Alice'' was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike.<ref name="published"/> [[Oscar Wilde]] was a fan;<ref>{{cite book|last=Belford|first=Barbara|title=Oscar Wilde: A Certain Genius|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=0-7475-5027-1|page=[[iarchive:00barb/page/151/mode/1up|151]]|oclc=44185308}}</ref> [[Queen Victoria]] was also an avid reader of the book.{{sfn|Pudney|1976|p=79}} She reportedly enjoyed ''Alice'' enough that she asked for Carroll's next book, which turned out to be a mathematical treatise; Carroll denied this.{{sfn|Pudney|1976|p=80}} The book has never been out of print.<ref name="published"/> ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' has been translated into 174&nbsp;languages.<ref name="appleton2015">{{cite web|last=Appleton|first=Andrea|date=23 July 2015|title=The Mad Challenge of Translating "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125032754/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mad-challenge-translating-alices-adventures-wonderland-180956017/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Publication timeline ===
[[File:Alice-in-Wonderland by-David-Revoy 2010-07-21.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In 1907, the [[copyright]] on ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' expired in the UK, entering the tale into the [[public domain]]. Since the story was intimately tied to the illustrations by [[John Tenniel|Tenniel]], new illustrated versions were then received with some significant objection by English reviewers.<ref name="Jaques-Giddens-2016-p139"/> In 2010, artist [[David Revoy]] received the CG Choice Award for his [[digital painting]] "Alice in Wonderland".]]

The following list is a timeline of major publication events related to ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'': <!-- prefer image for some edition worth listing -->

