Editing Aguascalientes (city)

{{Short description|City in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Aguascalientes
| official_name      = ''Ciudad de Aguascalientes''<br />City of Aguascalientes
| settlement_type    = City
| native_name        = 
| nickname           = {{Langx|es|link=no|Ciudad de la gente buena}}<br/><small>(''City of the good people'')</small>
| motto              = {{langx|la|Virtus in Aquis, Fidelitas in Pectoribus}}<br/><small>(''Virtue in the Water, Fidelity in the Heart'')</small>
| image_skyline      = AGUASCALIENTES CITY.jpg
| imagesize          = 
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Temple of Saint Anthony of Padua|San Antonio de Padua Church]], La Exedra (main square), [[Teatro Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes Opera House]], [[Cerro del Muerto]], Plaza Bosques Tower and the [[Jardín de San Marcos|San Marcos Park]].
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = Escudo de Aguascalientes.svg
| image_map          = Aguascalientes, AG.svg
| mapsize            = 220px
| map_caption        = Location of Aguascalientes within the state
| image_map1         = Mexico map, MX-AGU.svg
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location of the state of [[Aguascalientes]]
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Mexico
| subdivision_type1  = [[States of Mexico|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Aguascalientes]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Aguascalientes Municipality|Aguascalientes]]
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = [[Municipal president|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Leonardo Montañez Castro]]
| leader_title1      = <!-- Presidente Municipal -->
| leader_name1       = 
| leader_title2      = 
| leader_name2       = 
| leader_title3      = 
| leader_name3       = 
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = October 22, 1575
| established_title2 = Founded as
| established_date2  = ''Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de las Aguas Calientes''
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3  = 
| founder            = Juan de Montoro Rodríguez<br/>Jerónimo de Orozco
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 385
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_urban_km2     = 
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 
| area_metro_km2     = 
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_note    = 
| population_total   = 948990
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro   = 1225432
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban   = 
| population_demonyms = hidrocálido, aguascalentense
| demographics_type1 = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2023
| demographics1_title2 = Total (Metro)
| demographics1_info2 = $29.0&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $24,900
| timezone           = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
| utc_offset         = −6
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|21|52|33.6|N|102|17|45.6|W|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m        = 1888
| elevation_ft       = 
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 20000-20999
| area_code          = 449
| blank_name         = [[Mexican Federal Highway|Federal Routes]]
| blank_info         = [[File:Carretera federal 45.svg|20px|link=Mexican Federal Highway 45]] [[File:Carretera federal 70.svg|20px|link=Mexican Federal Highway 70]]
| website            = http://www.ags.gob.mx
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Aguascalientes''' ({{IPA|es|ˌaɣwaskaˈljentes|-|Aguascalientes.ogg}}, lit. "hot waters" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) is the capital of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Aguascalientes|the same name]] and its most populous city, as well as the head of the [[Aguascalientes Municipality]]; with a population of 948,990 inhabitants in 2012 and 1,225,432 in the metro area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lja.mx/2012/08/en-estos-dias-aguascalientes-llegara-al-millon-de-habitantes/|title=En estos días Aguascalientes llegará al millón de habitantes – La Jornada Aguascalientes (LJA.mx)|author=Javier Rodríguez Lozano|work=La Jornada Aguascalientes (LJA.mx)|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> The metropolitan area also includes the municipalities of [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]] and [[San Francisco de los Romo]]. It is located in North-Central Mexico, which roughly corresponds to the [[Bajío]] region within the [[Mexican Plateau|central Mexican plateau]]. The city stands on a valley of [[Semi-arid climate|steppe climate]] at 1880 meters above sea level, at {{coord|21|51|N|102|18|W|}}.

