Editing Alfred Lunt

{{Short description|American actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Alfred Lunt
| image              = Portrait of Alfred Lunt LCCN2004663248.jpg
| caption            = Photograph by [[Carl Van Vechten]] in 1932
| birth_name         = Alfred David Lunt Jr.
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1892|8|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1977|8|3|1892|8|12|mf=y}}
| death_place        = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Forest Home Cemetery]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| years_active       = 1912–1966
| education          = [[Carroll University|Carroll College]]<br>[[Emerson College]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Lynn Fontanne]]|1922}}
}}

'''Alfred David Lunt''' (August 12, 1892 – August 3, 1977) was an American actor and director, best known for his long stage partnership with his wife, [[Lynn Fontanne]], from the 1920s to 1960, co-starring in [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and [[West End theatre|West End]] productions. After their marriage, they nearly always appeared together. They became known as "the Lunts" and were celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic.

Although they appeared in classics including ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'', ''[[The Seagull]]'' and ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', and dark comedy by [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]], The Lunts were best known for their stylish performances in light comedies by [[Noël Coward]], [[S. N. Behrman]], [[Terence Rattigan]] and others, and romantic plays by writers such as [[Robert E. Sherwood]]. Lunt directed some of the couple's productions, and staged plays for other managements. Though they rarely acted for the camera, The Lunts each received an [[Emmy Award]] and were nominated for an [[Academy Award]].

The Lunts retired from the stage in 1960, and lived at their home in [[Genesee Depot, Wisconsin#Historic sites|Genesee Depot]], Wisconsin. Lunt died in 1977 and Fontanne in 1983.

==Life and career==
===Early years===
Alfred David Lunt Jr.,{{refn|Some documents and press cuttings give Lunt's middle name as "Davis"; "David" is given in the ''[[American National Biography]]'' and the 2003 biography of the Lunts, ''Design for Living'', by [[Margot Peters]]<ref name=anb/><ref>Peters, p. 327</ref>|group=n}} was born in [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin, on August 12, 1892, the son of Alfred David Lunt and his wife Harriet Washburn ''née'' Briggs.<ref name=who/> Alfred senior was a prosperous lumberman and land agent.{{refn|With the exception of his paternal grandmother, who was of Scottish descent, Lunt's ancestors were of colonial Maine and Massachusetts stock. His father was a descendant of Henry Lunt, an early settler of Newbury, Massachusetts.<ref>Lunt, T. S. [1914] ''Lunt: a history of the Lunt family in America'', Salem Press Co. (via [https://archive.org/stream/lunthistoryoflun00lunt#page/90/mode/2up Internet Archive]) p. 90, Alfred #1036</ref>|group=n}} He died in 1894, leaving more than $500,000 to his family. His widow, an eccentric and willful woman, gradually lost all the money, and the family moved to [[Waukesha, Wisconsin|Waukesha]], where they ran a boarding house.<ref name=anb/> From an early age, Lunt had a fascination with the theatre. He began acting in high school and at [[Carroll University|Carroll College]] in Waukesha. Considering a career as an architect,<ref name=who>Herbert, pp. 1109–1111</ref> he transferred to [[Emerson College]], Boston, in 1912. His biographer Jared Brown writes that Lunt "rarely attended classes, having found a job as a minor actor and assistant stage manager with the [[Castle Square Theatre]] in Boston".<ref name=anb/> He made his first professional stage appearance there on October 7, 1912, as the Sheriff in ''The Aviator'', and remained as a member of the stock company for two years.<ref name=who/>

[[File:Alfred-Lunt-1923.jpg|thumb|upright|Lunt in an early publicity photograph|alt=Young, clean-shaven white man, dressed in a suit, with neat dark hair]]
In 1914, Lunt toured with [[Margaret Anglin]] in ''Beverley's Balance'', remaining with her company for eighteen months, appearing in ''Green Stockings'', ''[[As You Like It]]'', ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris]]'' and ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]''. He then toured with, successively, [[Lillie Langtry]], [[Laura Hope Crews]] and Anglin again.<ref name=who/> In 1917, he made his [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut with Crews's company, playing Claude Estabrook in ''Romance and Arabella''. He then appeared in a [[summer stock theatre|summer stock]] season in Washington, D.C., where he met [[Lynn Fontanne]], a rising young English actress.<ref>Peters, pp. 39 and 368</ref> They fell in love, although at first Lunt's wooing was more hesitant than Fontanne would have wished.<ref>Peters, p. 46</ref>

