Editing Alexander Prokhorov

{{Short description|Soviet-Russian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| native_name       = {{nobold|Александр Прохоров}}
| native_name_lang  = ru
| image             = Aleksandr Prokhorov.jpg
| caption           = Prokhorov in 1964
| birth_name        = Alexander Michael Prochoroff
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1916|07|11|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Peeramon, Queensland|Peeramon]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2002|01|08|1916|07|11|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| resting_place     = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], Moscow
| nationality       = <!-- his nationality is unclear from the article, see Talk -->
| alma_mater        = 
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Laser]]s and [[maser]]s
| influenced        = 
| field             = [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = 
| prizes            = {{nowrap|1964 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<br>1987 [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]]}}
}}
'''Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov'''<ref name=nobel/> (born '''Alexander Michael Prochoroff''', {{langx|ru|Алекса&#769;ндр Миха&#769;йлович Про&#769;хоров}}; 11 July 1916&nbsp;– 8 January 2002) was a Russian [[physicist]] and researcher on [[laser]]s and [[maser]]s in the former [[Soviet Union]] for which he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1964 with [[Charles Hard Townes]] and [[Nikolay Basov]].

==Early life==
Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, [[Peeramon, Queensland|Peeramon]], [[Queensland]], Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road, [[Butchers Creek, Queensland|Butchers Creek]], situated about 30&nbsp;km from [[Atherton, Queensland|Atherton]]), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), [[Russia]]n revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the [[tsar]]ist regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.<ref name=birth>Tablelander (newspaper) 19 July 2016 'Prokharov centenary'</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Collins|first=Stephen|date=October 2016|title=National Science Week 2016 - "Prokhorov Centenary|url=https://optics.org.au/resources/aosnews/2016-3.pdf|journal=AOS News|volume=30|issue=3|pages=14–15|issn=1832-4436|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221012236/https://optics.org.au/resources/aosnews/2016-3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1923, after the [[October Revolution]] and the [[Russian Civil War]], the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the [[Saint Petersburg State University]] to study physics. He was a member of the [[Komsomol]] from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the [[Lebedev Physical Institute]], in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician [[Nikolai Papaleksi|N. D. Papaleksi]]. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the [[ionosphere]]. At the onset of [[World War II]], in June 1941, he joined the [[Red Army]]. Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the [[Medal "For Courage" (Russia)|Medal For Courage]] in 1946.<ref name=family/> He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".<ref name=nobel>{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 ''Quantum Electronics''</ref><ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article093736.html Прохоров Александр Михайлович] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005091809/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article093736.html |date=5 October 2015 }} in [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name=hero/>

==Research==

In 1947, Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic [[particle accelerator]] called a [[synchrotron]]. He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the [[microwave]] spectral range. His results became the basis of his [[habilitation]] on "Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator", defended in 1951. By 1950, Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory. Around that time, he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on [[quantum electronics]]. The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three (non-degenerate) moments of inertia. The research was conducted both on experiment and theory. In 1954, Prokhorov became head of the laboratory. Together with [[Nikolay Basov]] he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a [[Quantum harmonic oscillator|molecular oscillator]] and constructed such a device based on [[ammonia]]. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but not published until 1954–1955.<ref name=nobel/><ref name=hero/>

In 1955, Prokhorov started his research in the field of [[electron paramagnetic resonance]] (EPR). He focused on relaxation times of ions of the [[Group 8 element|iron group element]]s in a lattice of [[aluminium oxide]], but also investigated other, "non-optical", topics, such as magnetic phase transitions in [[DPPH]].<ref>A. M. Prokhorov and V.B. Fedorov, Soviet Physics JETP 16 (1963) 1489.</ref> In 1957, while studying [[ruby]], a [[chromium]]-doped variation of aluminium oxide, he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a [[laser]]. As a new type of laser resonator, he proposed, in 1958, an "open type" cavity design, which is widely used today. In 1963, together with A. S. Selivanenko, he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions. For his pioneering work on lasers and masers, in 1964, he received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] shared with [[Nikolay Basov]] and [[Charles Hard Townes]].<ref name=nobel/><ref name=hero/>

==Posts and awards==
[[File:Gustaf VI Adolf and Alexander Prokhorov 1964.jpg|thumb|Prokhorov with King [[Gustaf VI Adolf]] and wife of Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964]]
In 1959, Prokhorov became a professor at [[Moscow State University]] – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union; the same year, he was awarded the [[Lenin Prize]]. In 1960, he became a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and elected Academician in 1966. In 1967, he was awarded his first [[Order of Lenin]] (he received five of them during life, in 1967, 1969, 1975, 1981 and 1986). In 1968, he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution, the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. In the same year, he was elected a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=bse/> In 1983 he was elected a Member of the [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/4512/|title=List of Members|website=www.leopoldina.org|access-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034903/http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/4512/|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1982 and 1998, Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and after 1998 as honorary director. After his death in 2002, the institute was renamed the {{Ill|A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute|qid=Q16655721}} of the Russian Academy of Sciences.<ref name=bse/><ref name=hero/> Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science, Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science, Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ias-icsd.org/resources/ICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf |title= Presidium of the International Academy of Science= Ias-icsd.org |access-date= 16 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134720/http://www.ias-icsd.org/resources/ICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ias-icsd.org/history.html |title= Foundation of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science= ias-icsd.org |access-date= 16 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142953/http://www.ias-icsd.org/history.html |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 1969, Prokhorov became a [[Hero of Socialist Labour]], the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture. He received the second such award in 1986.<ref name=hero>[http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10290 Прохоров Александр Михайлович] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515001525/http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10290 |date=15 May 2011 }} at warheroes.ru {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Starting in 1969, he was the chief editor of the [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]. He was awarded the [[Frederic Eugene Ives|Frederic Ives]] Medal, the highest distinction of the [[Optical Society of America]] (OSA), in 2000<ref>[http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/ Frederic Ives Medal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/ |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001.<ref>[http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/honorarymembers/ OSA Honorary Members] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820032024/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/honorarymembers |date=20 August 2008 }}</ref> The same year, he was awarded the [[Demidov Prize]].<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ru:Александр Михайлович Прохоров, 1916–2002 (Материалы к биобиблиогр. ученых) 2-е изд., доп.|author=Сост. И. Г. Бебих|author2=Г. Н. Михайлова|author3=А. В. Троицкий|date=2004|publisher=Наука|location=М.|page=442|language=ru|url=http://www.naukaran.ru/sb/2003_3-4/17.shtml|isbn=5-02-033176-7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821120614/http://www.naukaran.ru/sb/2003_3-4/17.shtml|archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref>

