Editing Afyonkarahisar

{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Afyonkarahisar
| other_name           = 
| image_skyline        = Afyonkarahisar evleri, 2019 49.jpg
| image_caption        = View of [[Afyonkarahisar Castle]]
| image_logo           = Afyon City Logo.png 
| coordinates          = {{coord|38|45|28|N|30|32|19|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Afyonkarahisar
| district             = Afyonkarahisar
| leader_party         = CHP
| leader_name          = [[Burcu Köksal]]
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 
| elevation_m          = 1021
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 251799
| population_as_of     = 2021
| blank1_name              = [[Vehicle registration plates of Turkey|Licence&nbsp;plate]]
| blank1_info              = 03
| postal_code          = 03000
| website              = {{URL|https://www.afyon.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Afyonkarahisar''' ({{IPA|tr|ɑfˌjon.kɑˈɾɑhisɑɾ}}, {{langx|tr|afyon}} 'poppy, opium', ''kara'' 'black', ''hisar'' 'fortress'<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Lewis Thomas | title = Elementary Turkish | url = https://archive.org/details/elementaryturkis00thom | url-access = limited | publisher = Courier Dover Publications | date = Apr 1, 1986  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/elementaryturkis00thom/page/n14 12] | isbn = 978-0486250649}}</ref>) is a major city in western [[Turkey]]. It is the administrative centre of [[Afyonkarahisar Province]] and [[Afyonkarahisar District]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818093925/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2014-08-18 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</ref> Its population is 251,799 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=12 January 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref> Afyon is in the mountainous countryside inland from the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coast, {{convert|250|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south-west of [[Ankara]] along the Akarçay River. In Turkey, Afyonkarahisar stands out as a capital city of hot springs and spas,<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Evren Ekiz|title=termal turizmde farkli bir destinasyon: jeoturizm (afyonkarahisar örnegi) |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2016/569-1461323338.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://oaji.net/articles/2016/569-1461323338.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=70|year=2016}}</ref> an important junction of railway, highway and air traffic in West-Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Afyonkarahisar|title=Afyonkarahisar - Turkey|website=britannica.com|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> and the place where [[Turkish War of Independence|independence]] was won.<ref>{{cite book|author= Rosie Ayliffe|title=TURKEY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbC6B1uMgSAC&q=afyon+independence|page=606|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843530718}}</ref>
In addition, Afyonkarahisar is one of Turkey's leading provinces in [[agriculture]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.habermonitor.com/en/haber/detay/the-project-created-in-afyon-thermal-greenhou/160335/|title=The project created in Afyon, thermal greenhouse out of 660 thousand square meters|website=www.habermonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409105941/http://www.habermonitor.com/en/haber/detay/the-project-created-in-afyon-thermal-greenhou/160335/|url-status=dead}}</ref> globally renowned for its [[marble]]<ref name="Erica">{{cite book|author=Erica Highes|title=Meaning and λόγος: Proceedings from the Early Professional Interdisciplinary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_WmBgAAQBAJ&q=pavonazzetto+origin |year=2013|page=29|publisher=University of Liverpool|isbn=9781443873505}}</ref> and is the world's largest producer of pharmaceutical [[opium]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|author=US Department for State Bureau|title=International Narcotics Control Strategy Report|date=August 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0DlWjK3YCEC&q=bolvadin+alkaloid+factory|page=388|publisher=DIANE |isbn=9780788120572}}</ref> In antiquity, the city was called '''Akroinon''' and it is the site of [[Afyonkarahisar Castle]], built around 1350 BC.

==Etymology==
The name '''Afyon Kara Hisar''' literally means ''opium black fortress'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], since [[opium]] was widely grown here and there is a castle on a black rock.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afyonkarahisar|title=Afyonkarahisar {{!}} Turkey|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> It is also known simply as '''Afyon'''. Older spellings include '''Karahisar-i Sahip''', '''Afium-Kara-hissar''' and '''Afyon Karahisar'''. The city was known as Afyon (opium), until the name was changed to Afyonkarahisar by the [[Turkish Parliament]] in 2004.

