Editing Adessive case

{{short description|Grammatical case}}
An '''adessive case''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''ade'''}}; from Latin ''[[wikt:adesse|adesse]]'' "to be present (at)": ''ad'' "at" + ''esse'' "to be") is a [[grammatical case]] generally denoting location at, upon, or adjacent to the [[referent]] of the noun; the term is used most frequently for [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] studies. For Uralic languages, such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], it is the fourth of the locative [[declension|cases]], with the basic meaning of "on"—for example, Estonian ''{{lang|et|laud}}'' (table) and ''{{lang|et|laual}}'' (on the table), Hungarian ''{{lang|hu|asztal}}'' and ''{{lang|hu|asztalnál}}'' (at the table).<ref>However, unlike its Finnic relatives, the adessive in Hungarian does not specifically have the meaning "on (top of)".</ref> It is also used as an [[instrumental case]] in Finnish.

For [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the suffix is ''{{lang|fi|-lla}}/{{lang|fi|-llä}}'', e.g. ''{{lang|fi|pöytä}}'' (table) and ''{{lang|fi|pöydällä}}'' (on the table). In addition, it can specify "being around the place", as in ''{{lang|fi|koululla}}'' (at the school including the schoolyard), as contrasted with the inessive ''{{lang|fi|koulussa}}'' (in the school, inside the building).

In Estonian, the ending ''-l'' is added to the [[genitive case]], e.g. ''{{lang|et|laud}}'' (table) - ''{{lang|et|laual}}'' (on the table). Besides the meaning "on", this case is also used to indicate ownership. For example, "mehel on auto" means "the man owns a car".

As the Uralic languages don't possess the verb "to have", the concept is expressed as a subject in the adessive case + ''on'' (for example, ''{{lang|fi|minulla on}}'', "I have", literally "at me is").

{{Wiktionary|adessive case}}
The other locative cases in Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian are:
*[[Inessive case]] ("in")
*[[Elative case]] ("out of")
*[[Illative case]] ("into")
*[[Allative case]] ("onto")
*[[Ablative case]] ("off")
*[[Superessive case]] ("on top of, or on the surface of")

==Finnish==

The Finnish adessive case has the word ending {{lang|fi|-lla}} or {{lang|fi|-llä}} (according to the rules of [[vowel harmony]]). It is usually added to nouns and associated adjectives.

It is used in the following ways.

* Expressing the static state of being on the surface of something. 
:Possible English meanings of ''on'', ''on top of'', or ''atop''
:: {{lang|fi|Kynä on pöydällä}} - ''The pen is on the table.''

*As an [[existential clause]] with the verb ''olla'' (to be) to express possession
:This is the Finnish way to express the English verb ''to have''
::{{lang|fi|Meillä on koira.}} = ''We have a dog. ('on our (possession, responsibility, etc.) is dog')''

* Expressing the instrumental use of something
:Possible English meanings of ''with'', ''by'' or ''using''
::{{lang|fi|Hän meni Helsinkiin junalla.}}'' - He went to Helsinki by train.''
::{{lang|fi|Hän osti sen eurolla.}}'' - He bought it for a Euro.''

* In certain time expressions expressing the time at which events occur
:Possible English meanings of ''during'', ''in'' or ''over''
::{{lang|fi|Aamulla.}}'' - In the morning. ''
::''{{lang|fi|Keväällä.}}'' - ''During Spring.''

* Expressing the general proximity in space or time at which something occurs (where the more specific proximity case would be the inessive)
:Possible English meaning of ''at''
::{{lang|fi|Poikani on koululla}} - ''My son is at school.'' 
:::(cf. inessive case: {{lang|fi|Poikani on koulussa}} - ''My son is inside the school.'') 
::{{lang|fi|Hän on ruokatunnilla.}} - ''He is at lunch.'' - literally ''"on the lunch hour"''.
:::(This proximity difference corresponds to adverbial forms such as {{lang|fi|täällä}} - ''"around here"'' and {{lang|fi|tässä}} - ''"right here"'',
though they are not strictly a use of the adessive case).

==Non-Uralic==
{{expand section|date=February 2020}}
Other languages which employ an adessive case or case function include archaic varieties of [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (which likely developed by the influence of Uralic), some [[Northeast Caucasian languages]] such as [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]<ref>*Haspelmath, M. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jBC6fSMh6wYC&pg=PR19 A grammar of Lezgian]''. (Mouton grammar library; 9). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. – {{ISBN|3-11-013735-6}}, p. 2</ref> and [[Hunzib language|Hunzib]],<ref>Berg, Helma van den, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UW8bAQAAIAAJ&q=adessive ''A Grammar of Hunzib (with Texts and Lexicon)''] (Lincom Europa, München 1995) {{ISBN|3-89586-006-9}}, pp. 44–49.</ref> and the [[Ossetian language|Ossetic languages]],<ref>* Kim, Ronald. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/view/3217844?seq=2 "On the Historical Phonology of Ossetic."] ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 123, No. 1. (Jan.-Mar., 2003), p. 44.</ref> both ancient and modern.

==Further reading==
<references/>
* {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

{{Grammatical cases}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]