Editing Alf Landon

{{Short description|American politician (1887–1987)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alf Landon
| image               = Unsuccessful 1936.jpg
| caption             = Landon, {{circa|1936}}
| order1              = 26th
| office1             = Governor of Kansas
| lieutenant1         = [[Charles W. Thompson (Kansas politician)|Charles Thompson]]
| term_start1         = January 9, 1933
| term_end1           = January 11, 1937
| predecessor1        = [[Harry Woodring]]
| successor1          = [[Walter Huxman]]
| office2             = Chairman of the [[Kansas Republican Party]]
| term_start2         = August 27, 1928
| term_end2           = August 26, 1930
| predecessor2        = Seth G. Wells
| successor2          = [[John Hamilton (Kansas politician)|John Hamilton]]
| birth_name          = Alfred Mossman Landon
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1887|9|9}}
| birth_place         = [[West Middlesex, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1987|10|12|1887|9|9}}
| death_place         = [[Topeka, Kansas]], U.S.
| resting_place       = Mount Hope Cemetery, Topeka
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| otherparty          = [[Bull Moose Party|Progressive "Bull Moose"]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Margaret Fleming|January 9, 1915|June 29, 1918|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Theo Cobb|January 15, 1930}}
}}
| children            = 4, including [[Nancy Kassebaum|Nancy]]
| education           = [[University of Kansas]] ([[LLB]])
| profession          = Oil producer
| allegiance          = <!-- United States; obvious -->
| branch              = [[United States Army]]
| unit                = [[Chemical Corps]]
| serviceyears        = 1918–1919
| rank                = {{Dodseal|USAO3-1959|25px}} [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]
| battles             = [[United States in World War I|World War I]]
}}
'''Alfred Mossman Landon''' (September 9, 1887{{spaced ndash}}October 12, 1987) was an American oilman and politician who served as the 26th [[governor of Kansas]] from 1933 to 1937. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], he was the party's nominee in the [[1936 United States presidential election|1936 presidential election]], and was defeated in a landslide by incumbent president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. The margin of victory in the electoral college was the largest of Roosevelt's four elections to the office of president, as Landon won just 8 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 523. Landon died on October 12, 1987, becoming the only presidential candidate from either of the major parties to live to the age of [[centenarian|100]] until [[Jimmy Carter]] in 2024, and is to date the only Republican candidate to do so.

Born in [[West Middlesex, Pennsylvania]], Landon spent most of his childhood in [[Marietta, Ohio]], before moving to Kansas. After graduating from the [[University of Kansas]], he became an independent oil producer in [[Lawrence, Kansas]]. His business made him a millionaire, and he became a leader of the liberal Republicans in Kansas. Landon won election as Governor of Kansas in [[1932 Kansas gubernatorial election|1932]] and sought to reduce taxes and [[balance the budget]] in the midst of the [[Great Depression]]. He supported components of the [[New Deal]] but criticized aspects that he found inefficient.

The [[1936 Republican National Convention]] selected Landon as the Republican Party's [[presidential nominee]]. He proved to be an ineffective campaigner and carried just two states in the election, neither of which was Kansas despite him being the sitting governor of that state. After the election, he left office as governor and never sought public office again. Later in life, he supported the [[Marshall Plan]] and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]] programs. He gave the first in a series of lectures, now known as the [[Landon Lecture Series]], at [[Kansas State University]]. Landon lived to the age of 100 and died in [[Topeka, Kansas]], in 1987. His daughter, [[Nancy Kassebaum]], [[List of United States senators from Kansas|represented Kansas]] in the [[United States Senate]] from 1978 to 1997.

==Early life and education==
Alfred Mossman Landon was born on September 9, 1887, in [[West Middlesex, Pennsylvania]], the son of Anne Mossman and John Manuel Landon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/landon.html|title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Landon|last=Kestenbaum|first=Lawrence|website=politicalgraveyard.com|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> Landon grew up in [[Marietta, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Alf Landon legacy |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/040603/our_landon.shtml |access-date=March 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063823/http://cjonline.com/stories/040603/our_landon.shtml |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> He moved with his family to [[Kansas]] at age 17 and graduated from the [[University of Kansas]] in 1908. Landon first pursued a career in banking, but in 1912 he became an independent petroleum producer in [[Independence, Kansas]]. During World War I, he joined the Army and was selected for assignment as an officer.<ref name="Banquet">{{cite news |date=January 7, 1919 |title=Lawyers in Banquet |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/94893630/ |work=Independence Daily Reporter |location=Independence, KS |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>  He was commissioned in the [[Chemical Corps]] and attained the rank of [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]].<ref name="Banquet"/>  He was preparing to depart for France when the Armistice ended the war, so he was discharged and returned to Kansas.<ref name="Banquet"/>