Originally the territory of the nomadic [[Chichimeca]] peoples, the city was founded on October 22, 1575, by [[Spanish Mexicans|Spanish]] families relocating from [[Lagos de Moreno]] under the name of {{Lang|es|Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de las Aguas Calientes}} (Village of Our [[Assumption of Mary|Lady of the Assumption]] of the Hot Waters), in reference to the chosen patron saint and the many [[Hot spring|thermal springs]] found close to the village, which still remain to this day. It would serve as an outpost in the [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro|Silver Route]], while politically, it was part of the kingdom of [[Nueva Galicia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitmexico.com/en-us/aguascalientes|title=Aguascalientes, traditional city in Mexico|publisher=Visitmexico.com|access-date=September 7, 2014|archive-date=May 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513055715/http://visitmexico.com/en-us/aguascalientes|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1835, President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] made Aguascalientes the capital of a new territory in retaliation to the state of [[Zacatecas]], eventually becoming capital of a new state in 1857.<ref name="ags.itesm.mx">{{cite web|url=http://www.ags.itesm.mx/campus/historia_ciudad.htm |title=Historia de la Ciudad de Aguascalientes |publisher=Ags.itesm.mx |access-date=September 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021042029/http://www.ags.itesm.mx/campus/historia_ciudad.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2013 }}</ref> During the [[Porfiriato|Porfiriato era]], Aguascalientes was chosen to host the main workshops of the [[Mexican Central Railway]] company; bringing an industrial and cultural explosion. The city hosted the [[Convention of Aguascalientes|Revolutionary Convention of 1914]], an important meeting of war generals during the [[Mexican Revolution]].

Formed on a tradition of farming, mining and railroad and textile industry; contemporary Aguascalientes has attracted foreign investment of automobile and electronics companies due to its peaceful business climate, strategic location and existing infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Peter |date=2017-12-22 |title=Aguascalientes leads in economic growth, Querétaro second |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/aguascalientes-leads-in-economic-growth/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mexico News Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929004451/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/aguascalientes-leads-in-economic-growth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Of cars and carts |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/09/19/of-cars-and-carts |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The city is home to two [[Nissan]] automobile manufacturing plants<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-13 |title=Nissan Mexicana Opens Third Plant, Boosts Production for Sentra |url=https://myautoworld.com/autonews/4280 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=myAutoWorld.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=|date=2022-12-15 |title=Nissan's A1 plant in Aguascalientes is the fastest-growing in the world - Aguascalientes Daily Post |url=https://mexicodailypost.com/2022/12/15/nissans-a1-plant-in-aguascalientes-is-the-fastest-growing-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=mexicodailypost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and a [[Cooperation Manufacturing Plant Aguascalientes|shared facility by Nissan and Mercedes]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes And Infiniti To Build Vehicles At New Factory In Mexico |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2015/07/mercedes-and-infiniti-to-build-vehicles/}}</ref> which has given the city a significant Japanese immigrant community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=COMPAS, the complex manufacturing of strategic cooperation between Daimler and Renault-Nissan Alliance intensifies recruiting the best talent for the production of premium vehicles in Aguascalientes |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/compas-complex-manufacturing-strategic-cooperation-daimler-renault-nissan-alliance-intensifies-recruiting-best-talent-production-premium-vehicles-aguascalientes/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Automotive World |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2021-10-05 |title=Foreigners in Aguascalientes... How many are they? - |url=https://mexicodailypost.com/2021/10/05/foreigners-in-aguascalientes-how-many-are-they/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=mexicodailypost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Other companies with operations in the city include Jatco, Coca-Cola, Flextronics, Texas Instruments, Donaldson and Calsonic Kansei. The city of Aguascalientes is also known for the [[Feria Nacional de San Marcos|San Marcos Fair]], the largest fair celebrated in Mexico and one of the largest in North America.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}{{see also|Timeline of Aguascalientes City}}
[[File:Nebel Voyage 22 Aguas Calientes.jpg|thumb|Aguascalientes {{Circa|1836}}, by [[Carl Nebel]]|left]]
The city of Aguascalientes was founded on October 22, 1575, by Juan de Montoro, his family and accompanying families. The village was originally conceived as a minor garrison and rest stop between the cities of [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]] and [[Lagos de Moreno]], with the end goal of protecting [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro|silver in its route]] to [[Mexico City]] from the [[Chichimeca]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/fundacion.aspx |title=Fundación de Aguascalientes |access-date=February 23, 2016 |publisher=Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes |last=Díaz Márquez |first=Ilse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311225938/http://aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/fundacion.aspx |archive-date=March 11, 2016 }}</ref> Although the founders did not envision it becoming a major city, it would eventually become the capital of a newly formed state when the territory separated from the adjacent state of Zacatecas in 1835.