==History==
{{further|Afyonkarahisar Castle}}
[[File:AfyonkarahisarMuseum (20).JPG|left|thumb|Statue of Zeus at Afyonkarahisar Archaeological Museum in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey]]
[[File:An old house mansion.jpg|left|thumb|An old mansion in the historic part of Afyonkarahisar]]
[[File:Sultan_Dîvânî_Mevlevî_Türbe_Camii,_2019_(4).jpg|left|thumb|[[Sultan Divani Tomb Mevlevi Mosque]] in Afyonkarahisar]]

===Ancient times===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
The top of the rock in Afyon has been fortified for a long time. It was known to the [[Hittites]] as '''Hapanuwa''', and was later occupied by [[Phrygians]], [[Lydians]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persians]] until it was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]. After the death of Alexander the city (now known as '''Akroinοn''' (Ακροϊνόν) or '''Nikopolis''' (Νικόπολις) in [[Ancient Greek]]), was ruled by the [[Seleucids]] and the kings of [[Pergamon]], then [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]].

===Medieval period===
Akroinοn became an important fortress in the [[Armeniac Theme|Armeniakon theme]] due to its strategic location and natural defences and was first mentioned in Byzantine history when it was attacked in 716 and 732 by [[Arab–Byzantine wars|Arab invaders]].<ref name="oxford">{{ODB|last=Kazhdan|first=Alexander|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Akroinon|page=48}}</ref> The [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] renamed the city '''Nicopolis''' (Greek for "city of victory") after his [[Battle of Akroinon|victory]] over [[Arab]] besiegers under [[Abdallah al-Battal]] (who would become the famous Turkish literature figure of [[Battal Gazi]]) in 740.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Afium-kara-hissar|volume=1|pages=319–320}}</ref> Since the 10th century it was also a bishopric of [[Phrygia Salutaris]].<ref name="oxford" />

After 1071 the town became part of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the invading Turks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pitcher |first1=Donald Edgar |title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century |date=1972 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004038288 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> 
The city was still held by the former in 1112 but was lost to the [[Sultanate of Rum]] at some time before 1146 when [[Manuel I Komnenos]] won a victory here.<ref name="oxford" /><ref name="Matthews">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Roger |title=Ancient Anatolia Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara |date=1990 |publisher=British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara |isbn=9780995465695 |pages=309–311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wElHDwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> The Turks were unable to firmly control the city until around 1210,<ref name="Matthews" /> renaming it to '''Kara Hissar''' ("black castle") after the ancient fortress situated upon a volcanic rock 201&nbsp;meters above the town. Following the dispersal of the Seljuqs the town was occupied by the [[Sâhib Ata]] and then the [[Germiyanids]].

The castle was finally conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Beyazid I]] in 1392 but was lost after the invasion of [[Timur Lenk]] in 1402. It was recaptured in 1428 or 1429.

===Modern times===

From its situation on the route of the [[caravan (travellers)|caravans]] between [[Smyrna]] and western Asia on the one hand and places such as [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] on the other, the city became a place of extensive trade.<ref name="EB1911"/> It thrived during the Ottoman Empire as the centre of opium production, with Afyon becoming a wealthy city. From 1867 until 1922, Afyon was part of the [[Hüdavendigâr vilayet]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1902, a fire burning for 32 hours destroyed parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence - Turkish town burnt |date=1 September 1902 |page=4 |issue=36861}}</ref>
[[File:Afyonkarahisar_evleri,_2019_13.jpg|thumb|[[Ottoman architecture]] in Afyonkarahisar]]
During the First World War, British prisoners of war who had been captured at Gallipoli were housed here in an empty Armenian church at the foot of the rock. During the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]] campaign (part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]])  Afyon and the surrounding hills were occupied by Greek forces. However, it was recovered on 27 August 1922, a key moment in the Turkish counter-attack in the Aegean region. After 1923 Afyon became a part of the Republic of Turkey.

The region was a major producer of raw opium (hence the name ''Afyon'') until the late 1960s when under international pressure, from the US in particular, the fields were burnt and production ceased.  Now poppies are grown under a strict licensing regimen.  They do not produce raw opium any more but derive morphine and other opiates using the [[poppy straw]] method of extraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation |title=Archived copy |website=fco-stage.fco.gov.uk |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902004159/https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation |archive-date=2 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Afyon was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Turkish 50 [[Turkish lira|lira]] banknote of 1927–1938.<ref>[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ |date=2009-06-15 }}. Banknote Museum: [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm 1. Emission Group - Fifty Turkish Lira - I. Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073133/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm |date=March 5, 2009 }}. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Afyonkarahisar is based on agriculture, industries and thermal tourism. 
Especially its agriculture is strongly developed from the fact, a large part of its population living in the countrysides. Which stimulated agricultural activities greatly.