In 1919, Lunt had his first important leading part. He played the title role in [[Booth Tarkington]]'s comedy ''[[Clarence (play)|Clarence]]'' (1919), which ran on Broadway for 323 performances.<ref name="dn061720">{{cite news |title=Drama Notes |work=Daily News |date=June 17, 1920 |location=New York, New York |page=32 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In May 1922, he married Fontanne, and in 1923 they made their first appearance together in a Broadway production, a revival of [[Paul Kester]]'s 1900 costume drama ''Sweet Nell of Old Drury''.<ref>Peters, p. 84</ref>

===Theatre Guild===
In 1924, the Lunts joined the company of the [[Theatre Guild]], which, as Brown puts it, "staged plays on Broadway but defied Broadway conventions by offering serious and innovative plays that were regularly rejected by commercial managements".<ref name=anb>Brown, Jared. [https://www-anb-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1801349 "Lunt, Alfred (12 August 1892 – 03 August 1977), and Lynn Fontanne (06 December 1887 – 30 July 1983), actors and producers"] ''American National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 1999. Retrieved 23 August 2021 {{subscription required}}</ref> The first play in which the couple appeared for the Guild was [[Ferenc Molnár]]'s ''The Guardsman'', in which they established a reputation for playing light comedy.<ref name=anb/> They acted together in three plays by [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]]: ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' (as Bluntschli and Raina, 1925), ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' (as Higgins and Eliza, 1926) and ''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]'' (as the Dubedats, 1927).<ref name=ww>Herbert, pp. 789–791</ref><ref name=al>Herbert, pp. 1110–1111</ref> Lunt's other roles in his early years with the Guild included Dmitri Karamazov in ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', Marco Polo in ''Marco Millions'' and Mosca in ''[[Volpone]]''.<ref name=who/>

[[File:The-Lunts-1925.png|thumb|left|The Lunts, mid-1920s|alt=Head and shoulders of a young white man and woman, with their faces close together, looking toward the camera, in studio portrait]]
Lunt and Fontanne introduced a naturalistic new way of delivering dialogue, building on a technique Fontanne had begun to explore when acting with [[Laurette Taylor]], earlier in her career. It was unheard of for an actor to speak while another was still speaking, but, in Brown's words:
{{blockindent|The Lunts …. perfected the use of overlapping dialogue … although both actors were speaking at the same time, the audience would not miss a word spoken by either. Great skill was required in order to bring off this effect successfully. Lunt spoke in a slightly different rhythm and at a slightly different pitch than Fontanne; each modulated his or her volume level to accommodate the other; and, perhaps most difficult of all, they made the effect sound perfectly natural.<ref name=anb/>|}}

As a consequence, according to Brown, the Lunts' scenes together could be "more vivid, more ''real'' than those of other actors".<ref name=anb/>{{refn|The English humorous writer [[Arthur Marshall (broadcaster)|Arthur Marshall]] wrote that the Lunts' technique brought about a revolution in comedy acting: "Never before had such playing been seen. … actors waited to speak until somebody else had finished… The Lunts turned all that upside down. They threw away lines, they trod on each other's words, they gabbled, they whispered, they spoke at the same time. They spoke, in fact, as people do in ordinary life, a theatrical innovation that nobody seems to have tried before".<ref>Marshall, p. 95</ref>|group=n}}

In 1928, Lunt and Fontanne co-starred in what for the Guild was an untypically frothy comedy, ''Caprice''. The biographer [[Margot Peters]] calls the production a milestone in their careers for two reasons: it was the first production in which they, rather than the play, were the main draw, and it marked the start of their inseparable theatrical partnership: from then on they always appeared together. They took ''Caprice'' to London in 1930 – Lunt's first appearance there – and won the admiration of audiences, critics, and writers including Shaw and [[J. B. Priestley]].<ref>Peters, pp. 100–101</ref> For the Guild in New York, Lunt and Fontanne starred in [[Robert E. Sherwood|Robert Sherwood]]'s romantic comedy ''Reunion in Vienna'', which opened in November 1931 and ran throughout the season, before a nationwide tour.<ref name=ww/> The two were strong believers in touring, taking many of their Broadway hits to remote locations as well as the larger American cities. They felt a double responsibility to do so: to ensure that playwrights had their works presented to as many people as possible, and to allow people outside New York to see Broadway productions.<ref name=anb/>