The historical center of Aguascalientes was born out of four distinct neighborhoods. The oldest of these is the {{Lang|es|Barrio del Encino}}, which is technically older than Aguascalientes proper. Founded in 1565 by the Andalusian Hernán González Berrocal, the neighborhood was originally named ''Triana'' after the [[Triana, Seville|neighborhood]] in Seville, Spain. The ''{{Lang|es|Barrio del Encino}}'' is home to the Baroque-style {{Lang|es|Templo del Señor del Encino}}, a Catholic church built between 1773 and 1796.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ags.gob.mx/cont.aspx?p=162|title = Barrio del Encino (Barrio de Triana)|access-date = February 23, 2016|publisher = Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes}}</ref> The {{Lang|es|Cristo Negro del Encino}} ('Black Christ of the live oak'), is a widely venerated religious icon symbolic of this neighborhood.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} The colonial square and the [[José Guadalupe Posada Museum]], adjacent to the church, are one of the main attractions in the city.

The second neighborhood is the ''{{Lang|es|Barrio de San Marcos}}'', which has its roots in the early 17th century as an indigenous settlement on the outskirts of the then-village of Aguascalientes.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Between 1628 and 1688, some communal land was allocated to the community, but the indigenous people still worked on Spanish-owned farms and produced goods to sell in Aguascalientes. Meanwhile, they organized the construction of a simple hospital and a chapel. This original chapel was replaced by the current {{Lang|es|Templo de San Marcos}} completed on December 15, 1763; this church is the spiritual headquarters of the ''[[Feria Nacional de San Marcos]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The third neighborhood is the {{Lang|es|Barrio de Guadalupe}}, which began its development as a string of shops and trading posts alongside the road leading from Aguascalientes to [[Jalpa, Zacatecas|Jalpa]] and Zacatecas during the latter half of the 18th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} The neighborhood's iconic {{Lang|es|Templo de Guadalupe}} was built between 1767 and 1789; it is recognized for its [[Spanish Baroque architecture|Spanish Baroque]] façade and its dome lined with [[Talavera pottery|Talavera]] tiles. Especially after the founding of the {{Lang|es|Fundición Central Mexicana}} ('Mexican Central Foundry'), the neighborhood developed quickly; by the early 20th century its roadside inns had mostly been converted into homes and its boundaries had blurred with those of the {{Lang|es|Barrio de San Marcos}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The final neighborhood is the {{Lang|es|Barrio de la Salud}}, which has its roots in a small chapel and a cemetery developed towards the end of the 18th century to deal with a number of disease epidemics that had struck the area. Gravediggers established homes near the cemetery, and others took advantage of the open land to establish orchards. Though the orchards began to disappear during the early 20th century, clues as to the neighborhood's roots still remain. First of all, the fact that property lines generally followed irrigation ditches can still be seen in the neighborhood's haphazard street grids today. Second, the neighborhood's working-class character is visible in its primarily single-story homes featuring simple façades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spanishlearnercentral.com/historical-neighborhoods-aguascalientes-mexico/|title=The Four Historical Neighborhoods of Aguascalientes|last=Dobrowolski|first=Jim|date=February 2, 2017|website=Spanish Learner Central|access-date=February 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226032936/http://www.spanishlearnercentral.com/historical-neighborhoods-aguascalientes-mexico/|archive-date=February 26, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A fifth neighborhood, the {{Lang|es|Barrio de la Estación}}, named after the town's central train station, is often grouped in with the city's original neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Barrios de Aguascalientes, México {{!}} VisitMexico|url = http://www.visitmexico.com/es/barrios-de-aguascalientes|website = www.visitmexico.com|access-date = February 24, 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021822/http://www.visitmexico.com/es/barrios-de-aguascalientes|archive-date = March 4, 2016}}</ref> However, this neighborhood is considerably more modern, with much of its development dating from the final decades of the 19th century or later.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ags.gob.mx/cont.aspx?p=164|title = Barrio de la Estación|access-date = February 24, 2016|publisher = Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes}}</ref> Therefore, despite its important role in the history of Aguascalientes, it is not strictly accurate to consider the ''{{Lang|es|Barrio de la Estación}}'' one of the city's original historical neighborhoods.