===Marble===
{{further|Pavonazzo marble}}
{{further|Docimium}}
[[File:Pantheon11111.jpg|thumb|right|Pantheon, Rome. White Docimian marble is used on the floor and some of the columns such as the two protruding columns of the main apse. The white Docimian color on the floor is very dominant.]]

Afyonkarahisar produces an important chunk of Turkish processed marbles, it ranks second on processed marble exports and fourth on travertine.<ref>{{cite book|author=Belkıs ÖZKAR|title=mermer sektöründe katma degerin ve ihracatin artirilmasi|url=http://www.zafer.org.tr/jdownloads/Raporlar%20%20Strateji%20Belgeleri/mermer-sektorunde-katma-degerin-ve-ihracatin-artirilmasi.pdf|page=29|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810175332/http://www.zafer.org.tr/jdownloads/Raporlar%20%20Strateji%20Belgeleri/mermer-sektorunde-katma-degerin-ve-ihracatin-artirilmasi.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dilsad Erkek |title=Mermer ve Traverten Sektörüne Küresel ve Bölgesel Yaklaşım |url=http://geka.gov.tr/Dosyalar/o_19v5e0ki7134g6no139s7pj10658.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://geka.gov.tr/Dosyalar/o_19v5e0ki7134g6no139s7pj10658.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=25}}</ref> Afyon holds an important share of Turkish marble reserves, with some 12,2% of total Turkish reserves.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sevgi Gürcan|title=Türkiye ve Afyon'da mermer sektörünün gelisim trendi, Kocatepe University|url=http://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/24d21019de5e59d_ek.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/24d21019de5e59d_ek.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=389}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nuran Tasligil|title=Die Analyse der als Baumaterial genutzten, Marmara University|url=http://e-dergi.marmara.edu.tr/marucog/article/viewFile/5000172507/5000155571|page=619|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919041022/http://e-dergi.marmara.edu.tr/marucog/article/viewFile/5000172507/5000155571|archive-date=2016-09-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Historically marble from Afyon was generally referred to as "Docimeaen marble" due to the place where it was mined, [[Docimium]].<ref name="Strabo">{{cite book|author=Strabo|title=Geography|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D16}} "Book 9, chapter 5, section 16"</ref> Afyon has unique marble types and colors, which were historically very renown and are unique to Afyon such as "Afyon white", historically known as "[[Synnada|Synnadic]] white", "Afyon Menekse", historically known as "[[Pavonazzetto marble|Pavonazzetto]]",<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara E. Borg|title=A Companion to Roman Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS-PCgAAQBAJ&q=bath-gymnasium+pavonazzetto|page=157|year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118886090}}</ref> and "Afyon kaplan postu", a less popular type.

Docimian marble was highly admired and valued for its unique colors and fine grained quality by ancient people such as the Romans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donato Attanasio |title=Ancient White Marbles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08gOUB2qRcQC&q=docimian+marble+church|page=154|year=2003 |publisher=L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER |isbn=9788882652470}}</ref> When the Romans took control over Docimaean quarries, they were impressed by the beautiful color combinations of the Docimaean Pavonazzetto, which is a type of white marble with purple veins. Emperors such as [[Augustus]], [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]] made extensive use of Docimaean marble to many of their major building projects.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donato Attanasio |title=Ancient White Marbles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08gOUB2qRcQC&q=ancient+white+marbles|page=157|year=2003 |isbn=9788882652470 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Strabo|title=Geography|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D14}} Book 12, 8, 14</ref> These include the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Anthony Grafton|title=Classical Tradition, Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=pantheon+pavonazzetto|page=842|year=2010|isbn=9780674035720}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William Lloyd Macdonald|title=The Pantheon, Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjKDS_XoPXQC&q=The+Pantheon:+Design,+Meaning,+and+Progeny|page=86|year=2002|isbn=9780674010192}}</ref> [[Trajan's Forum]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaynor Aaltonen|title=The History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q0EAwAAQBAJ&q=forum+romanum+pavonazzetto&pg=PT92|year=2008|isbn=9781782127970}}chapter, ROME: CROSSING CONTINENTS</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James E. Packer|title=The Forum of Trajan in Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn7zf3ecm2wC&q=pavonazzetto|page=120|year=2001|isbn=9780520226739 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ben Russell|title=The Economics of Roman Stone Trade, Oxford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na0JAgAAQBAJ&q=basilica+ulpia+pavonazzetto|page=229|year=2013|isbn=9780199656394}}</ref> and the [[Basilica Aemilia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Max Schvoerer|title=ASMOSIA 4, University of Bordeaux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51vdxp7FUdwC&q=basilica+aemilia+phrygian|page=278|year=1999|isbn=9782867812446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gilbert J. Gorski|title=The Roman Forum, Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6U4QCAAAQBAJ&q=basilica+aemilia+pavonazzetto|page=19|year=2015|isbn=9780521192446}}</ref>