By 1929, Landon's career in the oil industry had made him a millionaire, and he was instrumental in the establishment of the Kansas-Oklahoma division of the [[United States Oil and Gas Association]], then known as the Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association, a [[petroleum lobbying]] organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okmoga.com/html/history.php |title=Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association of Oklahoma |publisher=okmoga.com |access-date=May 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040415/http://www.okmoga.com/html/history.php |archive-date=February 28, 2014 }}</ref>

Landon was married to Margaret Fleming until her death in 1918.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |title=Alf Landon, G.O.P. Stand-Bearer, Dies at 100 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/13/obituaries/alf-landon-gop-standard-bearer-dies-at-100.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 13, 1987 |access-date=December 12, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021606/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0909.html| archive-date= December 1, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kansapedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/alfred-m-landon/12126 |title=Alfred M. Landon |publisher=Kansas Historical Society |location=Topeka, KS |access-date=December 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217135829/http://kshs.org/kansapedia/alfred-m-landon/12126 |archive-date=December 17, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Landon supported [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] in 1912, and by 1922, was private secretary to the governor of Kansas. He later became known as the leader of the liberal Republicans in the state. He was elected chairman of the Republican state central committee in 1928 and directed the successful Republican presidential and gubernatorial campaigns in Kansas in that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/10/13/alf-landon-loser-in-fdr-landslide-dies/cb38d56f-f0e0-46e2-9ffa-86bf4bc847e8/ |title=Alf Landon, Loser In Fdr Landslide, Dies |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 13, 1987 |accessdate=June 11, 2022}}</ref>

In 1930, however, incumbent Republican Kansas governor [[Clyde M. Reed]] failed to gain renomination, as he was defeated by challenger Frank Haucke, who would later go on to lose the general election to [[Harry H. Woodring]]. The election left the Kansas Republican Party damaged and divided. Landon decided to run in 1932 as a candidate who would reunite the Kansas GOP, and he won the nomination.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29MGAAAAMAAJ | title=Official Report of the Proceedings of the Twenty-First Republican National Convention. | publisher=The Tenny Press | author=Hart, George Luzerne | year=1936 | location=New York}}</ref>

Landon was elected [[List of Governors of Kansas|Governor of Kansas]] in the general election, where he defeated both the incumbent Democrat Woodring and independent challenger [[John R. Brinkley]] in a closely contested race. He was re-elected governor in 1934, over Democrat Omar B. Ketchum (whose campaign was directed by [[Clyde Short]]); [[Governor of California|Gov.]] [[Frank Merriam]] of [[California]] and Landon were the only Republican governors in the nation to be re-elected that year. As governor, Landon gained a reputation for reducing taxes and balancing the budget.  Landon is often described as a fiscal conservative who nevertheless believed that government must also address certain social issues.  He supported parts of the [[New Deal]] and labor unions. Later in life, Landon would come out against [[Right-to-work law|Right-to-Work laws]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wesolowski |first=James Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U21GAAAAMAAJ |title=A Quantitative Analysis of Commentary on Labor Issues of 1958 by Edward P. Morgan |date=1962 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> Landon was opposed to segregation. When newly elected black party officials asked where their office space would be, Landon responded with "Right here with the rest of us."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bois |first=William Edward Burghardt Du |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mvpAAAAMAAJ |title=The Crisis |date=1936 |publisher=Crisis Publishing Company |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 1932 presidential campaign, a degree of animosity developed between Landon and then [[U.S. President]] [[Herbert Hoover]]. [[Osro Cobb]] of [[Arkansas]], a friend of both men, tried to bring about a reconciliation, as he explains in his memoirs:

{{blockquote|For reasons I never understood, some friction developed between President Hoover and my friend, Governor Landon, who had a summer place in [[Evergreen, Colorado|Evergreen]], [[Colorado]] ... I was in and out of Colorado during the summers and visited frequently with Governor Landon. I was eager to get him and the President together in hopes of bringing about a reconciliation that would benefit them personally and the Republican Party. All of us were at the Broadmoor Hotel in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] for a meeting, which I saw as an opportunity to get them together ... for dinner, but whatever undercurrent existed remained, and they continued to be cool toward each other. President Hoover was one of the great Americans of this century. He was competent, compassionate, and a man of unequaled qualifications. The country paid an awful price when he was sacrificed by political caprice.<ref>[[Osro Cobb]], ''Osro Cobb of Arkansas: Memoirs of Historical Significance'', Carol Griffee, ed. ([[Little Rock, Arkansas]]: Rose Publishing Company, 1989), pp. 120–121</ref>}}

During his gubernatorial years, Landon attempted to address the needs of his [[Great Depression|Depression]]-battered state while still advancing the Republican Party. After his speech at the Cleveland convention in 1936, Landon stated, "My chief concern in this crisis is to see the Republican Party name its strongest possible candidate and a man that would be a good president."<ref name="EveningRecorder">{{cite news | url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Amsterdam%20NY%20Daily%20Democrat%20and%20Recorder/Amsterdam%20NY%20Daily%20Democrat%20and%20Recorder%201936%20Mar-Jun%20Grayscale/Amsterdam%20NY%20Daily%20Democrat%20and%20Recorder%201936%20Mar-Jun%20Grayscale%20-%200103.pdf | title=Knox Assails Farm Program | work=Amsterdam Evening Recorder | date=March 25, 1936 | access-date=June 26, 2013 | location=Amsterdam, NY | page=5}}</ref> During the election year, Landon called for a "special session of the Legislature to enact measures to bring Kansas within the requirements of the federal social security program."<ref name="TheEra">{{cite news | url=https://newspaperarchive.com/bradford-era/1936-03-25/page-14 | title=Landon Seeks GOP Harmony | work=The Bradford Era | date=March 25, 1936 | access-date=June 26, 2013 | location=Bradford, PA | pages=1, 14}}</ref>

===1936 presidential election===
{{Main|1936 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Alfred Landon-TIME-1936.jpg|thumb|Cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], May 18, 1936|left]]
In 1936, Landon sought the Republican presidential nomination opposing the re-election of Roosevelt. At the [[1936 Republican National Convention]], Landon's campaign manager [[John Hamilton (Kansas politician)|John Hamilton]] mobilized the younger elements of the party against the faction led by [[Herbert Hoover]]. Landon won the nomination on the first ballot; the convention selected Chicago newspaper publisher (and Roosevelt's future [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]) [[Frank Knox]] as his running mate.

Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on Roosevelt and [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself.  In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. As columnist [[Westbrook Pegler]] lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas ... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."<ref>''Time'', August 31, 1936</ref>

Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency.  Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption&nbsp;– that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution. Landon said:

{{blockquote|The President spoke truly when he boasted ... 'We have built up new instruments of public power.' He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide 'shackles for the liberties of the people ...  and ... enslavement for the public.' These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse ... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system ... The price of economic planning is the loss of [[economic freedom]]. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.<ref>''Time'' October 26, 1936</ref>}}

The 1936 presidential election was extraordinarily lopsided. Although Landon accrued nearly seventeen million votes and obtained the endorsement of track star [[Jesse Owens]], he lost the popular vote by more than 10 million votes. He lost his home state of Kansas and carried only [[Maine]] and [[Vermont]] for a total of eight electoral votes to Roosevelt's 523. On the same day, Republicans lost control of the Kansas governorship, as Democrat Walter A. Huxman was elected as his successor as governor.  FDR's win was the most lopsided electoral victory since the [[1820 United States presidential election|1820 election]]. The overwhelming Roosevelt victory prompted [[Democratic National Committee]] chair [[James Farley]] to jokingly update the political maxim "[[As Maine goes, so goes the nation]]" to "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont".

==Later life==
Following his defeat, Landon finished out his term as Governor of Kansas and returned to the oil industry. Landon did not seek elected office again.