==Geography==
=== Climate ===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Aguascalientes has a [[semi-arid climate]] (Köppen BSh). Most of the precipitation is concentrated from June to September.
{{Weather box
|location = Aguascalientes (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan record high C = 29.5
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 34.0
|Apr record high C = 38.5
|May record high C = 39.5
|Jun record high C = 40.0
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 39.5
|Sep record high C = 36.0
|Oct record high C = 32.0
|Nov record high C = 31.0
|Dec record high C = 30.0
|year record high C = 40.0
|Jan high C = 22.7
|Feb high C = 25.1
|Mar high C = 27.4
|Apr high C = 29.9
|May high C = 31.5
|Jun high C = 30.2
|Jul high C = 28.1
|Aug high C = 28.0
|Sep high C = 26.8
|Oct high C = 26.4
|Nov high C = 24.9
|Dec high C = 23.2
|year high C = 27.0
|Jan mean C = 14.3
|Feb mean C = 16.4
|Mar mean C = 18.7
|Apr mean C = 21.3
|May mean C = 23.5
|Jun mean C = 23.4
|Jul mean C = 21.9
|Aug mean C = 21.8
|Sep mean C = 21.0
|Oct mean C = 19.5
|Nov mean C = 16.9
|Dec mean C = 14.8
|year mean C = 19.5
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 7.7
|Mar low C = 10.0
|Apr low C = 12.8
|May low C = 15.5
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 15.7
|Aug low C = 15.6
|Sep low C = 15.2
|Oct low C = 12.7
|Nov low C = 8.9
|Dec low C = 6.3
|year low C = 11.9
|Jan record low C = -6.0
|Feb record low C = -7.0
|Mar record low C = -1.0
|Apr record low C = 1.0
|May record low C = 4.5
|Jun record low C = 6.0
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 9.0
|Sep record low C = 5.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -5.5
|Dec record low C = -5.0
|year record low C = -7.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 16.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 12.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 6.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 4.3
|May precipitation mm = 18.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 95.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 136.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 110.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 33.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 8.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 8.4
|year precipitation mm = 546.5
|Jan humidity = 50.7
|Feb humidity = 46.7
|Mar humidity = 39.1
|Apr humidity = 39.4
|May humidity = 42.4
|Jun humidity = 53.1
|Jul humidity = 60.1
|Aug humidity = 59.2
|Sep humidity = 60.6
|Oct humidity = 58.4
|Nov humidity = 53.2
|Dec humidity = 52.8
|year humidity = 51.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 2.4
|Feb precipitation days = 1.5
|Mar precipitation days = 1.0
|Apr precipitation days = 1.6
|May precipitation days = 3.6
|Jun precipitation days = 9.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.5
|Aug precipitation days = 13.2
|Sep precipitation days = 9.5
|Oct precipitation days = 4.9
|Nov precipitation days = 1.6
|Dec precipitation days = 2.2
|year precipitation days = 64.7
|Jan sun = 231.7
|Feb sun = 243.3
|Mar sun = 273.1
|Apr sun = 267.6
|May sun = 267.3
|Jun sun = 218.3
|Jul sun = 203.7
|Aug sun = 229.7
|Sep sun = 202.9
|Oct sun = 230.4
|Nov sun = 247.1
|Dec sun = 223.6
|year sun = 2838.7
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]],<ref name=SMN>{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/ags/nor9120_01030.txt
| title = Estado de Aguasalientes-Estacion: AGUASCALIENTES 
| work = Normales Climatologicas 1991–2020
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = es
| access-date = 15 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=extremas>{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00001/00001030.TXT
| title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Aguascalientes (DGE)
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = es
| access-date = 10 November 2021}}</ref> [[World Meteorological Organization]] (precipitation days, relative humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMO>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224024/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| archive-date = 15 October 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 10 November 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = Colegio de Postgraduados<ref name=clima>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33003.htm
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219030916/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33003.htm
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=February 19, 2013
|title=Normales climatológicas para Aguascalientes, AGS 
 |publisher=Colegio de Postgraduados 
 |language=es 
 |access-date=January 5, 2013 }}</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Aguascalientes Observatory (1991–2020)
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan record high C = 34.2
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 38.0
|Apr record high C = 37.8
|May record high C = 40.0
|Jun record high C = 39.2
|Jul record high C = 36.2
|Aug record high C = 36.4
|Sep record high C = 35.2
|Oct record high C = 34.6
|Nov record high C = 34.8
|Dec record high C = 29.9
|year record high C = 40.0
|Jan high C = 23.0
|Feb high C = 25.5
|Mar high C = 27.9
|Apr high C = 30.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 28.4
|Aug high C = 28.1
|Sep high C = 27.2
|Oct high C = 26.8
|Nov high C = 25.2
|Dec high C = 23.3
|year high C = 27.4
|Jan mean C = 13.9
|Feb mean C = 15.9
|Mar mean C = 17.9
|Apr mean C = 20.4
|May mean C = 22.6
|Jun mean C = 23.0
|Jul mean C = 21.7
|Aug mean C = 21.5
|Sep mean C = 20.8
|Oct mean C = 19.2
|Nov mean C = 16.3
|Dec mean C = 14.2
|year mean C = 19.0
|Jan low C = 4.9
|Feb low C = 6.3
|Mar low C = 8.0
|Apr low C = 10.5
|May low C = 13.4
|Jun low C = 15.6
|Jul low C = 14.9
|Aug low C = 14.9
|Sep low C = 14.4
|Oct low C = 11.6
|Nov low C = 7.5
|Dec low C = 5.1
|year low C = 10.6
|Jan record low C = -9.0
|Feb record low C = -5.2
|Mar record low C = -2.4
|Apr record low C = 0.3
|May record low C = 4.5
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 1.4
|Aug record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -4.7
|Dec record low C = -6.0
|year record low C = -9.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 7.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 10.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 5.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 2.2
|May precipitation mm = 15.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 76.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 97.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 82.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 77.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 26.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 9.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 7.8
|year precipitation mm = 418.4
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]]<ref name=SMN1>{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/ags/nor9120_01001.txt
| title = Estado de Aguasalientes-Estacion: Aguascalientes (OBS) 
| work = Normales Climatologicas 1991–2020
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = es
| access-date = 15 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=extremas1>{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Med-Extr/ags/medex01001.txt
| title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Aguascalientes (OBS)
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = es
| access-date = 10 November 2021}}</ref>}}

