Editing Affiliation (family law)

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In [[law]], '''affiliation '''(from [[Latin]] ''{{Lang|la|affiliare}}'', "to [[Adoption|adopt]] as a son") was previously the term to describe legal establishment of [[paternity (law)|paternity]]. The following description, for the most part, was written in the early 20th century, and it should be understood as a historical document.

== Affiliation procedures in England ==
In England a number of [[statute]]s on the subject have been passed, the chief being the [[Bastardy Act 1845]] ([[8 & 9 Vict.]] c. 10), and the Bastardy Laws Amendment Acts 1872 and 1873.

The mother of a [[Bastard (Law of England and Wales)|bastard]] may summon the [[putative father]] to [[Petty session|petty sessions]] within 12 months of the [[Childbirth|birth]] (or at any later time if he is proved to have contributed to the child's support within 12 months after the birth), and the justices, after hearing evidence on both sides, may, if the mother's evidence be corroborated in some material particular, adjudge the man to be the putative father of the child, and order him to pay a sum not exceeding five [[Shilling|shillings]] a week for its maintenance, together with a sum for expenses incidental to the birth, or the [[funeral]] expenses, if it has died before the date of order, and the costs of the proceedings. An order ceases to be valid after the child reaches the age of 13, but the justices (also referred to as Gold writers under these circumstances){{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} may in the order direct the payments to be continued until the child is 16 years of age.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Affiliation|volume=1|pages=300-301}}</ref>

An appeal to [[Court of quarter sessions|quarter sessions]] is open to the defendant, and a further appeal on questions of law to the [[King's Bench Division|King's Bench]] by rule ''nisi'' or ''[[certiorari]]''. Should the child afterwards become chargeable to the [[parish]], the sum due by the father may be received by the parish officer. When a bastard child, whose mother has not obtained an order, becomes chargeable to the parish, the guardians may proceed against the putative father for a contribution.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Any woman who is single, a widow, or a married woman living apart from her husband, may make an application for a summons, and it is immaterial where the child is begotten, provided it is born in England. An application for a summons may be made before the birth of the child, but in this case, the statement of the mother must be in the form of a sworn [[Deposition (law)|deposition]]. The defendant must be over 14 years of age. No agreement on the part of the woman to take a sum down in a discharge of the liability of the father is a bar to the making of an affiliation order. In the case of twins, it is usual to make separate applications and obtain separate summonses.<ref name="EB1911"/>

The [[Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879]] ([[42 & 43 Vict.]] c. 49) makes due provision for the enforcement of an order of affiliation. In the case of [[soldier]]s an affiliation order cannot be enforced in the usual way, but by the [[Army Act 1881]] ([[44 & 45 Vict.]] c. 58), if an order has been made against a soldier of the regular forces, and a copy of such order be sent to the [[secretary of state]], he may order a portion of the soldier's pay to be retained. There is no such special legislation with regard to [[sailor]]s in the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

== Affiliation procedures in other countries ==

In the [[British colonies]], and in the states of the United States (except for California, Idaho, Missouri, Oregon, Texas and Utah), there is some procedure (usually termed [[filiation]]) akin to that described above, by means of which a mother can obtain a contribution to the support of her [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate child]] from the putative father. The amount ordered to be paid may subsequently be increased or diminished (1905; 94 N.Y. Supplt. 372).<ref name="EB1911"/>

On the continent of Europe, however, the [[legislation]] of the various countries differs rather widely. France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Serbia and the [[Canton of Geneva]] provide no means of inquiry into the paternity of an illegitimate child, and consequently all support of the child falls upon the mother; on the other hand, Germany, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the majority of the [[Swiss cantons]] provide for an inquiry into the paternity of illegitimate children, and the law casts a certain amount of responsibility upon the father.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Affiliation, in France, is a term applied to a species of adoption by which the person adopted succeeds equally with other heirs to the acquired, but not to the inherited, property of the deceased.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In India, affiliation cases are decided by section 125 of [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]]. According to this section - among other things - if a person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain his illegitimate child, a [[magistrate]] of the first class may, upon proof of such neglect or refusal, order such person to make a monthly allowance for the maintenance of such child.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diwan |first=Paras |date=1985 |title=Claim of Maintenance Under Criminal Procedure Code |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950919 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=291–317 |jstor=43950919 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adoption]]
* [[Illegitimacy]]
* [[Paternity (law)]]
* [[Poor Laws]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wiktionary-inline|affiliation}}

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[[Category:Family law]]
[[Category:Wills and trusts]]