Editing Ahmed II

{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Ahmed II
| title        = [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]]<br/>[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]<br/>[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
| titletext    = 
| more         = 
| type         = 
| image        = Ahmet II.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = 
| moretext     = 
| reign        = {{nowrap|22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695}}
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]]
| regent       = 
| reg-type     = 
| successor    = [[Mustafa II]]
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| spouse       = [[Rabia Sultan]]<br>Şayeste Hatun
| spouse-type  = Consort
| issue        = Şehzade Ibrahim <br> Şehzade Selim <br>Asiye Sultan<br>Atike Sultan<br>Hatice Sultan
| full name    = Ahmed bin Ibrahim
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]]
| mother       = [[Muazzez Sultan]]
| birth_date   = 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642
| birth_place  = [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1695|2|6|1643|2|25|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Edirne]], Ottoman Empire
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Süleymaniye Mosque]], Istanbul, Turkey
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature    = Tughra of Ahmed II.svg
}}
'''Ahmed II''' ({{langx|ota|احمد ثانی|Aḥmed-i <u>s</u>ānī}}; {{langx|tr|II. Ahmed}};<span dir="ltr"> 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642{{sfn|Mantran|2012|loc=first date according to [[Mustafa Naima|Naima]], second date to [[:de:Mehmed Raşid|Raşid]]}} – 6 February 1695)</span> was the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] from 1691 to 1695.

== Early life ==
Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]] and [[Muazzez Sultan]]. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman was [[circumcised]].{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=271}}
During the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in [[Kafes]], and he stayed there almost 43 years.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[File:PIC 2004-08-23 09-12 9807.JPG|thumb|262px|''The [[mausoleum]] of Ahmed II'' is located inside the [[türbe]] of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. <small>''(In the above picture, his [[tomb]] is seen side by side with [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]] and [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]).''</small>]]

==Reign==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
During his reign, Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the [[Habsburgs]] and related foreign policy, governmental and economic issues. Of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong [[Farm (revenue leasing)|tax farm system]] (''[[malikâne]]''). Following the recovery of [[Belgrade]] under his predecessor, [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]], the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it.

Among the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on [[Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha|Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha]]. Following his accession to the throne, Ahmed II confirmed Fazıl Mustafa Pasha in his office as [[grand vizier]]. In office from 1689, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was from the [[Köprülü family]] of grand viziers, and like most of his Köprülü predecessors in the same office, was an able administrator and military commander. Like his father [[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]] (grand vizier, 1656–61) before him, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha ordered the removal and execution of dozens of corrupt state officials of the previous regime and replaced them with men loyal to himself. He overhauled the tax system by adjusting it to the capabilities of the taxpayers affected by the latest wars. He also reformed troop mobilization and increased the pool of conscripts available for the army by drafting tribesmen in the [[Balkans]] and [[Anatolia]]. In October 1690, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress that commanded the confluence of the rivers [[Danube]] and [[Sava]]; in Ottoman hands since 1521, the fortress had been conquered by the Habsburgs in 1688.

Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's victory at Belgrade was a major military achievement that gave the Ottomans hope that the military debacles of the 1680s—which had led to the loss of Hungary and [[Transylvania]], an Ottoman vassal principality ruled by pro-Istanbul Hungarian princes—could be reversed. However, the Ottoman success proved ephemeral. On 19 August 1691, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the [[Battle of Slankamen]] at the hands of [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William]], the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouis” (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans. In the confrontation, recognized by contemporaries as “the bloodiest battle of the century,” the Ottomans suffered heavy losses: 20,000 men, including the grand vizier. With him, the sultan lost his most capable military commander and the last member of the Köprülü family, who for the previous half century had been instrumental in strengthening the Ottoman military.