==Etymology==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
The name originates from the Spanish words {{Lang|es|aguas calientes}}, meaning 'hot waters', although a more accurate translation is 'hot springs', part of the original name of {{Lang|es|Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de las Aguas Calientes}} (Village of our Lady of Assumption of the Hot Springs). When the city was first settled by Juan de Montoro and twelve families, it was given this name for its abundance of [[hot springs]]. These thermal features are still in demand in the city's numerous spas and even exploited for domestic use. People from Aguascalientes (both the city and the state) are known by the whimsical [[demonym]] {{Lang|es|hidrocálidos}} or "hydrothermal" people.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = 
|type = Mexico
|align = right
|width =
|state =Aguascalientes 
|shading =
|percentages =
|footnote =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/2010/tabulados/Basico/01_01B_MUNICIPAL_01.pdf|title=Localidades y su población por municipio según tamaño de localidad|publisher=INEGI|language=es|access-date=July 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002455/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/2010/tabulados/Basico/01_01B_MUNICIPAL_01.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="census2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/ags/poblacion/default.aspx?tema=me&e=01|title=Número de habitantes|publisher=[[INEGI]] (National Institute of Statistics and Geography)|access-date=July 15, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702234544/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/Ags/Poblacion/default.aspx?tema=ME&e=01|archive-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/tabulados/01_poblacion_ags.xls|title=Tabulados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015|format=xls|publisher=INEGI|language=es|access-date=July 15, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212605/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/tabulados/01_poblacion_ags.xls|archive-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref><ref name="inegi20ags">{{cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_ags_01_poblacion.xlsx |language=es |access-date=January 27, 2021 |publisher=[[INEGI]] |title=INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. Tabulados del Cuestionario Básico – Aguascalientes |trans-title=INEGI. 2020 Population and Housing Census. Basic Questionnaire Tabulations – Aguascalientes |format=Excel |date=2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128014937/https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_ags_01_poblacion.xlsx |pages=1–4}}</ref>
|2010|797010
|2015|877190
|2020|948990
}}
As of 2010, the city of Aguascalientes proper had a population of 797,010. The two other municipalities considered parts of the Aguascalientes metropolitan area are Jesús María and San Francisco de los Romo; they had populations of 99,590 and 35,769, respectively. As such, the Aguascalientes metropolitan area had a total population of 932,369.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Número de habitantes. Aguascalientes|url = http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/ags/poblacion/default.aspx?tema=me&e=01|website = cuentame.inegi.org.mx|access-date = February 23, 2016}}</ref>

According to the latest census by the [[National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Data Processing]] (INEGI), Aguascalientes City was the 13th largest metropolitan area by population in the country. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in Mexico.