===''Design for Living''===
[[File:Noel-Coward-in-jumper 1925.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noël Coward]], 1925{{space}}photograph|alt=young, clean-shaven white man in neat, informal 1920s clothes]]
Among Lunt and Fontanne's closest friends was [[Noël Coward]]. The three had met in New York in 1921, when Coward was a struggling young playwright and actor. They had resolved then that when they were famous, Coward would write a play for all three of them to star in.<ref>Lahr, p. 73</ref> The Lunts' marriage was the subject of much conjecture in theatrical circles: although they were clearly devoted to each other, there were unsubstantiated but persistent rumors that Lunt was bisexual and had gay liaisons; there was also speculation that Fontanne had extramarital interests.<ref>Peters, p. 58</ref> Against this background, Coward wrote a comedy for the three of them, ''[[Design for Living]]'' (1932), in which Fontanne's character switches back and forth between the two men, who then pair up when she deserts them both, before all three end up together. Coward recorded that while he was refining his original ideas for the play, "Alfred had suggested a few stage directions which, if followed faithfully, would undoubtedly have landed all three of us in gaol".<ref>Coward, unnumbered introductory page</ref> The combination of the risqué subject and the popularity of the three stars caused box-office records to be broken, and reportedly earned the three stars the highest salaries ever paid on Broadway to that time.<ref>Hoare, p. 251</ref>

The immense success of ''Design for Living'' led Coward to write another play for his friends, but his ''[[Point Valaine]],'' in which Lunt and Fontanne starred in 1934, was a failure. For Coward, the piece was an uncharacteristically serious drama, and the grim plot and unsympathetic characters did not appeal to audiences used to seeing the Lunts in glamorous and romantic roles; Fontanne's prediction that the play would run for just a few weeks proved correct. It was the only outright failure of the Lunts' joint career.<ref>Hoare, p. 264</ref>

=== 1934 to 1945 ===
Between the two Coward plays in New York, Lunt and Fontanne played in London, in ''Reunion in Vienna'', repeating their American success with the piece. ''[[The Times]]'' commented:
{{blockindent|The suspense and rhythm of the playing, the variety of the emphasis, preserve a tension very rare in an entertainment as light and, at root, as frivolous as this. Miss Fontanne is all a-glitter; Mr Lunt faultless in direction and speed.<ref>"Lyric Theatre", ''The Times'', 4 January 1934, p. 8</ref>|}}
Besides starring in the piece, Lunt directed the London production. He continued to direct throughout his career, staging not only some of the Lunts' productions but those of other companies.<ref name=who/>

[[File:Ten Chimneys - Main House 1.jpg|[[Ten Chimneys]], the Lunts' house in [[Genesee Depot, Wisconsin]], now a [[National Historic Landmark]]|thumb|left|upright=1.25|alt=Exterior of a large, white, 3-story country house with driveway and gate]]
For the rest of the 1930s, the Lunts appeared in Guild productions in New York and on tour. In 1935 they played Petruchio and Katherina in ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''; in 1936 they starred in a new Sherwood play, ''Idiot's Delight''; in 1937 they took the leading roles in [[S. N. Behrman]]'s adaptation of [[Jean Giraudoux]]'s comedy ''Amphitryon 38''; and in 1938 they played Trigorin and Arkadina in ''[[The Seagull]]'' on Broadway and took the production of ''Amphitryon 38'' to London before touring it extensively in the US in repertory with ''Idiot's Delight'' and ''The Seagull''.<ref name=ww/>

