Editing Alfred Lawson

{{Short description|English baseball player (1869–1954)}}
{{other people|Alfred Lawson}}

{{Infobox person
 | birth_name       = Alfred William Lawson
 | image            = Lawson Alfred W.jpg
 | birth_date       = {{birth date|1869|3|24}}
 | birth_place      = London, England
 | death_date       = {{death date and age|1954|11|29|1869|3|24}}
 | death_place      = [[San Antonio, Texas]], US
 | resting_place    =
 | other_names      =
 | known_for        = Baseball, aviation, philosophy
 | occupation       =
 | nationality      = Born in the United Kingdom, emigrated to Canada, then the United States by 1872
}}

'''Alfred William Lawson''' (March 24, 1869 – November 29, 1954) was an English-born professional [[baseball#History|baseball]] player, [[Aircraft pilot|aviator]], and utopian [[philosopher]]. He played baseball, managed and promoted leagues from 1887 through 1916, and pioneered the U.S. aircraft industry. He also published two early aviation trade journals.

Lawson is frequently cited as the inventor of the [[airliner]] and received several of the first air mail contracts, which he ultimately did not fulfill. He founded the Lawson Aircraft Company in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], to build military training aircraft and later the [[Lawson Airplane Company-Continental Faience and Tile Company|Lawson Airplane Company]] in [[South Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], to build airliners.<ref>Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame. [http://www.wisconsinaviationhalloffame.org/inductees/lawson.htm Hall of Fame Inductee: Alfred W. Lawson].</ref>

The crash of his ambitious [[Lawson L-4]] "Midnight Liner" during its trial flight takeoff on May 8, 1921, ended his best chance for commercial aviation success.

In 1904, he wrote a [[utopia]]n novel, ''Born Again'',<ref>Alfred Lawson. [https://archive.org/details/bornagainanovel00lawsgoog/page/n7 <!-- pg=1 --> ''Born Again'']. Wox & Conrad: New York, 1904. ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19459 Online at Project Gutenberg])</ref> in which he developed the philosophy which later became Lawsonomy.<ref name="Gardner">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fadsfallaciesint00gard|title=Fads and fallacies in the name of science|last=Gardner|first=Martin|date=1957|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0486203948|location=New York|oclc=233892}}</ref>

==Baseball career (1888–1907)==
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Al Lawson
|image=
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate=May 13
|debutyear=1890
|debutteam=Boston Beaneaters
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=June 2
|finalyear=1890
|finalteam=Pittsburgh Alleghenys
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat3label=[[Strikeout]]s
|stat1value=0–3
|stat2value=6.63
|stat3value=3
|teams=
* [[Boston Beaneaters]] ({{Baseball year|1890}})
* [[Pittsburgh Alleghenys]] ({{Baseball year|1890}})
}}

Lawson made one start for the [[Boston Beaneaters]] and two for the [[Pittsburgh Alleghenys]] during the [[1890 Major League Baseball season|1890 season]]. His minor league playing career lasted through 1895. Lawson later managed in the minors from 1905 to 1907.

===Union Professional League===
In 1908, Lawson started a new professional baseball league called the [[Union Professional League]]. The league took the field in April but folded one month later because of financial difficulties.<ref name=DC>{{cite news |last=Wagner |first=William |title=D.C. Had Baseball Times Two; One Spring, 2 Leagues Played With Senators |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1181828.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611124332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1181828.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 11, 2014 |access-date=January 19, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 26, 1989 |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref>

==Aviation career (1908–1928)==
An early aviation advocate, in October 1908, Lawson started the magazine ''Fly'' to stimulate public interest and educate readers on the new aviation science fundamentals. It sold for 10 cents a copy from newsstands across the country. In 1910, moving to New York City, he renamed the magazine ''Aircraft'' and published it until 1914. The magazine chronicled the technical developments of the early aviation pioneers.

Lawson was the first advocate for commercial air travel, coining the term "airline." He also advocated for a strong American flying force, lobbying Congress in 1913 to expand its appropriations for Army aircraft.

In early 1913, Lawson learned to fly the Sloan-Deperdussin and the [[Blériot XI|Moisant-Bleriot]] monoplanes, becoming an accomplished pilot. Later that year, he bought a Thomas flying boat and became the first air commuter to regularly fly from his country house in Seidler's Beach, New Jersey, to the foot of 75th Street in New York City (about 35 miles).