*'''1869''': Published in German as ''Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland'', translated by Antonie Zimmermann.{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=56}}
*'''1869''': Published in French as ''Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles'', translated by Henri Bué.{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=59}}
*'''1870''': Published in Swedish as ''Alice's Äventyr i Sagolandet'', translated by Emily Nonnen.{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=81}}
*'''1871''': Carroll meets another Alice, Alice Raikes, during his time in London. He talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to the sequel, ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]'', which sells even better.
*'''1872''': Published in Italian as ''Le Avventure di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie'', translated by Teodorico Pietrocòla Rossetti.{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=64}}
*'''1886''': Carroll publishes a [[facsimile]] of the earlier ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' manuscript.{{sfn|St. John|1975|p=335}}
*'''1890''': Carroll publishes ''[[The Nursery "Alice"]]'', an abridged version, around Easter.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=440–441}}
*'''1905''': Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable]]'' in a series of such books published by [[A. L. Burt]] Company, aimed at young readers.
*'''1906''': Published in Finnish as ''Liisan seikkailut ihmemaailmassa'', translated by [[Anni Swan]].{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=56}}
*'''1907''': Copyright on ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' expires in the UK, entering the tale into the [[public domain]],{{sfn|Weaver|1964|p=28}}<ref name="Jaques-Giddens-2016-p139">{{harvnb|Jaques|Giddens|2016|p=139}}: "The public perception of ''Alice'' was ... intimately tied to the illustrations created by Tenniel, and it is therefore perhaps no great surprise that when copyright to ''Wonderland'' expired in 1907, the appearance of a plethora of new illustrated versions was received with some significant objection by English reviewers."</ref> [[Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Historical_background|42 years after its publication]], some nine years after Carroll's death in January 1898.
*'''1910''': Published in Esperanto as ''La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando,'' translated by E. L. Kearney.{{sfn|Taylor|1985|p=56}}
*'''1915''': [[Alice Gerstenberg]]'s stage adaptation premieres.{{sfn|Marill|1993|p=56}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Shafer|first=Yvonne|title=American Women Playwrights, 1900–1950|year=1995|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=0-8204-2142-1|oclc=31754191|page=[[iarchive:americanwomenpla0000shaf/page/242/mode/1up|242]]}}</ref>
*'''1928''': The manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' written and illustrated by Carroll, which he had given to Alice Liddell, was sold at [[Sotheby's]] in London on 3 April. It was sold to [[Rosenbach Museum & Library|Philip Rosenbach]] of Philadelphia for {{Currency|15400|POUND}}, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time; the buyer later presented it to the [[British Library]] (where the manuscript remains) as an appreciation for Britain's part in two World Wars.<ref>{{cite book |last = Basbanes |first = Nicholas |author-link = Nicholas A. Basbanes |title = A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and the Eternal Passion for Books |publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-0-8050-6176-5|title-link = A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and the Eternal Passion for Books |pages=[[iarchive:gentlemadnessbib00basb/page/210/mode/1up|210–211]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Rare Manuscripts|pages=101–105|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=15 April 1946|volume=20|issue=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124162800/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''1960''': American writer [[Martin Gardner]] publishes a special edition, ''[[The Annotated Alice]]''.{{sfn|Guiliano|1980|pp=12–13}}
*'''1988''': Lewis Carroll and [[Anthony Browne (illustrator)|Anthony Browne]], illustrator of an edition from Julia MacRae Books, win the [[Kurt Maschler Award]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Victor|title=The Cambridge Guide to Children's Books in English|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-521-55064-5|pages=[[iarchive:cambridgeguideto0000unse_o6b3/page/110/mode/1up|110–111]]|oclc=45413558}}</ref>
*'''1998''': Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for [[United States dollar|US$]]1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever sold to that point.<ref>{{cite news |periodical=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 December 1998 |title=Auction Record for an Original 'Alice' |page=B30 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/11/nyregion/auction-record-for-an-original-alice.html |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221645/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/11/nyregion/auction-record-for-an-original-alice.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''1999''': Lewis Carroll and [[Helen Oxenbury]], illustrators of an edition from [[Walker Books]], win the [[Kurt Maschler Award]] for integrated writing and illustration.{{sfn|Stan|2002|pp=233–234}}
*'''2008''': Folio publishes ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' [[Facsimile|facsimile edition]] (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with ''The Original Alice'' pamphlet).
*'''2009''': Children's book collector and former American football player [[Pat McInally]] reportedly sold Alice Liddell's own copy at auction for US$115,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2009|title=Real Alice in Wonderland book sold for $115,000|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/8416127.stm|access-date=15 January 2022|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102095349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/8416127.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[File:George Dunlop Leslie - Alice in Wonderland.jpg|thumb|right|''Alice in Wonderland'' (1879) by the painter [[George Dunlop Leslie]]. Exhibited at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]], it depicts a mother reading the book to her child (whose light blue dress and white pinafore was inspired by Alice).]]
''Alice'' was published to critical praise.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=131}} One magazine declared it "exquisitely wild, fantastic, [and] impossible".{{sfn|Turner|1989|pp=420–421}} In the late 19th century, [[Walter Besant]] wrote that ''Alice in Wonderland'' "was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete".{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|p=68}}

{{quote|No story in English literature has intrigued me more than Lewis Carroll's ''Alice in Wonderland''. It fascinated me the first time I read it as a schoolboy.|[[Walt Disney]] in ''[[The American Weekly]]'', 1946.{{sfn|Nichols|2014|p=106}}}}