The Lunts had a country estate, known as [[Ten Chimneys]], in [[Genesee Depot, Wisconsin|Genesee Depot]], Wisconsin. It was close to where Lunt had grown up, and he had bought the site with his inheritance when he came of age in 1913.<ref>Peters, p. 30</ref> It was their summer home, where they entertained a great many theatrical friends and colleagues over the decades. [[Carol Channing]] later said "Genesee Depot is to performers what the Vatican is to Catholics".<ref>Peters, p. 310</ref> Since 2003, Ten Chimneys has been a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>Simonson, Robert. [https://www.playbill.com/article/ten-chimneys-famed-home-of-lunts-declared-anational-historic-landmark-com-119639 "Ten Chimneys, Famed Home of Lunts, Declared a National Historic Landmark"], ''Playbill'', May 11, 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2021</ref> The Lunts gave up their usual summer break there during the latter part of the [[Second World War]], because at Fontanne's behest the couple moved to England. She felt she should share the hardships of her family and friends there, and from 1943 to 1945 the Lunts appeared in the West End, and in performances for the troops, including a tour of army camps in France and Germany in 1945.<ref name=anb/><ref>Peters, p. 218</ref>

===Later years and death===
After the war Lunt and Fontanne returned to the US and resumed their association with the Theatre Guild. They appeared in 1946–47 in [[Terence Rattigan]]'s comedy ''[[Love In Idleness]]'' (given on Broadway under the title ''O Mistress Mine''), and in 1949–50 in ''[[I Know My Love]]'', Berhman's adaptation of ''Auprès de ma blonde'' by [[Marcel Achard]]; these productions ran for 482 and 247 performances respectively.<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/o-mistress-mine-1767 "O Mistress Mine"], and [https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/i-know-my-love-2131 "I Know My Love"], Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 26 August 2021</ref> The Lunts toured the latter throughout the US.

[[File:Alfred Lunt Lynn Fontanne 1950.JPG|Lunt and Fontanne in 1950|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=middle-aged white couple smiling at the camera; she is leaning over his shoulder]]
Lunt continued to direct. Among his productions was ''[[Così fan Tutte]]'', sung in English, at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in December 1951, critically praised and much revived subsequently. In the first performances of the production, Lunt made a rare stage appearance without Fontanne, in the silent role of a footman, opening the opera by lighting candles and exiting before the action began.<ref>Peters, pp. 239–241</ref>

Lunt and Fontanne returned to England in 1952 for their third and final Coward premiere, ''[[Quadrille (play)|Quadrille]]'', a romantic comedy set in the 1870s. After a West End run of 329 performances they took the play to Broadway in 1954, where Lunt directed as well as starring. The piece ran for 159 performances; it could have profitably run for longer, but the Lunts chose to close in March 1955.<ref>Day, p. 564</ref> Their last Broadway premiere was in [[Howard Lindsay]] and [[Russel Crouse]]'s "melodramatic comedy" ''The Great Sebastians'' in 1956. After a six-month run in New York they toured the piece throughout the US. Their final production was in 1957: ''[[The Visit (play)|The Visit]]'', [[Maurice Valency]]'s adaptation of [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]]'s ''Der Besuch der alten Dame'', in which a rich old woman exacts a terrible revenge on the man who betrayed her fifty years earlier. They toured the play in Britain in 1957–58, initially under the title ''Time and Again'', in a production directed by [[Peter Brook]]. In May 1958 they opened the [[Lunt-Fontanne Theatre]] in New York with the same play (by then renamed ''The Visit'') and toured it in the US.<ref name=ww/> In June 1960, in Brook's production, they opened the new [[Peacock Theatre|Royalty Theatre]], London, running until 19 October.<ref>"Theatres", ''The Times'', 19 October 1960, p. 2</ref> A final week playing the piece at the [[Golders Green Hippodrome]] in November<ref>"Theatres", ''The Times'', 4 November 1960, p. 2</ref> was the Lunts' last stage appearance.<ref name=anb/>

After retiring from acting, Lunt continued to direct. At the [[Morosco Theatre]] in 1961, he directed [[Samuel A. Taylor]]'s ''First Love'', and for the Metropolitan Opera he directed ''[[La Traviata]]'' in 1966, starring [[Anna Moffo]] as Violetta, with designs by [[Cecil Beaton]].<ref>Peters, p. 297</ref>

Lunt died of cancer in a hospital in Chicago on August 3, 1977, aged 84. On the day after the news was released, every Broadway theatre dimmed its lights for one minute at 7.59 p.m., except for the Lunt-Fontanne, which remained brilliantly lit.<ref>Peters, p. 315</ref> Fontanne outlived Lunt by six years, dying at Ten Chimneys in 1983. The two are buried together at [[Forest Home Cemetery]] in Milwaukee.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/31/obituaries/lynn-fontanne-is-dead-at-95-a-star-with-lunt-for-37-years.html "Lynn Fontanne is Dead at 95; A Star with Lunt for 37 Years"], ''The New York Times'', 31 July 1983. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref>