===Thermal sector===
The geography of Afyon has great geothermal activity. Hence, the place has plenty of [[thermal springs]]. There are five main springs and all of them have high mineral content with temperatures ranging between 40 and 100&nbsp;°C. The waters have strong healing properties to some diseases. As a result, plenty of thermal facilities formed over time.

In time, Afyon has developed its thermal sector with more capacity, comfort and innovation. Afyon combined the traditional bath houses with 5-star resorts, the health benefits of the natural springs have made the thermal resorts more than a mere tourist attraction.
Hospitals and universities have come in association with thermal resorts, to utilize the full health potentials of the thermals. 
As such, [[Afyon Kocatepe University]] Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital opened for that purpose.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kurtulus Karamustafa |author2=ömer Sanlioglu |author3=Kenan Gülle |title=Ulusal Turizm Kongresi, Erciyes University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUgsCQAAQBAJ&q=afyon+termalin+baskenti|pages=245–246|year=2013|isbn=9786055216740 }}</ref> 
Afyon now has the largest residence capacity of thermal resorts,<ref>{{cite book|author=Prof.Ergün Türker|author2=Ahmet Yildiz|title=Termal ve Maden Sulari Konferansi, Afyon University|url=http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/sempozyumlar/termal-ve-maden-sular%C4%B1-konferans%C4%B1-afyonkarahisar.pdf?sfvrsn=2|page=iX|year=2008|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=2016-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809170041/http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/sempozyumlar/termal-ve-maden-sular%C4%B1-konferans%C4%B1-afyonkarahisar.pdf?sfvrsn=2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> of which a large part are 5-star thermal hotels which give medical care with qualified personnel.

===Spa water===
Kızılay, was the first mineral water factory in Turkey which opened in Afyon, in 1926 by Atatürk. After the mineral water from Gazligöl springs, healed Atatürk's kidneys and proved its health benefits. Since its foundation, "Kızılay Mineral Water" grew as the biggest mineral water distributor in Turkey, Middle-East and Balkans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/ekonomi/kizilay-maden-suyu-17-ulkeye-satiliyor-2226071|title=Kızılay maden suyu 17 ülkeye satılıyor|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|date=17 August 2015|website=Yeni Şafak|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kizilaymadensuyu.com.tr/assets/pdf/katalog.pdf |title=Kızılay |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705170749/http://www.kizilaymadensuyu.com.tr/assets/pdf/katalog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Pharmaceuticals and morphine===
Almost a third of all the morphine produced in the world derives from alkaloids factory in Afyon, named as "Afyon Alkaloids". this large capacity is the byproduct of Afyon's poppy plantations. The pharmaceuticals derive from the opium of the poppy capsules. "Afyon Alkaloids" factory is the largest of its kind in the world,<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/poppy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054501/http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/poppy.pdf|url-status=dead|title=plantation Office|archivedate=October 7, 2013}}</ref> with high capacity processing ability and modern laboratories. The raw opium is put through a chain of biochemical processes, resulting into several types of morphine.