[[F. J. Harvey Darton]] argued in a 1932 book that ''Alice'' ended an era of [[didacticism]] in [[children's literature]], inaugurating a new era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain".{{sfn|Susina|2009|p=3}} In 2014, [[Robert McCrum]] named ''Alice'' "one of the best loved in the English canon" and called it "perhaps the greatest, possibly most influential, and certainly the most world-famous Victorian English fiction".<ref name="published"/> A 2020 review in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' states: "The book changed young people's literature. It helped to replace stiff Victorian didacticism with a looser, sillier, nonsense style that reverberated through the works of language-loving 20th-century authors as different as [[James Joyce]], [[Douglas Adams]] and [[Dr. Seuss]]."<ref name="Time">{{cite news|first=Judy|last=Berman|title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll|url=https://time.com/collection/100-best-fantasy-books/5897157/alices-adventures-in-wonderland/|access-date=8 May 2021|date=15 October 2020|magazine=Time|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514131729/https://time.com/collection/100-best-fantasy-books/5897157/alices-adventures-in-wonderland/|url-status=live}}</ref> The protagonist of the story, Alice, has been recognised as a [[cultural icon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentlemen|author=Robson, Catherine|year=2001|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=137}}</ref> In 2006, ''Alice in Wonderland'' was named among the icons of England in a public vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tea and Alice top 'English icons' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4592476.stm |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=BBC |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426152239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4592476.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Adaptations and influence ==
{{Main|Works based on Alice in Wonderland|l1=Works based on Alice in Wonderland|Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland|l2=Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland}}

{{Multiple image
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| image2 = Halloween Parade 2015 (22095223298).jpg
| caption1 = Screenshot of the British silent film ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1903), the first screen adaptation of the book, which the [[British Film Institute|BFI]] called a "landmark fantasy"<ref>{{cite news |title=Alice in Wonderland 150th anniversary: 8 very different film versions |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/alice-wonderland-eight-very-different-film-versions |access-date=10 May 2023 |agency=British Film Institute |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231060557/https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/alice-wonderland-eight-very-different-film-versions |url-status=live }}</ref>
| caption2 = [[Halloween]] costumes of Alice and the Queen of Hearts, 2015
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Books for children in the ''Alice'' mould emerged as early as 1869 and continued to appear throughout the late 19th century.{{sfn|Carpenter|1985|pp=57–58}} Released in 1903, the British silent film ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' was the first screen adaptation of the book.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Zoe |last2=Giddens |first2=Eugene |title=Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass: A Publishing History |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |page=202}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Robert Douglas-Fairhurst]] wrote in the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'',

{{quote|Since the first publication of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' 150 years ago, Lewis Carroll's work has spawned a whole industry, from films and theme park rides to products such as a "cute and sassy" Alice costume ("petticoat and stockings not included"). The blank-faced little girl made famous by John Tenniel's original illustrations has become a cultural inkblot we can interpret in any way we like.<ref name="Alice industry">{{cite news|last1=Douglas-Fairhurst|first1=Robert|date=20 March 2015|title=Alice in Wonderland: the never-ending adventures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/20/lewis-carroll-alice-in-wonderland-adventures-150-years|access-date=26 January 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|ref={{sfnRef|Douglas-Fairhurst|2015b}}|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201015850/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/20/lewis-carroll-alice-in-wonderland-adventures-150-years|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Labelled "a dauntless, no-nonsense heroine" by the ''Guardian'', the character of the plucky, yet proper, Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage.<ref name="Heroine3">{{cite news|date=25 November 2015|title=The Guardian view on Alice in Wonderland: a dauntless, no-nonsense heroine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/25/the-guardian-view-on-alice-in-wonderland-a-dauntless-no-nonsense-heroine|access-date=25 January 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021146/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/25/the-guardian-view-on-alice-in-wonderland-a-dauntless-no-nonsense-heroine|url-status=live}}</ref> The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations, which have multiplied, as the original work is now in the public domain in all jurisdictions. Musical works inspired by ''Alice'' include [[the Beatles]]'s song "[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]", with songwriter [[John Lennon]] attributing the song's fantastical imagery to his reading of Carroll's books.{{sfn|Sheff|2000|p=182}} A popular figure in Japan since [[Meiji era|the country opened up to the West]] in the late 19th century, Alice has been a popular subject for writers of [[manga]] and a source of inspiration for Japanese fashion, in particular [[Lolita fashion]].{{sfn|Monden|2015|p=86}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicholls |first1=Catherine |title=Alice's Wonderland: A Visual Journey Through Lewis Carroll's Mad, Mad World |date=2014 |publisher=Race Point Publishing |page=188}}</ref>