Under Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's successors, the Ottomans suffered further defeats. In June 1692 the Habsburgs conquered [[Oradea]], the seat of an Ottoman governor ({{lang|tr|beylerbeyi}}) since 1660. In 1694, they attempted to recapture Oradea, but to no avail. On 12 January 1695, they surrendered the fortress of Gyula, the center of an Ottoman [[sanjak]] (subprovince) since 1566. With the fall of Gyula, the only territory still in Ottoman hands in Hungary was to the east of the [[Tisza|River Tisza]] and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at [[Temesvár|Timișoara]]. Three weeks later, on 6 February 1695, Ahmed II died in [[Edirne Palace]].

==Family==

=== Consorts ===
Ahmed II had two known consorts: 
*[[Rabia Sultan]] (died [[Eski Saray|Eski Palace]], Istanbul, 14 January 1712, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum, [[Süleymaniye Mosque]]). Ahmed II's most beloved consort and the last [[haseki sultan]] of the Ottoman Empire;{{sfn|Uluçay|1980|p=114}}
*Şayeste Hatun (died in 1710).{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=390}} Second [[Concubinage|concubine]] of Ahmed II, perhaps mother of his other daughters.

=== Sons ===
Ahmed II had two sons: 
*Şehzade Ibrahim (Edirne Palace, [[Edirne]], 6 October 1692{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}} – [[Topkapı Palace]], Istanbul, 4 May 1714, buried in Mustafa I Mausoleum, [[Hagia Sophia]]), with Rabia Sultan, Selim's twin, became [[crown prince]] on 22 August 1703 until his death;
*Şehzade Selim (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 6 October 1692 – Edirne Palace, Edirne, 15 May 1693, buried in Sultan Mustafa Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia), with Rabia Sultan, he was Ibrahim's twin.{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}}

=== Daughters ===
Ahmed II had three daughters: 
*Asiye Sultan{{sfn|Uluçay|1980|p=115}} (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 24 August 1694{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}} – Eski Palace, Bayezid, Istanbul, 9 December 1695, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum, Süleymaniye Mosque), with Rabia Sultan;
*Atike Sultan (born 21 October 1694),{{sfn|Uluçay|1980|pp=114-115}} probably with Şayeste Hatun. Died in infancy.
*Hatice Sultan,{{sfn|Uluçay|1980|pp=114-115}} probably with Şayeste Hatun. Died in infancy. 

In addition to his daughters, Ahmed II was deeply attached to his niece [[Ümmügülsüm Sultan (daughter of Mehmed IV)|Ümmügülsüm Sultan]], daughter of his half-brother [[Mehmed IV]], so much so that he treated her as if she were his own daughter.{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=111}}{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=111}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}
===Sources===
*{{cite journal |last1=Mantran |first1=R. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |title=Aḥmad II |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |date=24 April 2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_0389 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0389}}
*{{cite book|first1=Silahdar Findiklili |last1=Mehmed Agha|title=ZEYL-İ FEZLEKE (1065-22 Ca.1106 / 1654-7 Şubat 1695)|year=2012|pages=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sakaoğlu |first1=Necdet |title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları : valide sultanlar, hatunlar, hasekiler, kadinefendiler, sultanefendiler |trans-title=The Female Sultans of This Property : Valide Sultans, Hatuns, Hasekis, Ladies and Gentlemen |date=2015 |publisher=Alfa publications |location=İstanbul |isbn=9786051710792}}
*{{cite book |last1=Uluçay |first1=M. Çağatay |title=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları |date=1980 |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47agAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 October 2020 |language=tr}}
*{{cite book |first=M. Çağatay |last=Uluçay |title=Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları |year=1992 |location=Ankara |publisher= Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı |isbn=978-9-751-60461-3}}
*{{cite book |first=Mustafa Çağatay |last=Uluçay |title=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları |location=Ankara |publisher=Ötüken |year=2011}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |place=New York |publisher=Basic Books |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7}}
*Michael Hochendlinger, Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797 (London: Longman, 2003), 157–64.

== External links ==
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{{s-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||25 February 1643||6 February 1695}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa II]]}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of caliphs|Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate]]|years=22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1640s births]]
[[Category:1695 deaths]]
[[Category:Ottoman people of the Great Turkish War]]
[[Category:17th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]