==Economy==
[[File:Aguascalientes Panoramica 2.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of Aguascalientes city.]]
Aguascalientes is home to two large [[Nissan]] manufacturing plants, including the most important outside of Japan. Among other models of cars, they manufacture the [[Nissan Sentra|Sentra]] and the [[Nissan Versa|Versa]]. The Aguascalientes plants are responsible for the majority of Mexico's overall annual production of 850,000 Nissan automobiles.<ref>{{Cite web|title = NISSAN {{!}} NISSAN INAUGURATES ALL-NEW AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO PLANT, BUILDING ON A REPUTATION FOR QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY|url = http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2013/_STORY/131113-01-e.html|website = www.nissan-global.com|access-date = February 23, 2016|first = NISSAN MOTOR Co.|last = Ltd.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151026074222/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2013/_STORY/131113-01-e.html|archive-date = October 26, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> Due to their presence, the city has a significant Japanese population.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

[[Texas Instruments]] has one plant in Aguascalientes, which is dedicated to integrated circuitry (IC) manufacturing. [[Sensata Technologies]] has one plant in the city, making sensors and controls for automotive, HVAC and industrial use. [[Flextronics]] is another electronics manufacturer that has a plant located in Aguascalientes City.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Transportation==
[[File:Parque Línea Verde (a la altura de Rodolfo Landeros), Aguascalientes, Ags. 16.JPG|thumb|left|Section of the 15-kilometer (9.32 miles) ''Parque Línea Verde'' which was created to serve as a [[Greenway (landscape)|greenway]] for the most marginalized section of the city]]

===Cycling===
The municipality is developing a system of interconnected green bicycle routes, greenways, the aim being to facilitate fast, safe, and pleasant bicycle transport from one end of the city to the other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lja.mx/2012/08/se-implementara-en-aguascalientes-el-proyecto-de-movilidad-en-bicicleta-del-df/|title=Se implementará en Aguascalientes el proyecto de Movilidad en Bicicleta del DF |work=La Jornada Aguascalientes (LJA.mx)|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref>

===Roads===
Aguascalientes has a large network of roads connecting different municipalities of the city together and to other cities. Most of the city grew as a [[planned city]], having been pioneers in [[urban development]] regulation since 1936. The city is planned around three concentric highway loops.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The third beltway loop is expected to be fully operational in 2022. The first and second loop have overpasses and underpasses at major intersections to avoid traffic from stopping.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===Airport===
[[Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport]] serves the city, with four daily non-stop international flights from/to Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston and Chicago; as well as domestic flights.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Culture and recreation==
[[File:Interior del Palacio de Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes.jpg|left|thumb|Government Palace: a forest of columns, carved arches and imperial stairs.]][[File:Hotel Fiesta Americana. Aguascalientes - panoramio.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Feria Nacional de San Marcos|San Marcos Fair]] corridor.]]Aguascalientes houses the largest festival held in Mexico, the [[San Marcos Fair]], which takes place from the middle of April to the beginning of May. The celebration was held originally in the San Marcos church, neighborhood, and its magnificent neoclassical garden; since then, it has greatly expanded to cover a huge area of exposition spaces, bullrings, nightclubs, theaters, performance stages, theme parks, hotels, convention centers, and other attractions. It attracts almost 7 million visitors to Aguascalientes every year.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The old part of the city revolves around downtown and the four original neighborhoods from which the city expanded. The most notable building here is the Baroque Government Palace, dating from 1664 and constructed out of red volcanic stone; it is known for its one hundred arches. The prominent Baroque Cathedral, begun in 1575, is the oldest building in the city. The tall column in the center of the main square dates from colonial times; it held a statue of a Spain's viceroy, which was toppled when the country gained independence; the current sculpture on its summit commemorates Mexican independence.
[[File:Fachada del Templo del Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, Aguascalientes, Ags..jpg|left|thumb|[[New Spanish Baroque|Novohispanic Baroque]] façade of the Guadalupe Church]]

===Neighborhoods and tradition===
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
The city of Aguascalientes is made up of four traditional neighborhoods, all of which grew up around the central Plaza de la Patria; Guadalupe, San Marcos, El Encino and La Estación.

Guadalupe neighborhood, a traditional producer of pottery, centers around its local church.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Located in the heart of Guadalupe, this religious sanctuary, the second most important in the city and dating back to the late 18th century{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}, has a Baroque façade and a large dome covered in traditional ''talavera'' tiles. Inside it has many flower and angel motifs.

The next is San Marcos, founded in 1604 and once home to natives of Tlaxcala state who fled persecution. Today, the area hosts the traditional San Marcos Fair in springtime. There is San Marcos Gardens, a green spot where paths and trees are abundant. The gardens are traditionally frequented by poets, artists and lovers. Directly in front of the gardens is the Baroque San Marcos Temple, its tiled dome glinting in the sun.