=== Live performance ===
[[File:Maidie Andrews Tatler 1904.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Maidie Andrews]] as Alice {{circa|1903}} in the West End musical ''[[Alice in Wonderland (musical)|Alice in Wonderland]]'']]
The first full major production was ''[[Alice in Wonderland (musical)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', a [[musical theatre|musical play]] in London's [[West End theatre|West End]] by [[Henry Savile Clarke]] and [[Walter Slaughter]], which premiered at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in 1886. Twelve-year-old actress [[Phoebe Carlo]] (the first to play Alice) was personally selected by Carroll for the role.<ref name="ganzl2001">{{cite book|last1=Gänzl|first1=Kurt|author-link=Kurt Gänzl|title=The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre|year=2001|publisher=Schirmer Books|isbn=0-02-864970-2|edition=2d|oclc=45715912|pages=[[iarchive:encyclopediaofmu00ganz_0/page/28/mode/1up|28–29]]|volume=1}}</ref> Carroll attended a performance on 30 December 1886, writing in his diary that he enjoyed it.{{sfn|Collingwood|1898|p=254}} The musical was frequently revived during West End Christmas seasons during the four decades after its premiere, including a London production at the [[Globe Theatre (Newcastle Street)|Globe Theatre]] in 1888, with [[Isa Bowman]] as Alice.{{sfn|Amor|1979|pp=238–239}}{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=439}}

As the book and its sequel are Carroll's most widely recognised works, they have also inspired numerous live performances, including plays, operas, ballets, and traditional English [[pantomime]]s. These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as a basis for new works. [[Eva Le Gallienne]]'s stage adaptation of the ''Alice'' books premiered on 12 December 1932 and ended its run in May 1933.{{sfn|Sheehy|1996|pp=219–222}} The production was revived in New York in 1947 and 1982. A community theatre production of ''Alice'' was [[Olivia de Havilland]]'s first foray onto the stage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Olivia de Havilland, Star of 'Gone With the Wind,' Dies at 104 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/07/olivia-de-havilland-dies-at-104-1234576270/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=IndieWire |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123116/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/07/olivia-de-havilland-dies-at-104-1234576270/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A dramatisation by [[Herbert Prentice|Herbert M. Prentice]] premiered at the [[Shakespeare Memorial Theatre]], Stratford-upon-Avon in 1947, and was in turn adapted for television by [[John Glyn-Jones]] and shown by the BBC on Christmas Day 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass |publisher=British Universities Film & Video Council |url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/screenplays/index.php/prog/2027 |website=Learning on Screen |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> The BBC screened another adaptation of Prentice's play in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |publisher=British Universities Film & Video Council |url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/screenplays/index.php/prog/55 |website=About Learning on Screen |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

[[Joseph Papp]] staged ''Alice in Concert'' at the [[The Public Theater|Public Theater]] in New York City in 1980. [[Elizabeth Swados]] wrote the book, lyrics, and music based on both ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking-Glass''. Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the [[Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)|New York Shakespeare Festival]]. [[Meryl Streep]] played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty.<ref>{{cite news |title='Alice' Through the Years: 16 Actresses Who Played the Iconic Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/alice-wonderland-16-actresses-who-897699 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725084255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/alice-wonderland-16-actresses-who-897699 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast also included [[Debbie Allen]], [[Michael Jeter]], and [[Mark Linn-Baker]]. Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress, the play is a loose adaptation, with song styles ranging the globe. 