In 1938, he spoke out in defense of the First Amendment rights of one his 1936 opponents, [[Norman Thomas]]. Mayor [[Frank Hague]], a close FDR ally, had forced Thomas to leave Jersey City after he attempted to speak at a rally for free speech. The two men struck up a lifetime friendship. Landon hoped that the incident would "draw together all those who have common ideals of freedom and tolerance" and pledged to stand "shoulder to shoulder with you in this fight for free speech." Landon's comments portrayed the New Deal and Hague, as closely aligned threats to free speech.<ref>{{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. | title=The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance | edition=First | pages=64| location=Oakland | publisher=Independent Institute | year=2023 | isbn=978-1598133561}}</ref>

The Republicans' defeats in 1932 and 1936 plunged their party into a period of bitter intra-party strife. Landon played an important role in ending this internal bickering in 1938 by helping to prepare a new group of leaders for the presidential campaign of [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], and in trying to bring about a compromise between the isolationist and internationalist viewpoints in foreign policy. Landon was in the American delegation led by Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] to the 1938 [[Pan-American Conference]] in Lima, Peru.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/14/archives/landon-a-delegate-to-parley-at-lima-hull-to-head-u-s-spokesmen-at.html | title=LANDON a DELEGATE TO PARLEY AT LIMA; Hull to Head U. S. Spokesmen at Pan-American Conference--Lewis's Daughter Named Lewis's Daughter Named Berie Sees Changed Relations LANDON a DELEGATE TO PARLEY AT LIMA PERSONNEL OF DELEGATION Landon Favors United Front UNITED STATES DELEGATES TO PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE | work=The New York Times | date=November 14, 1938 }}</ref> However, Landon declined a position in [[Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt's Cabinet]] because he made his acceptance contingent upon the President's renunciation of a third term.<ref>Mayer 1966</ref>

After [[World War II|war broke out in Europe]] in 1939, Landon fought against [[United States non-interventionism|isolationists]] such as [[America First Committee]] who supported the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality Act]]; he feared it would mislead [[Nazi Germany]] into thinking the United States was unwilling to fight. In 1941, however, he joined isolationists in arguing against [[lend-lease]], although he did urge that United Kingdom be given $5&nbsp;billion outright instead.

After the war, he backed the [[Marshall Plan]], while opposing high domestic spending. After the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|communist revolution in China]], he was one of the first to advocate recognition of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[China|communist government]], and its admission to the [[United Nations]], when this was still a very unpopular position among the leadership and followers of both major parties.

In 1961, Landon urged the United States to join the [[European Community|European Common Market]].<ref name="nytimes.com" /> In November 1962, when he was asked to describe his political philosophy, Landon said: "I would say practical progressive, which means that the Republican party or any political party has got to recognize the problems of a growing and complex industrial civilization. And I don't think the Republican party is really wide awake to that."<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Later in the 1960s, Landon backed President [[Lyndon Johnson]] on [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and other [[Great Society]] programs.

On December 13, 1966, Landon gave his first "[[Landon Lecture]]" at [[Kansas State University]] in [[Manhattan, Kansas]]. Landon's lecture, titled "New Challenges in International Relations" was the first in a series of public issues lectures that continues to this day {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}and has featured numerous world leaders and political figures, including seven U.S. presidents ([[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]]).

Landon addressed the [[1976 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention in 1976 in Kansas City]].<ref name="Alf">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-13-mn-13741-story.html "Alf Landon, Republicans' Beloved Loser, Dies at 100"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', October 13, 1987.</ref>

==Final year==
[[File:Alf Landon meets Ronald Reagan on his 100th birthday.png|thumb|Alf Landon meeting U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] on September 6, 1987, three days before his 100th birthday]]
[[Ronald Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]] and his wife [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]] attended Landon's hundredth birthday party at his home in [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-08-vw-6663-story.html|title=Reagan's Vacation : When the President Takes Time Off Out Here, the Costs and the Logistics Are Enormous|access-date=April 3, 2016|author=Sipchen, Bob|date=September 8, 1987|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Describing Landon as "the living soul of Kansas", the 76-year old-Reagan remarked, "You don't know what a joy it is for a fella like me to go to a birthday party for someone who can, in all honesty, call me a kid." Landon, standing with the use of a walking stick, told the President and well-wishers at the party, "It's a great day in my life. And it's a great day in the lives of all of us to have had the privilege that we have today of meeting with the President of the United States and Mrs. Reagan."<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/07/us/at-a-party-for-100th-birthday-landon-receives-a-kid-of-76.html/|title=At a Party for 100th Birthday, Landon Receives a Kid of 76|access-date=March 21, 2016|author=Brinkley, Joel|date=September 7, 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[Howard Baker]] married Landon's daughter [[Nancy Landon Kassebaum|Nancy]] nine years later.