The neighborhood of La Estación takes its name from the old railway station, inaugurated in 1911 and one of Aguascalientes' architectural and historical treasures.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Aguascalientes historic downtown is home to several museums including the [[Aguascalientes Museum]] ({{Lang|es|Museo de Aguascalientes}}), the city's art museum, housed in a Classical-style building designed by the self-trained architect [[Refugio Reyes Rivas|Refugio Reyes]]; the [[Guadalupe Posada Museum]] ({{Lang|es|Museo Guadalupe Posada}}), located in the historic nationhood of Triana, exhibits the life and work of [[José Guadalupe Posada]]; and the State History Museum, which is housed in an elegant [[Art Nouveau]] mansion typical of the Porfirian period with and ornate patio and dining room with vegetable motifs in a Mediterranean style, with a French Academism façade, and interior columns and an arcade of pink stone characteristic of Porfirian Eclecticism.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Other designs by [[Refugio Reyes Rivas|Refugio Reyes]] include the Paris Hotel, the Francia Hotel, and his masterpiece, the Church of San Antonio. The Church of our Lady of Guadalupe possesses an extraordinarily exuberant Baroque facade designed by [[José de Alcibar|José de Alcíbar]], a renowned architect of the period considered to be one of the most famous artists in Mexico in the 1770s.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Camarin of the Immaculate in the church of San Diego is considered by historians to be the last Baroque building in the world; it links the Baroque and Neoclassical styles; it is the largest of the fewer than ten of these type of structures built in the whole continent.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

[[File:Teatro Morelos - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Morelos Theater. It hosted the [[Convention of Aguascalientes|Revolutionary Convention of Aguascalientes]] of 1914.]]
Aguascalientes is also home to some of the country's leading provincial theaters. Examples are the Morelos Theater, historically important for its role during the [[Mexican Revolution]] as a convention site; architecturally, the building is notable for its facade and interior, which houses a small museum. The [[Teatro Aguascalientes]] is the city's premier theatre and opera house.

In addition, in the modern section of the city, the [[Museo Descubre]] astonishes as an interactive museum of science and technology. It also features an IMAX screen. The [[Museum of Contemporary Art (Aguascalientes)|Museum of Contemporary Art]] is the city's art museum.

The gothic structure of the Los Arquitos cultural center used to be one of the first bathhouses in the city, declared a historic monument in 1990. The Ojocaliente is also an original bathhouse still in use today, and fed with thermal springs.
La Estacion Historic Area (The Old Train Station Complex) contains the [[Old Train Station and Railway Museum]] historic complex, which at some point in 1884 formed the largest rail hub and warehouses in all Latin America. The complex is adorned with dancing fountains, a railway plaza and original locomotives and monuments. It was in this complex that the first locomotive completely manufactured in Mexico was made. It symbolizes the progress of the city and its transformation from the rural to an emergent industrial economy. The rail factories supplied with railways and locomotives to whole of Mexico and Central America. The Train Station is also historic due to its unusual (for Mexico) English architectural style. The Alameda avenue, the railway hangars, the factory complexes, and its surrounding housing have been proposed to be placed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

==Media==
Metroaguascalientes was one of the radio stations for the city of Aguascalientes.<ref name="Metroradio">{{Cite episode |title= Noticias_locales_del_09_de_febrero_de_2007|url=https://archive.org/details/Noticias_locales_del_09_de_febrero_de_2007&autoplay=1&playset=1 |access-date= February 2, 2019|first=Jose Antonio |last= Zapato Cabral|station= METROAguascalientes |series= noticiero |date= February 9, 2007|language=es}}</ref>

State-owned Radio y Televisión de Aguascalientes (RyTA) offers local programming as well as news shows.

==Sports==
===Football===
[[File:Estadio Victoria Final de Ascenso 2015-16.jpg|thumb|350x350px|[[Estadio Victoria]], home of [[Club Necaxa]] since 2003]]
[[Gallos Hidrocálidos de Aguascalientes]] was a [[Association football|football]] club from [[Aguascalientes]], Mexico.