[[File:KC Ballet KC Ballet 14-15 Alice (12080006405).jpg|thumb|left|Production of ''Alice in Wonderland'' by the [[Kansas City Ballet]] in 2013]]
The 1992 musical theatre production ''Alice'' used both books as its inspiration. It also employs scenes with Carroll, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with [[Tom Waits]] and [[Kathleen Brennan]] writing the music.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Godard|first1=Colette|title=Lointaine Alice|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=23 December 1992|page=15|lang=fr|id={{ProQuest|2554286418}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Palmer|first=Robert|date=1993-11-14|title=Tom Waits, All-Purpose Troubadour|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/14/archives/tom-waits-allpurpose-troubadour.html|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205070023/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/14/archives/tom-waits-allpurpose-troubadour.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the original production in [[Hamburg]], Germany, received only a small audience, Tom Waits released the songs as the album ''[[Alice (Tom Waits album)|Alice]]'' in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/may/03/shopping.artsfeatures5 |title=We're all mad here |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 May 2002 |access-date=23 January 2024 |last=Costa |first=Maddy}}</ref>

The English composer [[Joseph Horovitz]] composed an ''Alice in Wonderland'' ballet commissioned by the [[London Festival Ballet]] in 1953. It was performed frequently in England and the US.<ref>{{cite news |title=Horovitz Alice in Wonderland (excs) |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/horovitz-alice-in-wonderland-excs |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=Gramophone.co.uk |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725031038/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/horovitz-alice-in-wonderland-excs |url-status=live }}</ref> A ballet by [[Christopher Wheeldon]] and [[Nicholas Wright (playwright)|Nicholas Wright]] commissioned for the [[The Royal Ballet|Royal Ballet]] entitled ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' premiered in February 2011 at the [[Royal Opera House]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Perraudin|first=Frances|date=2011-03-03|title=Royal Ballet Takes a Chance on Alice|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2056483,00.html|access-date=2022-01-24|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124013317/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2056483,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harss|first=Marina|date=2014-08-28|title='Alice' in All Its Teenage Subconscious|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/arts/dance/young-romance-is-part-of-wheeldons-wonderland.html|access-date=2022-01-24|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124014059/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/arts/dance/young-romance-is-part-of-wheeldons-wonderland.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ballet was based on the novel Wheeldon grew up reading as a child and is generally faithful to the original story, although some critics claimed it may have been too faithful.<ref name="sulcas2011">{{cite news|last=Sulcas|first=Roslyn|date=2011-03-01|title=Alice on Her Toes, at a Rare Tea Party|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/arts/dance/02alice.html|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109220817/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/arts/dance/02alice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

[[Unsuk Chin]]'s opera ''[[Alice in Wonderland (opera)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' premiered in 2007 at the [[Bavarian State Opera]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Alex |date=2007-07-23 |title=Looking-glass Opera |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/07/30/looking-glass-opera |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> and was hailed as World Premiere of the Year by the German opera magazine ''[[Opernwelt]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-04-08 |title=Opernwelt - Archiv: Der Theaterverlag |url=https://www.der-theaterverlag.de/opernwelt/archiv/magazine/opernwelt-jahrbuch-2007-102007/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408150505/https://www.der-theaterverlag.de/opernwelt/archiv/magazine/opernwelt-jahrbuch-2007-102007/ |archive-date=8 April 2019 }}</ref>  [[Gerald Barry (composer)|Gerald Barry]]'s 2016 one-act [[opera]], ''[[Alice's Adventures Under Ground (opera)|Alice's Adventures Under Ground]]'', first staged in 2020 at the Royal Opera House, is a conflation of the two ''Alice'' books.<ref name="rohweb">{{cite web |url=https://www.roh.org.uk/tickets-and-events/alices-adventures-under-ground-by-antony-mcdonald-details |title=Alice's Adventures Under Ground |website=[[Royal Opera House]] |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205225228/https://www.roh.org.uk/tickets-and-events/alices-adventures-under-ground-by-antony-mcdonald-details |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, the [[Opéra national du Rhin]] performed the ballet ''Alice'', with a score by [[Philip Glass]], in [[Mulhouse]], France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Glass, Amir Hosseinpour, Jonathan Lunn: Alice {{!}} mezzo.tv |url=https://www.mezzo.tv/fr/Danse/Philip-Glass-Amir-Hosseinpour-Jonathan-Lunn-Alice-9120 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.mezzo.tv |language=fr}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Daresbury window 5.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Stained glass window of ''Alice'' characters (King and Queen of Hearts) in [[All Saints' Church, Daresbury|All Saints']] church, Daresbury, Cheshire]]
Characters from the book are depicted in the stained glass windows of Carroll's hometown church, [[All Saints' Church, Daresbury|All Saints']], in [[Daresbury]], Cheshire, England.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Cheshire church that inspired the enduringly popular Alice's Adventure in Wonderland |url=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/cheshire-church-inspired-enduringly-popular-22976679 |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Cheshire Live |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171449/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/cheshire-church-inspired-enduringly-popular-22976679 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another commemoration of Carroll's work in his home county of Cheshire is the granite sculpture ''The Mad Hatter's Tea Party'', located in Warrington.<ref>{{cite news |title=When thousands lined streets to meet royals |url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/18279656.thousands-lined-streets-meet-royals/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Warrington Guardian |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171038/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/18279656.thousands-lined-streets-meet-royals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> International works based on the book include the Alice in Wonderland statue in [[Central Park]], New York, and the Alice statue in [[Rymill Park]], [[Adelaide]], Australia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alice in Wonderland statue |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/attractions/alice-in-wonderland-statue |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Time Out |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171118/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/attractions/alice-in-wonderland-statue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Simon |title=Silent Witnesses: Adelaide's Statues and Monuments |date=1997 |publisher=Wakefield Press |page=126}}</ref> 