Nine days after his birthday, Landon was hospitalized at Stormant-Vail Regional Medical Center after complaining of internal pain.  He was treated for a gallstone and a mild case of bronchitis and returned home on October 10.<ref>The Salina Journal, October 13, 1987, page 1</ref>
Landon died in Topeka on October 12, 1987, at 5:25&nbsp;p.m.,<ref name="Alf"/> thirty-three days after celebrating his hundredth birthday, and is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery in Topeka. At the time of his death, he was survived by his second wife, Theo Cobb.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name="Widow">{{cite news |title=Widow of Alf Landon Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/23/us/widow-of-alf-landon-dies.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 23, 1996 |access-date=December 12, 2010}}</ref>

==Family==
On January 7, 1915, Landon married Margaret Fleming  of [[Oil City, Pennsylvania]].<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/independence-daily-reporter-the-landon/4003175/ Wedding Was a Brilliant One]", ''Independence Daily Reporter'' (January 11, 1915), p. 2, via ''Oil City Derrick'' (January 7, 1915).</ref> They had one son and one daughter, both of whom they named after themselves, but the marriage only lasted three years, until the senior Margaret's death in 1918.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name="Kansapedia"/> The junior Alf died a week after birth. Landon then "devoted himself to managing his oil interests and raising his young daughter", remaining unmarried until January 15, 1930, when he married Theo Cobb, of [[Topeka, Kansas]].<ref name="Kansapedia"/><ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-times-bride-for-alfred-m/137223250/ Bride for Alfred M. Landon]", ''The Kansas City Times'' (January 16, 1930), p. 4.</ref> They had one son and one daughter.<ref name="Kansapedia"/> Theo preferred to stay at home and raise the children rather than engaging in her husband's political efforts, later quipping about the 1936 presidential election that "Mrs. Roosevelt was doing enough traveling for both of us".<ref name="Salina">"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salina-journal-a-quiet-goodbye/137223510/ A quiet goodbye]", ''The Salina Journal'' (July 25, 1996), p. 9.</ref> Theo outlived Landon by nine years, dying in Topeka on July 21, 1996, at the age of 97.<ref name="Widow"/><ref name="Salina"/>

Landon's daughter, [[Nancy Kassebaum|Nancy Landon Kassebaum]], was a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Kansas]]. Elected to the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] in [[1978 United States Senate election in Kansas|1978]], she was re-elected in [[1984 United States Senate election in Kansas|1984]] and [[1990 United States Senate election in Kansas|1990]]. Her second husband was her former Senate colleague [[Howard Baker|Howard Henry Baker Jr.]], of [[Tennessee]] (1925–2014). Landon's nephew was actor [[Hal Landon Jr.]]

==Electoral history==
{{User-generated|section|date=February 2023}}

'''Kansas gubernatorial election, 1932'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=247010|title=Our Campaigns – KS Governor Race – Nov 08, 1932|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=June 6, 2018}}{{user-generated source|date=February 2023}}</ref>
*Alf Landon (R) – 278,581 (34.82%)
*[[Harry Hines Woodring]] (D, Inc.) – 272,944 (34.12%)
*[[John R. Brinkley|John Romulus Brinkley]] (I) – 244,607 (30.58%)

'''Republican primary for Governor of Kansas, 1934'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=380631|title=Our Campaigns – KS Governor – R Primary Race – Aug 07, 1934|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=June 6, 2018}}{{user-generated source|date=February 2023}}</ref>
*Alf Landon (Inc.) – 233,956 (79.87%)
*John Romulus Brinkley – 58,983 (20.14%)