==Cinema and broadcasting==
The Lunts disliked acting for the camera and made only three films together.<ref>Peters, pp. 105–106</ref> One was ''[[The Guardsman]]'' (1931), for which they were both nominated for [[Academy Awards]].<ref>Peters, p. 109</ref> They appeared in ''[[Stage Door Canteen (film)|Stage Door Canteen]]'' (1943) in which they had cameos as themselves. The two starred in four television productions in the 1950s and 1960s, with both Lunt and Fontanne winning [[Emmy Award]]s in 1965 for ''[[The Magnificent Yankee (1965 film)|The Magnificent Yankee]]''.<ref name="nyt"/>

==Honors==
In September 1964, Lunt and Fontanne were presented with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Lyndon Johnson]] at a [[White House]] ceremony.{{refn|Fellow honorands at the ceremony included [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Walt Disney]], [[John Steinbeck]] and [[Helen Keller]].<ref name=p295>Peters, p. 295</ref>|group=n}} Both the Lunts were members of the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#F|title=Theater Hall of Fame &#124; The Official Website &#124; Members &#124; Preserve the Past • Honor the Present • Encourage the Future|website=www.theaterhalloffame.org|accessdate=June 27, 2023}}</ref> In 1947, Lunt was awarded the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] Medal for Good Speech on the Stage.<ref>[https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-02-B020-F04-003.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt--------3-7-6-5-3--------------0-1 Program for The American Academy of Arts and Letters and The National Institute of Arts and Letters for their Annual Ceremonial], American Foundation for the Blind Helen Keller Archive, May 22, 1947. Retrieved 4 May 2021</ref> He received honorary degrees from Carroll College, [[Dartmouth College]], [[Beloit College]], [[Emerson College]], [[New York University]], [[Yale University]], and the [[University of Wisconsin System|University of Wisconsin]].<ref name=who/>

==Notes, references and sources==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book | last= Coward | first= Noël | title=Plays: Three| year= 1979| location= London | publisher= Methuen | isbn=978-0-413-46100-1}}
* {{cite book | editor-last= Day | editor-first= Barry  | title= The Letters of Noël Coward | year= 2007| location=London | publisher= Methuen | isbn= 978-0-7136-8578-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last= Herbert|editor-first=Ian  |year= 1977|title=Who's Who in the Theatre |edition=sixteenth|location=London and Detroit|publisher= Pitman Publishing and Gale Research |isbn=978-0-273-00163-8}}
* {{cite book | last= Hoare | first= Philip | title=Noël Coward, A Biography| year= 1995| location=Lonson | publisher= Sinclair-Stevenson | isbn= 978-1-85619-265-1}}
* {{cite book | last= Lahr | first= John | title=Coward the Playwright | year= 1982| location= London | publisher= Methuen | isbn= 978-0-413-48050-7 }}
* {{cite book | last= Marshall | first= Arthur | title= Life's Rich Pageant| year= 1984| location= London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | isbn= 978-0-241-11306-6}}
* {{cite book | last= Peters | first= Margot | title= Design for Living: Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne – A Biography| year= 2003 | location=New York | publisher= Knopf | isbn= 978-0-307-42551-5 }}

==Further reading==
* Every, Carolyn N. "[http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/32714 "Home life of the Lunts]". ''Wisconsin Magazine of History'', vol. 66, no. 3 (Spring, 1983): 192–204.

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|526795}}
*[https://archive.today/20131209203426/http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=5102/ Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne Papers] at the [[Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research]].
*{{Find a Grave|654|access-date=September 3, 2010}}
*[http://www.tenchimneys.org/ Ten Chimneys]

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Alfred Lunt
|list =
{{Distinguished Performance Award}}
{{EmmyAward MiniseriesLeadActor 1950-1975}}
{{DramaCriticsBestActor}}
{{Special Tony Award}}
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{{TonyAward PlayLeadActor 1947-1975}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lunt, Alfred}}
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[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
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[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
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