In 2015, ''Alice'' characters were featured on a [[United Kingdom commemorative stamps 2010–2019#2015|series of UK postage stamps]] issued by the [[Royal Mail]] to mark the 150th anniversary of the publication of the book.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal Mail launches Alice in Wonderland stamps to celebrate Lewis Carroll classic |url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/11735510.royal-mail-launches-alice-in-wonderland-stamps-to-celebrate-lewis-carroll-classic/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Warrington Guardian |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171803/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/11735510.royal-mail-launches-alice-in-wonderland-stamps-to-celebrate-lewis-carroll-classic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the [[Royal Mint]] issued their first ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' commemorative coin collection, including a [[Five pounds (British coin)|£5 coin]] featuring Alice and the Cheshire Cat (inspired by Tenniel's original illustration).<ref>{{cite news |title=The Royal Mint celebrates the ever-popular Alice's Adventures in Wonderland on official UK coin for the first time |url=https://www.royalmint.com/cy-gb/aboutus/press-centre/the-royal-mint-celebrates-the-ever-popular-alices-adventures-in-wonderland-on-official-uk-coin-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |publisher=Royal Mint}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Down the rabbit hole]]
*[[Translations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Translations of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'']]
*[[Translations of Through the Looking-Glass|Translations of ''Through the Looking-Glass'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|last=Guiliano|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollanno0000guil|url-access=registration|title=Lewis Carroll: An Annotated International Bibliography, 1960–77|year=1980|publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]]; [[Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia]]; [[Lewis Carroll Society of North America]]|isbn=0-8139-0862-0|oclc=6223025}}
* {{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Daniel|title=The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hahn|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-174437-2|edition=2d|oclc=921452204|author-link=Daniel Hahn}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Zoe|title=Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking-Glass'': A Publishing History|last2=Giddens|first2=Eugene|date=2016-05-06|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-10552-7|doi=10.4324/9781315592275}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Jo Elwyn|last2=Gladstone|first2=J. Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/alicecompaniongu0000jone|url-access=registration|title=The Alice Companion: A Guide to Lewis Carroll's Alice Books|year=1998|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-67349-2|oclc=60150544}}
* {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00rich|url-access=registration|title=Lewis Carroll|year=1990|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=0-8057-6988-9|oclc=20091436}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lecercle |first1=Jean-Jacques |title=Philosophy of nonsense: the intuitions of Victorian nonsense literature |date=1994 |publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07652-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Marill|first=Alvin H.|url=https://archive.org/details/moretheatrestage0001mari|url-access=registration|title=More Theatre: Stage to Screen to Television|year=1993|isbn=0-8108-2717-4|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press|oclc=28183118|volume=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Monden|first=Masafumi|title=Japanese Fashion Cultures|year=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|isbn=978-1-4725-3280-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Muir|first=Percy Horace|url=https://archive.org/details/englishchildrens0000unse|url-access=registration|title=English Children's Books: 1600–1900|year=1954|publisher=Batsford|location=London|oclc=1244716233}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Catherine |title=Alice's Wonderland: A Visual Journey Through Lewis Carroll's Mad, Mad World |date=2014 |publisher=Race Point Publishing}}
* {{cite book|last=Pudney|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollhisw00pudn|title=Lewis Carroll and His World|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1976|isbn=0-684-14728-9|oclc=2561557|url-access=registration}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|wikt=Alice in Wonderland |commons=Category:Alice in Wonderland|b=Lewis Carroll/Alice in Wonderland |n=no |q=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |s=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |v=no}}