In 1917, utilizing the knowledge gained from ten years of advocating aviation, he built his first airplane, the Lawson Military Tractor 1 (MT-1) trainer, and founded the Lawson Aircraft Corporation. The company's plant was in Green Bay, Wisconsin. There, Lawson secured a contract and built the Lawson MT-2. He also designed the steel fuselage Lawson Armored Battler, which never got beyond the drafting board, given doubts within the Army aviation community and the signing of the armistice.

[[File:Lawson T-2.jpg|left|thumb|Lawson C.2 or T-2]]

After the war, in 1919, Lawson started a project to build America's first airline. He secured financial backing, and in five months, he had built and demonstrated in flight his biplane airliner, the 18-passenger [[Lawson L-2]]. He demonstrated its capabilities in a 2000-mile multi-city tour from Milwaukee to Chicago-Toledo-Cleveland-Buffalo-Syracuse-New York City-Washington, D.C.-Collinsville-Dayton-Chicago and back to Milwaukee, creating a buzz of positive press.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alfred|first=Lawson|title=200 Mile Trip in First Airliner|year=1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb1BAAAAYAAJ&q=%222000+mile+trip+in+first%22+alfred+lawson&pg=PA146}}</ref>

The publicity allowed Lawson to secure an additional $1 million to build the 26-passenger [[Lawson L-4|Midnight Liner]]. The aircraft crashed on takeoff on its maiden flight.

In late 1920, he secured government contracts for three airmail routes and to deliver ten warplanes. However, because of the fall 1920 recession, he could not secure the necessary $100,000 in cash reserves and had to decline the contracts.

In 1926, he started his last airliner, the 56-seat, two-tier Lawson super airliner.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lawson – Aircraft Industry Builder|year=1930|publisher=Humanity publishing company}}</ref>

In this phase of his life, he was considered one of the leading thinkers in the budding American commercial aviation community; however, his inability to secure financial backing for his ideas led him to turn to economics, philosophy, and organization.

==Lawsonomy (1929–1954)==
In the 1920s, Lawson promoted health practices, including [[vegetarianism]], and claimed to have found the secret of living to 200. He also developed his own highly unusual theories of physics, according to which such concepts as "penetrability", "suction and pressure" and "zig-zag-and-swirl" were discoveries on par with [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]].<ref name="Gardner"/> He published numerous books on these concepts, all set in a distinctive typography.

He later propounded a philosophy, [[Lawsonomy,]] and the [[Lawsonian religion]]. He also developed, during the [[Great Depression]], the [[Populism|populist]] economic theory of "Direct Credits",<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct Credits |url=http://www.lawsonomy.org/DCEverybody100.html}}</ref> according to which banks are the cause of all economic woes, the oppressors of both capital and labor.<ref name="Henry">{{cite book |last1=Henry |first1=Lyell D. |title=Zig-Zag-and-Swirl: Alfred W. Lawson's Quest for Greatness |date=1991 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |id={{Project MUSE|3563|type=book}} |isbn=978-1-58729-108-1 |pages=128, 143, 183 }}</ref> Lawson believed that the government should replace banks as the provider of loans to business and workers. He predicted the worldwide adoption of Lawsonian principles once "everybody understands this subject".<ref name="Henry"/> His rallies and lectures attracted thousands of listeners in the early 1930s, mainly in the upper Midwest, but by the late 1930s the crowds had dwindled.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoffmann|first=Gregg|date=15 December 2002|title=What in the heck is the University of Lawsonomy?|work=On Milwaukee|url=https://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/lawson.html}}</ref><ref name="felshman mission">{{Cite news|last=Felshman|first=Jeffrey|date=18 June 1998|title=Mission Implausible: The charismatic leader of one of the century's most popular utopian movements is remembered by a faithful few.|work=Chicago Reader|url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/mission-implausible/Content?oid=896586}}</ref>

His claims about his greatness became increasingly hyperbolic. The ''Lawsonomy trilogy'', which Lawson considered his intellectual masterpiece, is replete with such self-referential statements as "About every two thousand years a new teacher with advanced intellectual equipment appears upon earth to lead the people a step or two nearer the one God of everybody".<ref name="Henry"/>