In the Alkaloid Extraction Unit only base morphine is produced. In the adjacent Derivatives Unit half of the morphine extracted is converted to morphine hydrochloride, codeine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulphate, codeine hydrochloride, morphine sulphate, ethylmorphine hydrochloride.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zohara Yaniv |author2=Nativ Dudai |others=Institute of Plant Sciences|title=Medical and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuSCBAAAQBAJ&q=Medicinal+and+Aromatic|page=328|year=2014|isbn=9789401792769 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===

'''Livestocks'''
Afyon breeds a large amount of livestock, its landscape and demography is suitable for this field. As such it ranks in the top 10 within Turkey in terms of amounts of sheep and cattle it has.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18852|title=Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri, Haziran 2015|first=Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu|last=(TÜİK)|website=www.tuik.gov.tr|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171414/http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18852|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Meat and meat products'''
As a result of being an important source of livestock, related sectors such as meat and meat products are also very productive in Afyon. Its one of the leading provinces in red meat production<ref>{{cite web|url=http://haber.star.com.tr/ekonomi/et-fiyatlari-artik-afyonda-belirlenecek/haber-835587|title=Et fiyatları artık Afyon'da belirlenecek - Son Dakika Ekonomi Haberleri - STAR|website=star.com.tr|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805124243/http://haber.star.com.tr/ekonomi/et-fiyatlari-artik-afyonda-belirlenecek/haber-835587|archive-date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yabantv.com/haber/8892-tarimda-afyon-modeli|title=Tarımda Afyon Modeli!|last=YABANTV|website=yabantv.com|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memurlar.net/haber/565515/|title='Fiyat istikrarı için et sınıflandırılmalı' - Memurlar.Net|website=www.memurlar.net|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> and has very prestigious brand marks of sausages, such as "Cumhuriyet Sausages".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2014/06/07/afyonkarahisar-where-the-old-world-meets-the-new|title=Afyonkarahisar Where the old world meets the new|website=dailysabah.com|date=7 June 2014|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

'''Eggs'''
Afyon is the sole leader in egg production within Turkey. It has the largest amount of laying hens, with a figure of 12,7 million.<ref>{{cite book|author=foundation of egg producers|title=Yumurta Tavukculugu verileri|url=http://www.yum-bir.org/UserFiles/File/Sektor-Verileri-2015.pdf|page=4|year=2015|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812113903/http://www.yum-bir.org/UserFiles/File/Sektor-Verileri-2015.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> And produces a record amount of 6 million eggs per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afyonyumurta.com.tr/s/company-profile-23.html|title=Company Profile|website=www.afyonyumurta.com.tr|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044424/http://www.afyonyumurta.com.tr/s/company-profile-23.html|archive-date=2018-04-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Cherries and sour cherries'''
Sour cherries are cultivated in Afyon in very large numbers, so much so that it became very iconic to Afyon. Every year, a sour cherry festival takes place in the Cay district. It is the largest producer of sour cherries in Turkey.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|author1=Government of Turkey, statistics|title=Afyonkarahisar'in sosyo-ekonomik göstergeleri|url=http://yeni.afyonkarahisartso.org.tr/TuIK-Afyon-Sunum.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://yeni.afyonkarahisartso.org.tr/TuIK-Afyon-Sunum.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=60|year=2014}}</ref> The sour cherries grown in Afyon are of excellent quality because of the ideal climate they're grown in. For the same reason Afyon is also an ideal place for cherry cultivation. First quality cherries known as "Napolyon Cherries" are grown in abundance, its one of the top 5 leading provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tzob.org.tr/Bas%C4%B1n-Odas%C4%B1/Haberler/ArticleID/1619/ArtMID/470|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812141921/http://www.tzob.org.tr/Bas%C4%B1n-Odas%C4%B1/Haberler/ArticleID/1619/ArtMID/470|url-status=dead|title=Foundation of Turkish Agriculture|archivedate=August 12, 2016}}</ref>
 
'''Poppy'''
One of the iconic agricultural practices of Afyon is the cultivation of poppy. Afyon's climate is ideal for the cultivation of this plant, hence a large amount of poppy plantation occurs in this region. Though, a strong limitation came some decades ago from international laws, cause of the opium content of poppy plants peels. Nevertheless, Afyon is the largest producer of poppy in Turkey<ref name="auto2"/> and accounts for a large amount of global production.