He died on 8 January 2002 at [[Moscow]] and was buried at [[Novodevichy Cemetery]].

==Politics==
Prokhorov became a member of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite news|title=Australia's forgotten Nobel Prize winner: Laser pioneer Alexander Prokhorov|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-03/laser-pioneer-nobel-prize-winner-alex-prokhorov/7681260|access-date=2 April 2017|work=ABC News|date=3 August 2016|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402073757/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-03/laser-pioneer-nobel-prize-winner-alex-prokhorov/7681260|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983, together with three other academicians – [[Andrey Nikolayevich Tychonoff|Andrey Tychonoff]], [[Anatoly Dorodnitsyn]] and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter<ref>[http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/material/press/sakharov/83.htm Когда теряют честь и совесть] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119230326/http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/material/press/sakharov/83.htm |date=19 November 2009 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> called "when they lose honor and conscience"<ref>{{Cite web|title=1. Андрей Сахаров. ОПАСНОСТЬ ТЕРМОЯДЕРНОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Открытое письмо доктору Сиднею Дреллу) ::: Боннэр Е.Г. - Постскриптум: Книга о горьковской ссылке ::: Боннэр Елена Георгиевна ::: Воспоминания о ГУЛАГе :: База данных :: Авторы и тексты|url=https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8526|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.sakharov-center.ru|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713231520/https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8526|url-status=live}}</ref> (Когда теряют честь и совесть), denouncing [[Andrey Sakharov]]'s article<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9EMwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164,1223149&hl=en|title=The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221035511/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9EMwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164%2C1223149&dq=foreign+affairs+sakharov&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> in the ''[[Foreign Affairs]]''.

==Family==
[[File:Nicolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov with wives 1964.jpg|thumb|Basov and Prokhorov with wives in Stockholm in 1964]]
Both of Prokhorov's parents died during World War II. Prokhorov married [[geographer]] Galina Shelepina in 1941, and they had a son, Kiril, born in 1945. Following his father, Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute.<ref name=family>[http://www.gpi.ru/memory/amp.php Основные даты жизни и деятельности академика А.М. Прохорова] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211173542/http://www.gpi.ru/memory/amp.php |date=11 December 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpi.ru/staff_s.php?eng=0&id=44|title=Кирилл Александрович Прохоров|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221010931/http://www.gpi.ru/staff_s.php?eng=0&id=44|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:RUSMARKA-2143.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Prokhorov on 2016 [[postage stamp]] of Russia]]

==Honours and awards==
* Mandelstam Prize (1948)
* [[Lenin Prize]] (1959)
* Five [[Orders of Lenin]] (including 11 May 1981)
* [[Order of the Patriotic War]], 1st class (1985)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1964)
* [[Hero of Socialist Labour]], twice (1969, 1986)
* [[Medal "For Courage" (Russia)|Medal For Courage]]
* [[USSR State Prize]] (1980)
* [[Order of Merit for the Fatherland]], 2nd class (1996)
* [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (1998)
* Medal Frederick Ayvesa (2000)
* [[Demidov Prize]] (2001)
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (Moscow State University, 1987)
* Award of the Council of Ministers
* [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] in science and technology (2003, posthumously) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology
* Foreign Member of the [[Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences]] (1982)
* [[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"]]
* [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]]
* [[Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]]
* [[Medal "Veteran of Labour"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]]
* [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"]]
* [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"]]

==Books==
*A. M. Prokhorov (Editor in Chief), J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, K. Wille.'' Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-88318-926-7}}. ''Research Trends in Physics'' series published by the American Institute of Physics Press (presently [https://web.archive.org/web/20050323204949/http://www.springer-sbm.de/index.php?id=121&L=0 Springer], New York)
*V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors) ''[[Diamond]] Science and Technology Vol 1: [[Laser]] Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors'' (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 {{ISBN|1-889545-23-6}}.
*V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors). ''[[Diamond]] Science and Technology Vol 2'' (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 {{ISBN|1-889545-24-4}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category | Aleksandr Prokhorov}}
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 ''Quantum Electronics''
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051127034311/http://i-lasers.com/ Prokhorov's role in the invention of lasers and masers]}}
*[http://novodevichye.com/prohorov/ Prokhorov's grave] in [[Novodevichy cemetery]]

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1964 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prokhorov, Alexander}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Moscow State University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]
[[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Soviet Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Prize]]
[[Category:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates]]
[[Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal]]
[[Category:Australian people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Russian experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Optical physicists]]
[[Category:Laser researchers]]
[[Category:Soviet inventors]]
[[Category:Soviet physicists]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
[[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]
[[Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]