The club was founded in 1994, when [[Salvador López Monroy]], a restaurant business owner from Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Imagen |title=Desfalco a los Gallos |trans-title=Embezzlement in the Roosters |url=http://www.imagenzac.mx/1999/06/19/Aguascalientes5.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221052118/http://www.imagenzac.mx/1999/06/19/Aguascalientes5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 21, 2013 |language=es |date=June 19, 1999 }}</ref> bought a second division franchise which he relocated to [[Aguascalientes]] where there was no professional football club.<ref name="P24">{{cite web|publisher=Pagina 24 |author=García Esparza, Karla Lizbeth |title=Desmienten Regreso de los Gallos de Aguascalientes al Futbol Profesional |trans-title=Roosters of Aguascalientes denied a return to professional football |url=http://www.pagina24.com.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3170&catid=46&Itemid=93 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219044433/http://www.pagina24.com.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3170&catid=46&Itemid=93 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 2013 |language=es |date=July 31, 2012 }}</ref>

The club played its last tournament in 2000–2001 when the Governor of [[Aguascalientes]] bought first division club [[Necaxa]], with its national following, and relocated it from Mexico City. Gallos de Aguascalientes was then sold to [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas]], which changed its name to [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara Reserves|F.C. Tapatio de Guadalajara]], affiliated to Chivas.<ref name="P24" />

The city is home to the soccer team [[Club Necaxa]], which plays in Mexican first division. The club left [[Mexico City]] and relocated to Aguascalientes following the 2003 opening of [[Estadio Victoria]], which is now the club's home venue and one of the best stadiums in the country.

===Basketball===
[[Panteras de Aguascalientes]] its part of the Mexican basketball league [[Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional|National Professional Basketball League]] (LNBP). In 2003, the Panteras won the championship of the LNBP. The Panteras play their home games at the Gimnasio Hermanos Carreón.

===Baseball===
The baseball team [[Rieleros de Aguascalientes]], returned to the Mexican League in 2012. The team previously won the championship in 1978.

===Cycling===
The [[Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome]], designed by Peter Junek, hosted the 2010 [[Pan American Road and Track Championships|Pan American Track Championships]].
At an elevation of 1887m, the Velodrome is a frequent location for attempts at breaking the Cycling [[Hour Record]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Notable people==
*[[Ernesto Alonso]], [[telenovela]] director/actor
*[[José María Bocanegra]], lawyer, interim [[President of Mexico]] in December 1829, minister in the national government 1833–44
*[[Yadhira Carrillo]], [[telenovela]] actress and beauty pageant
*[[Wendolly Esparza]], American-born Mexican television personality best known for winning Miss Mexico 2014 and placing top 15 in [[Miss Universe]] 2015
*[[Karina González]], beauty pageant titleholder
*[[Saturnino Herrán]], painter
*[[Jaime Humberto Hermosillo]], film director
*[[Luis Gerardo Méndez]], actor and producer
*[[José María Napoleón]], singer/composer
*Gabriela Palacio, beauty pageant titleholder
*[[Manuel Ponce]], musician
*[[José Guadalupe Posada]], illustrator
*[[Violeta Retamoza]], golfer
*[[Diego Torres (footballer, born 1979)|Diego Torres]], footballer and manager<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luna |first=Carlos Cortes |date=7 August 2020 |title=Diego Torres, the Mexican who is seeking the MLS is Back title |url=https://us.as.com/us/2020/08/07/futbol/1596819201_029632.html |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[Diario AS]]}}</ref>
*[[William Yarbrough]], footballer

==In popular culture==
* Aguascalientes was the hometown of Esperanza Ortega in the book ''[[Esperanza Rising]]''.
* The [[Festival de Calaveras]], is a tribute made to the [[La Catrina]] created by [[José Guadalupe Posada]], this colorful festival arises with the aim of rescuing and preserving the traditions of the [[Día de Muertos]]
* Mexican engraver, illustrator and caricaturist [[José Guadalupe Posada]] was born in the city of Aguascalientes
* Mexican painter [[Saturnino Herrán]] was born in the city of Aguascalientes
* In 2016, American comedian, actress, television host, and producer [[Chelsea Handler]] visited Aguascalientes with a [[piñata]] effigy of [[Donald Trump]] for her [[Netflix Original]] [[Chelsea (TV series)|talk show]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Aguascalientes City#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Aguascalientes City}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Aguascalientes}}
{{Portal|Mexico}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014004141/http://www.muniags.gob.mx/ Municipal website]
*[http://www.aguascalientesmexico.info Fotos, Mensajes, y Mas de Aguascalientes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406130712/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: {{Lang|es|Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática}}

{{Municipalities of Aguascalientes}}
{{MexicoStateCapitals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aguascalientes City| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of states of Mexico]]
[[Category:Populated places in Aguascalientes]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1575]]
[[Category:1575 establishments in New Spain]]
[[Category:1575 establishments in North America]]