Editing Adi Shamir

{{short description|Israeli cryptographer (born 1952)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Adi Shamir
| native_name       = עדי שמיר
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|size=100%|ForMemRS}}
| native_name_lang  = he
| image             = Adi_Shamir_Royal_Society.jpg
| caption           = Shamir in 2018
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1952|7|6}}
| birth_place       = [[Tel Aviv]], Israel
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| field             = [[Cryptography]]
| thesis_title      = The fixedpoints of recursive definitions<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shamir |first1=Adi |title=The fixedpoints of recursive definitions |date=October 1976 |publisher=Weizmann Institute of Science |url=https://weizmann.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/972WIS_INST/1d4esio/alma990002185270203596|oclc=884951223 |language=en}}</ref>
| thesis_year       = 1976
| work_institution  = [[Weizmann Institute]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| education         = [[Tel Aviv University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])<br />[[Weizmann Institute of Science]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Zohar Manna]]<ref name=mathgene/>
| doctoral_students = [[Eli Biham]] <br /> [[Uriel Feige]] <br /> [[Amos Fiat]]<ref name=mathgene/>
| known_for         = [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]]<br />[[Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme]]<br />[[differential cryptanalysis]]<br />[[Shamir's secret sharing]]
| author_abbreviation_bot = 
| author_abbreviation_zoo = 
| prizes            = {{Plainlist|
* [[Erdős Prize]] (1983)
* [[Weizmann Prize]] (1987)
* [[Paris Kanellakis Award]] (1996)
* [[Turing Award]] (2002)
* [[Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences]] (2005)
* [[Israel Prize]] (2008)
* [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (2018)<ref name=formemrs/>
* [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics]] (2024)}}
| website           = {{URL|http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/profile/scientists/shamir-profile.html}}
}}
'''Adi Shamir''' ({{langx|he|עדי שמיר}}; born July 6, 1952) is an Israeli [[cryptography|cryptographer]] and inventor. He is a co-inventor of the [[RSA (algorithm)|Rivest–Shamir–Adleman]] (RSA) [[algorithm]] (along with [[Ron Rivest]] and [[Len Adleman]]), a co-inventor of the [[Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme]] (along with [[Uriel Feige]] and [[Amos Fiat]]), one of the inventors of [[differential cryptanalysis]] and has made numerous contributions to the fields of [[cryptography]] and [[computer science]].<ref name=dblp>{{DBLP}}</ref>

==Biography==
Adi Shamir was born in [[Tel Aviv]]. He  received a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc) degree in [[mathematics]] from [[Tel Aviv University]] in 1973 and obtained an [[Master of Science|MSc]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[computer science]] from the [[Weizmann Institute]] in 1975 and 1977 respectively.<ref name=mathgene>{{MathGenealogy}}</ref>
He spent a year as a [[postdoctoral researcher]] at the [[University of Warwick]] and did research at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) from 1977 to 1980.
==Scientific career==
In 1980, he returned to Israel, joining the faculty of [[Mathematics]] and [[Computer Science]] at the [[Weizmann Institute]]. Starting from 2006, he is also an invited professor at [[École Normale Supérieure]] in Paris.

In addition to [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]], Shamir's other numerous inventions and contributions to cryptography include the [[Shamir's Secret Sharing|Shamir secret sharing]] scheme, the breaking of the [[Merkle-Hellman knapsack cryptosystem]], [[visual cryptography]], and the [[TWIRL]] and [[TWINKLE]] [[integer factorization|factoring]] devices. Together with [[Eli Biham]], he discovered [[differential cryptanalysis]] in the late 1980s, a general method for attacking [[block cipher]]s. It later emerged that differential cryptanalysis was already known — and kept a secret — by both [[IBM]]<ref name="coppersmith">{{cite journal |doi = 10.1147/rd.383.0243 |last = Coppersmith |first = Don |date = May 1994 |title = The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks |journal = IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume = 38 |issue = 3 |pages = 243–250 |url = http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/383/coppersmith.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070615132907/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/383/coppersmith.pdf |archive-date = 2007-06-15 }} (subscription required)</ref> and the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA).<ref name="levy">{{cite book |last = Levy |first = Steven |author-link = Steven Levy |title = Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age |publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |year = 2001 |isbn = 0-14-024432-8 |pages = 55–56 }}</ref>