In 1943, he founded the Humanity Benefactor Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmoa.unm.edu/docviewer.php?docId=wyu-ah07504.xml#idm45473693341584|title = Alfred W. Lawson papers 1904-2004, (Bulk 1931-1989)}}</ref> and [[University of Lawsonomy]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]], on the site of [[Des Moines University (1865–1929)|Des Moines University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/323247306/?terms=%22University+of+Lawsonomy%22|title=List Details Of Lawson School: University to Teach Principles O. K.'d by Founder|page=1|work=Des Moines Tribune|date=November 30, 1943|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> to spread his teachings and offer the degree of "Knowledgian", but after various IRS and other investigations it was closed and finally sold in 1954, the year of Lawson's death. His financial arrangements remain mysterious to this day, and in later years, he seems to have owned little property, moving from city to city as a guest of his far-flung acolytes. In 1952, he testified before a [[United States Senate]] investigative committee on allegations that his organization had bought war surplus machines and then sold them for a profit despite claiming [[non-profit]] status. His attempt to explain Lawsonomy to the senators ended in mutual frustration and bafflement.<ref name="Gardner"/><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Education: Zigzag & Swirl |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,816203,00.html |magazine=Time |date=24 March 1952 }}</ref>

A farm near [[Racine, Wisconsin]], is the only remaining university facility, although a tiny handful of churches may yet survive in places such as [[Wichita, Kansas]]. The large sign, formerly reading "University of Lawsonomy", was a familiar landmark for motorists in the region for many years and was visible from [[Interstate 94]] about {{convert|13|mi|km}} north of the [[Illinois]] state line, on the east side of the highway. A storm in the spring of 2009 destroyed the sign, although the supporting posts are still visible. On the northbound side of Interstate 94, a sign on the roof of the building nearest the freeway said "Study Natural Law" until being shingled over in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manlifethemovie.com/|title=Manlife|website=Manlife|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

In 2018, the Town of Mount Pleasant paid $933,000 to purchase the property on the northbound side of Interstate 94 for the Foxconn project. All remaining buildings were demolished and removed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://journaltimes.com/news/local/foxconn-just-bought-an-unusual-part-of-wisconsin-history-what/article_8217445a-1e19-5478-b8c8-b5e7551589db.html|title=Foxconn just bought an unusual part of Wisconsin history: What is Lawsonomy?|website=Racine Journal Times|date=28 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> Lawsonomy maintains a small following to this day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strehlow|first=Mike|date=8 October 2017|title=Sunday Morning Spotlight: Milwaukee filmmakers preserve the legacy of Lawsonomy|work=CBS58|url=https://www.cbs58.com/news/sunday-morning-spotlight-milwaukee-filmmakers-preserve-the-legacy-of-lawsonomy}}</ref><ref name="felshman mission"/>

==See also==
* [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Henry, Lyell D. ''Zig-Zag-and Swirl: Alfred W. Lawson's Quest for Greatness''. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991.
* [[Kossy, Donna]]. ''Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief''. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: [[Feral House]], 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-922915-67-5}}
* Kuntz, Jerry. ''Baseball Fiends and Flying Machines: The Many Lives and Outrageous Times of George and Alfred Lawson''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 2009.
* Lawson, Alfred. ''[http://www.lawsonomy.org/Lawsonomy11.html Lawsonomy, vols. 1-3]''. Detroit: Humanity Benefactor Foundation, 1935–1939.
* {{cite journal|author=The Royal Aero Club of the UK|title=The Lawson Aerial Transport|journal=Flight: The Aircraft Engineer & Airship Weekly|date=September 11, 1919|volume=XI|series=37|issue=559|pages=1220–1222}}

==External links==
{{Baseballstats|br=l/lawsoal01|brm=lawson001al-}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=8690}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alfred William Lawson |birth=1869 |death=1954}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3269}}
* {{Kooks Museum|page=lawsonomy|name=Lawsonomy}}
* [http://www.wisconsinaviationhalloffame.org/blog/?tag=alfred-lawson Lawson Demo Flight Departed 93 Years Ago] at Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame
* [http://www.onmilwaukee.com/sports/articles/lawson.html What in the heck is the University of Lawsonomy?] – article about Lawson in a Milwaukee-area magazine
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19810205&id=MmcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xSsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4434,3295769 End of flight] – newspaper article about 1921 loss of first Lawson Airliner
* "ASME Milwaukee – History & Heritage" {{cite web |title=LAWSON "Air Liner" |url=http://sections.asme.org/milwaukee/history/42-lawsonairliner.html |publisher=ASME Milwaukee Chapter |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122194759/http://sections.asme.org/milwaukee/history/42-lawsonairliner.html |archive-date=January 22, 2009}}
* {{cite web |last=Who's Who in American Aeronautics |title=Alfred W. Lawson |url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/elawson.htm |access-date=24 December 2012}}
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv808840/op=fstyle.aspx?t=k&q=alfred+lawson Alfred W. Lawson papers] at the [http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/ American Heritage Center]

{{Authority control}}

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