'''Kansas gubernatorial election, 1934'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=247011|title=Our Campaigns – KS Governor Race – Nov 06, 1934|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=June 6, 2018}}{{user-generated source|date=February 2023}}</ref>
*Alf Landon (R, Inc.) – 422,030 (53.51%)
*[[Omar B. Ketchum]] (D) – 359,877 (45.63%)
*[[George M. Whiteside]] (Socialist) – 6,744 (0.86%)

'''Republican presidential primaries, 1936'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55177|title=Our Campaigns – US President – R Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1936|website=ourcampaigns.com|access-date=June 6, 2018}}{{user-generated source|date=February 2023}}</ref>
*[[William E. Borah]] – 1,478,676 (44.48%)
*Alf Landon – 729,908 (21.96%)
*[[Frank Knox]] – 527,054 (15.85%)
*[[Earl Warren]] – 350,917 (10.56%)
*[[Stephen A. Day]] – 155,732 (4.69%)
*[[Warren E. Green]] – 44,518 (1.34%)
*[[Leo J. Chassee]] – 18,986 (0.57%)
*[[Herbert Hoover]] – 7,750 (0.23%)
*[[Frederick Steiwer]] – 3,285 (0.10%)
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (write-in) – 1,159 (0.04%)

'''[[1936 Republican National Convention]]'''{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*Alf Landon – 984 (98.11%)
*[[William E. Borah]] – 19 (1.89%)

'''[[1936 United States presidential election]]'''{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]/[[John Nance Garner]] (Democratic) – 27,752,648 (60.8%) and 523 electoral votes (46 states carried)
*Alf Landon/[[Frank Knox]] (Republican) – 16,681,862 (36.5%) and 8 electoral votes (2 states carried)
*[[William Lemke]]/[[Thomas C. O'Brien]] ([[Union Party (United States)|Union]]) – 892,378 (2.0%) and 0 electoral votes
*[[Norman Thomas]]/[[George A. Nelson]] ([[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]) – 187,910 (0.4%) and 0 electoral votes
*[[Earl Browder]]/[[James W. Ford]] ([[U.S. Communist Party|Communist]]) – 79,315 (0.2%) and 0 electoral votes
* Others – 53,586 (0.1%) and 0 electoral votes

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77584189 McCoy, Donald R. ''Landon of Kansas'' (1966)] standard scholarly biography
* Mayer, George H. "Alf M. Landon, as Leader of the Republican Opposition, 1937–1940." ''Kansas Historical Quarterly'' 1966 32(3): 325–333. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030128093034/http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1966/66_3_mayer.htm online]

==External links==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/13/obituaries/alf-landon-gop-standard-bearer-dies-at-100.html Alf Landon's Obituary (New York Times)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071219174450/http://www.lib.ksu.edu/depts/spec/flyers/landon.html Alfred M. Landon Lecture Series on Public Issues (Kansas State University)]
*[https://www.kshs.org/archives/40010 Alfred M. Landon papers] at the [[Kansas Historical Society]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060929151144/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=234 Alf Landon and Social Security Reform] by Nicholaus Mills, [[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]], Spring 2005.
*[http://cdm16884.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/?searchterm=G1-Landon-Collection Governor Alf Landon Digital Collection (KGI Online Library – State Library of Kansas)]
*{{Find a Grave|6454|access-date=February 9, 2008}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/010887}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frank Haucke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Kansas|Governor of Kansas]]|years=[[1932 Kansas gubernatorial election|1932]], [[1934 Kansas gubernatorial election|1934]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Will West}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Hoover]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for [[President of the United States]]|years=[[1936 United States presidential election|1936]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wendell Willkie]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry Hines Woodring|Harry Woodring]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of Kansas|Governor of Kansas]]|years=1933–1937}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Walter A. Huxman|Walter Huxman]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}}
{{USRepPresNominees}}
{{Governors of Kansas}}
{{United States presidential election, 1936}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landon, Alf}}
[[Category:Alf Landon| ]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Kansas politicians]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry]]
[[Category:American men centenarians]]
[[Category:Methodists from Kansas]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kansas]]
[[Category:Republican Party governors of Kansas]]
[[Category:Kansas Republicans]]
[[Category:Landon family]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kansas]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mercer County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marietta, Ohio]]
[[Category:Politicians from Topeka, Kansas]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:University of Kansas alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Independence, Kansas]]
[[Category:Centrism in the United States]]