'''Potatoes and sugar-beets'''
Afyon has a durable reputation in potato production, it produces around 8% of Turkish potato requirement. It ranks in the top 5 in potato, sugar-beets, cucumber and barley production.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Climate==
Afyonkarahisar has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa)<ref>[http://www.meteocorne.it/plugins/climateClassification/koppen.php Meteocorne (Köppen Climate Classification)]</ref> under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] classification and an [[oceanic climate]]<ref>[http://www.meteocorne.it/plugins/climateClassification/trewartha.php Meteocorne (Trewartha climate classification)]</ref> with a hot summer and a cool winter (''Doak'') under the [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] classification. The winters are cool and the summers are warm and dry with cool nights. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn.

Highest recorded temperature:{{Convert|39.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 29 July 2000<br>Lowest recorded temperature:{{Convert|-27.0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 28 January 1954<ref name=extremes>
{{cite web | url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=AFYONKARAHISAR | title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri | publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service | language = tr | access-date = 13 July 2024}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Afyonkarahisar (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = y
| Jan record high C = 18.1
| Feb record high C = 21.8
| Mar record high C = 26.4
| Apr record high C = 30.2
| May record high C = 33.9
| Jun record high C = 35.8
| Jul record high C = 39.8
| Aug record high C = 39.6
| Sep record high C = 37.2
| Oct record high C = 31.3
| Nov record high C = 26.3
| Dec record high C = 21.0
| year record high C = 39.8
| Jan high C = 4.6
| Feb high C = 7.1
| Mar high C = 11.7
| Apr high C = 16.6
| May high C = 21.8
| Jun high C = 26.2
| Jul high C = 30.3
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 25.9
| Oct high C = 19.7
| Nov high C = 12.8
| Dec high C = 6.8
| year high C = 17.8
| Jan mean C = 0.4
| Feb mean C = 2.2
| Mar mean C = 6.0
| Apr mean C = 10.5
| May mean C = 15.3
| Jun mean C = 19.4
| Jul mean C = 22.8
| Aug mean C = 22.8
| Sep mean C = 18.5
| Oct mean C = 13.0
| Nov mean C = 6.9
| Dec mean C = 2.5
| year mean C = 11.7
| Jan low C = -3.0
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 1.1
| Apr low C = 4.9
| May low C = 9.2
| Jun low C = 12.7
| Jul low C = 15.3
| Aug low C = 15.4
| Sep low C = 11.4
| Oct low C = 7.2
| Nov low C = 2.1
| Dec low C = -0.8
| year low C = 6.1
| Jan record low C = -27.0
| Feb record low C = -25.3
| Mar record low C = -17.0
| Apr record low C = -7.6
| May record low C = -3.1
| Jun record low C = 1.0
| Jul record low C = 4.0
| Aug record low C = 2.4
| Sep record low C = -3.2
| Oct record low C = -7.9
| Nov record low C = -20.5
| Dec record low C = -24.3
| year record low C = -27.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 46.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 44.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 47.0
| May precipitation mm = 50.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 41.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 21.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 18.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 23.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 32.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 46.8
| year precipitation mm = 451.4
| Jan precipitation days = 12.37
| Feb precipitation days = 12.4
| Mar precipitation days = 12.37
| Apr precipitation days = 11.6
| May precipitation days = 11.8
| Jun precipitation days = 8.07
| Jul precipitation days = 3.6
| Aug precipitation days = 4.27
| Sep precipitation days = 4.63
| Oct precipitation days = 7.97
| Nov precipitation days = 7.57
| Dec precipitation days = 12.87
| year precipitation days = 109.5
| Jan snow days  =9.1
| Feb snow days  =7.1
| Mar snow days  =4.2
| Apr snow days  =1.5
| May snow days  =0
| Jun snow days  =0
| Jul snow days  =0
| Aug snow days  =0
| Sep snow days  =0
| Oct snow days  =0
| Nov snow days  =1.1
| Dec snow days  =4.9
| year snow days =
| Jan humidity    =77.7
| Feb humidity    =72.1
| Mar humidity    =65.1
| Apr humidity    =61.2
| May humidity    =59.9
| Jun humidity    =56.5
| Jul humidity    =49.6
| Aug humidity    =50.8
| Sep humidity    =53.6
| Oct humidity    =63.9
| Nov humidity    =70.3
| Dec humidity    =77.7
| year humidity   =
| Jan sun = 80.6
| Feb sun = 113.0
| Mar sun = 151.9
| Apr sun = 183.0
| May sun = 229.4
| Jun sun = 273.0
| Jul sun = 331.7
| Aug sun = 310.0
| Sep sun = 249.0
| Oct sun = 189.1
| Nov sun = 138.0
| Dec sun = 77.5
| year sun = 
| Jand sun = 2.6
| Febd sun = 4.0
| Mard sun = 4.9
| Aprd sun = 6.1
| Mayd sun = 7.4
| Jund sun = 9.1
| Juld sun = 10.7
| Augd sun = 10.0
| Sepd sun = 8.3
| Octd sun = 6.1
| Novd sun = 4.6
| Decd sun = 2.5
| yeard sun = 6.4 
|source 1 = [[Turkish State Meteorological Service]]<ref name=eather1>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=AFYONKARAHISAR
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NCEI]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Afyonkarahisar_Bolge_17190.csv |format=CSV | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Afyonkarahisar Bolge | publisher = [[NOAA]] | access-date = 11 April 2024}}</ref> Meteomanz(snow days 2000-2005 and 2014-2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17190&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=12&y2=2023 |title=Afyon - Weather data by months |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
|date=January 2016
}}