===Text===
* [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/general/VAB8615 Alice's adventures in Wonderland (1865, first issue, first edition, bound in original red cloth)] with forty-two illustrations by [[John Tenniel]] {{--}} full color scan from [[Indiana University]] Digital Library
* [https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1QS3B3B3?WS=SearchResults ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' (1865), Carroll's manuscript later reworked into ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1866)] (with forty-two illustrations by [[John Tenniel]]) {{--}} full color scan from [[University of Southern California]] Digital Library
* {{Gutenberg |bullet=none |no= 19002 |name=Alice's Adventures Under Ground |year=1886}}
* {{Gutenberg |bullet=none |no= 28885 |name=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |year=1907}}
* {{Gutenberg |bullet=none |no= 19033 |name=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |year=1916}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/lewis-carroll/alices-adventures-in-wonderland/john-tenniel}}

===Audio===
*{{librivox book |title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland |author=Lewis Carroll}}
*{{librivox book |title=Alice's Adventures Underground |author=Lewis Carroll}}

===Archival materials===
* [https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1ZQ68?Flat=y&WS=SearchResults#/DamView&VBID=2A3BXZA93RZBS&PN=1&WS=SearchResults Cassady Lewis Carroll Collection] from [[University of Southern California]] Digital Library
:* [https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1RX64YOV?WS=SearchResults ''To all child-readers of "Alice's adventures in Wonderland"'' (Christmas 1871)]
:* [https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1O3U9KQU?Flat=y&WS=SearchResults Alice in Wonderland: coloured lantern slides, 1910-1919]
::"3 square blue boxes, each with 8 glass lantern slides and leaflet with abridged excerpt from 'Alice', 24 slides & 3 leaflets all"
{{Alice}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
{{Authority control}}

<noinclude><!-- avoid categorization when transcluded, as a user has done -->
[[Category:1865 British novels]]
[[Category:1865 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:British children's novels]]
[[Category:British children's books]]
[[Category:Children's books set in subterranea]]
[[Category:Children's fantasy novels]]
[[Category:English fantasy novels]]
[[Category:High fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Surreal comedy]]
[[Category:Victorian novels]]
[[Category:Series of children's books]]
[[Category:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Benjamin Disraeli]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Books about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Novels about dreams]]
[[Category:Novels about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fiction about size change]]
[[Category:Fictional fungi]]
[[Category:Novels set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Novels set in one day]]
[[Category:Works by Lewis Carroll]]
[[Category:Books illustrated by John Tenniel]]
[[Category:Books illustrated by Arthur Rackham]]
[[Category:Macmillan Publishers books]]
[[Category:D. Appleton & Company books]]
[[Category:Children's books set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Children's books adapted into films]]
[[Category:Children's books adapted into comics]]
</noinclude>