Shamir has also made contributions to computer science outside of cryptography, such as finding the first [[linear time]] algorithm for [[2-satisfiability]]<ref name="EIS76">{{citation|first1=S.|last1=Even|author1-link=Shimon Even|first2=A.|last2=Itai|first3=A.|last3=Shamir|author3-link=Adi Shamir|title=On the complexity of time table and multi-commodity flow problems|journal=[[SIAM Journal on Computing]]|volume=5|issue=4|year=1976|pages=691–703|doi=10.1137/0205048}}.</ref> and showing the equivalence of the [[computational complexity theory|complexity classes]] [[PSPACE]] and [[IP (complexity)|IP]].

==Awards and recognition ==
* 2002 [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Turing Award]], together with [[Ronald Rivest|Rivest]] and [[Leonard Adleman|Adleman]], in recognition of his contributions to cryptography<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |title=A. M. Turing Award |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |access-date={{Format date|2011|2|5}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |archive-date=2009-12-12 }}</ref>
*  [[Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=8526038&srt=all&aw=147&ao=KANELLAK |title=ACM Award Citation / Adi Shamir |access-date=2009-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406004638/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=8526038&srt=all&aw=147&ao=KANELLAK |archive-date=2009-04-06 }}</ref>
*  [[Erdős Prize]] of the Israel Mathematical Society,
* 1986 [[IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |title=IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date={{Format date|2011|2|5}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yCQiCmPi?url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-25 }}</ref>
* UAP Scientific Prize{{clarify|date=February 2019}}
*  Vaticans PIUS XI Gold Medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/about/medal.html|title=Pius XI Medal|website=www.pas.va|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>
* 2000 [[IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/kobayashi_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date={{Format date|2011|2|15}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124233804/http://ieee.org/documents/kobayashi_rl.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-24 }}</ref>
*  [[Israel Prize]], in 2008, for computer sciences.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Recipient's C.V. | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsch/AdiShamir/CvAdiShamir.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910075244/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsch/AdiShamir/CvAdiShamir.htm | archive-date = 2012-09-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsch/AdiShamir/NsAdiShamir.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910072852/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsch/AdiShamir/NsAdiShamir.htm | archive-date = 2012-09-10 }}</ref>
*  Honorary DMath (Doctor of Mathematics) degree from the [[University of Waterloo]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Presentation of the honorary degree at the Fall 2009 Convcation | url = http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/co/research/files/award_files/AShamircitation.pdf | access-date = {{Format date|2011|10|31}} | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110924021934/https://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/co/research/files/award_files/AShamircitation.pdf | archive-date = 2011-09-24 }}</ref>
* 2017 (33rd) [[Japan Prize]] in the field of Electronics, Information and Communication for his contribution to [[information security]] through pioneering research on cryptography <ref>{{cite web|title=Laureates of the Japan Prize|url=http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2017_prize01.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171819/http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2017_prize01.html|archive-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>
*  [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (ForMemRS) in 2018 for substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge.<ref name=formemrs>{{cite web|title=Adi Shamir ForMemRS|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/adi-shamir-13842/|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|access-date=2018-07-22|author=Anon|year=2018}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/|title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies|date=2016-11-11}}}}</ref>
* He was elected a Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2019.
* 2024 [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics]] for his fundamental contributions to Mathematical Cryptography.
* 2025 [[Levchin Prize]] for his contributions to Real World Cryptography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Levchin Prize for Real-World Cryptography |url=https://rwc.iacr.org/LevchinPrize/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=rwc.iacr.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Adi Shamir}}

{{Kanellakis Award laureates}}
{{FRS 2018}}
{{Turing award}}
{{Japan Prize}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamir, Adi}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli  mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Erdős Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in computer sciences recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli computer scientists]]
[[Category:Israeli cryptographers]]
[[Category:Israeli inventors]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
[[Category:People from Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Public-key cryptographers]]
[[Category:Tel Aviv University alumni]]
[[Category:Turing Award laureates]]
[[Category:Weizmann Prize recipients]]