==Transport==
{{See also|Ali Çetinkaya railway station}}
Afyon is also an important rail junction between İzmir, [[Konya]], Ankara and Istanbul. Afyon is on the route of the planned high-speed rail line between Ankara and Izmir.[[File:ZaferAirport (2).JPG|thumb|[[Zafer Airport]]]][[Zafer Airport]], located 60&nbsp;km from city center, serves Afyonkarahisar. Four flights per week to [[Istanbul]], and seasonal flights to international destinations are available.

==Afyon today==
[[File:Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve Utku Anıtı.jpg|thumb|A view from the Cumhuriyet Square and Utku Monument in Afyonkarahisar]]
Afyon is the centre of an agricultural area and the city has a country town feel to it. There is little in the way of bars, cafes, live music or other cultural amenities, and the standards of education are low for a city in the west of Turkey.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Nonetheless, the city does host one seat of higher education, [[Afyon Kocatepe University]].

[[File:Afyonkarahisar_evleri,_2019_47.jpg|thumb|Afyonkarahisar streets]]

Afyon is known for its [[marble]] (in 2005 there were 355 marble quarries in the province of Afyon producing high quality white stone), its ''[[sucuk]]'' (spiced sausages), its ''[[kaymak]]'' (meaning either ''cream'' or a white [[Turkish delight]]) and various handmade weavings. There is also a large cement factory.

This is a natural crossroads, the routes from [[Ankara]] to [[İzmir]] and from [[Istanbul]] to [[Antalya]] intersect here and Afyon is a popular stopping-place on these journeys. There are a number of well-established roadside restaurants for travellers to breakfast on the local cuisine. Some of these places are modern well-equipped hotels and spas; the mineral waters of Afyon are renowned for their healing qualities. There is also a long string of roadside kiosks selling the local Turkish delight.

==Cuisine ==

=== Courses ===
** ''sucuk'' - the famed local speciality, a spicy beef sausage, eaten fried or grilled. The best known brands include ''Cumhuriyet'', Ahmet İpek, İkbal, İtimat and Danet but only 2 brands has the geographical indication and these are Cumhuriyet & Danet (Vahdet Et).<ref name="Türk Patent Marka Kurumu">{{cite web |title=Coğrafi İşaret Platformu |url=https://www.ci.gov.tr/cografi-isaretler/detay/37934 |website=Coğrafi İşaret Platformu |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=tr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
** [[ağzaçık]] or [[bükme]] - filo-style pastry stuffed with cheese or lentils.
** [[keşkek]] - boiled wheat and chick peas stewed with meat.
[[File:KaymakLokum (3).JPG|thumb|[[Kaymak]] [[lokum]], Turkish delight of cream, a speciality of Afyonkarahisar.|169x169px]]

=== Sweets ===
* local cream [[kaymak]] eaten with honey, with a bread pudding [[ekmek kadayıfı]], or with pumpkin simmered in syrup. Best eaten at the famous Ikbal restaurants (either the old one in the town centre or the big place on the main road).
* [[Turkish delight]].
* [[Halva|helva]] - sweetened ground sesame

==Main sights==
* [[Afyonkarahisar Castle]]
* [[Victory Museum]] (Zafer Müzesi), a national [[Museum#military museum|military and war museum]], which was used as headquarters by then Commander-in-Chief [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)]], his chief general staff and army commanders before the [[Great Offensive]] in August 1922.<ref name="aiktm">{{cite web |url=http://www.afyonkulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,63477/muzeler.html |publisher=Ayfonkarahisar İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü |title=Müzeler-Zafer Müzesi (Başkomutan Tarihi Milli Park Müdürlüğü) |language=tr |access-date=2015-08-10 }}</ref> In the very city center, across the fortress, featuring maps, uniforms, photos, guns from the Greco-Turkish War.
* The partly ruined [[Afyonkarahisar Castle|fortress]] which has given the city its name. To reach at the top, eight hundred stairs need to be climbed.
* The [[Afyonkarahisar Archaeological Museum]] which houses thousands of Hellenic, Frigian, Hittite, Roman, Ottoman finds.
* [[Afyon Grand Mosque]]
* Altıgöz Bridge, like the Ulu Camii built by the Seljuqs in the 13th century.
* Afyon mansion ({{lang|tr|Afyon konağı}}) situated on a hill overlooking the panoramic plain.
* the White Elephant - Afyon is twinned with the town of [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]] in Germany, and now has a large statue of Hamm's symbolic white elephant.

With its rich architectural heritage, the city is a member of the European Association of Historic Towns and Regions [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910004925/http://www.historic-towns.org/documents/members/turkey.doc].

{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Table of population over years'''
|-
| '''Year''' ||[[1914 population statistics for the Ottoman Empire|1914]]|| 1990 || 1995 || 2000
|-
| '''Population''' ||285,750<ref>{{Cite book|title = History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|last = Stanford|first = Jay Shaw|publisher = Cambridge University|year = 1976|isbn = 9780521291668|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/239 239–241]|url = https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/239}}</ref>|| 95,643 || 103,000 || 128,516
|}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Nyíregyháza]], [[Hungary]], since 1992<ref name=kardes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afyon-bld.gov.tr/icerikdetay/269/319/kardes-sehir-hamm.aspx|title=Kardeş Şehir Hamm|website=www.afyon-bld.gov.tr|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511041909/http://www.afyon-bld.gov.tr/icerikdetay/269/319/kardes-sehir-hamm.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]], [[Athens]], since 1999<ref name=kardes />
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref name=kardes />
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]], [[Germany]], since 2005<ref name=kardes />
* {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Peć]], [[Kosovo]], since 2008<ref name=kardes />
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Yunfu]], [[China]], since 2007<ref name=kardes />
* {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Latakia]], [[Syria]], since 2009<ref name=kardes />

==Notable natives==
Following list is alphabetically sorted after family name.
* [[Mihran Mesrobian]] (1889–1975), architect and decorated Ottoman soldier
* [[İlker Başbuğ]] (born 1943), former Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
* [[Ali Çetinkaya]] (1879–1949), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish politician
* [[Fikret Emek]] (born 1963), retired military personnel of the Special Forces Command
* [[Veysel Eroğlu]] (born 1948), Turkish politician
* [[Bülent İplikçioğlu]] (born 1952), historian
* [[Ahmed Karahisari]] (1468–1566), Ottoman calligrapher
* [[Gülcan Mıngır]] (born 1989), middle-distance runner
* [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]] (born 1941), former President of Turkey
* [[Sibel Özkan]] (born 1988), Olympic medalist female weightlifter
* [[Nurgül Yeşilçay]] (born 1976), actress
* [[Gunay Uslu]] (born 1972), Dutch cultural historian and politician

==See also==
* [[2012 Afyonkarahisar arsenal explosion]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Afyonkarahisar}}
{{Commons category}}
{{NIE Poster|Afiun-Kara-Hissar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105921/http://en.infoturkey.net/category/cities/afyonkarahisar/ Afyon Karahisar] {{in lang|tr}}
* [http://www.afyon.bel.tr/ City council website] {{in lang|tr}}

{{Afyonkarahisar District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Afyonkarahisar| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Afyonkarahisar District]]
[[Category:Anatolia]]
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]]