Editing Accipitridae

{{Short description|Family of birds of prey}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|50|0}}[[Eocene]] to [[holocene|present]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=Gerald|last2=Smith|first2=Thierry|date=2019-03-22|title=A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin|url=https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/291/90564/A_diverse_bird_assemblage_from_the_Ypresian_of_Bel?af=crossref|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen| volume=291 | issue=3 |language=en|pages=253–281|doi=10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801|bibcode=2019NJGPA.291..253M | s2cid=243569467 }}</ref>
| image = Buteo buteo -Scotland-8.jpg
| image_caption = [[Common buzzard]] (''Buteo buteo'')
| taxon = Accipitridae
| authority = [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
{{hidden begin|}}
* [[Elaninae]]
* [[Polyboroidinae]]
* [[Gypaetinae]]
* [[Perninae]]
* [[Circaetinae]]
* [[Aegypiinae]]
* [[Aquilinae]]
* [[Harpiinae]]
* [[Lophospizinae]]
* [[Accipitrinae]]
* [[Harpaginae]]
* [[Buteoninae]]
{{hidden end}}
}}
The '''Accipitridae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|k|s|ɪ|ˈ|p|ɪ|t|r|ɪ|d|iː|,_|-|d|eɪ}}) is one of the four [[family (biology)|families]] within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Accipitriformes]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Catalogue of Life|url = http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/b555241e73b541bdb5e4e976284b8ae9|access-date = 2016-06-19|archive-date = 2016-08-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160810023602/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/b555241e73b541bdb5e4e976284b8ae9|url-status = dead}}</ref> and is a family of small to large [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]] with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-sized [[mammals]], with a number feeding on carrion and a few feeding on fruit. The Accipitridae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], being found on all the world's continents (except [[Antarctica]]) and a number of oceanic island groups. Some species are [[bird migration|migratory]]. The family contains 256 species which are divided into 12 [[subfamilies]] and 75 [[genus|genera]].

Many well-known birds such as [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[kite (bird)|kites]], [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] and [[Old World vulture]]s are included in this group. The [[osprey]] is usually placed in a separate family ([[Pandionidae]]), as is the [[secretary bird]] ([[Sagittariidae]]), and the [[New World vulture]]s are also usually now regarded as a separate family or order. [[Karyotype]] data{{sfn|de Boer|1975}}{{sfn|Amaral|Jorge|2003}}{{sfn|Federico|Cantarella|Scavo|Saccone|2005}} indicate the accipitrids analysed are indeed a distinct [[monophyletic]] group.

== Systematics and phylogeny ==
In the past the accipitrids have been variously divided into some five to ten [[subfamily|subfamilies]]. Most share a very similar [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], but many of these groups contain [[taxa]] that are more aberrant. These were placed in their respective position more for lack of better evidence than anything else. The [[phylogenetic]] layout of the accipitrids was historically a matter of dispute. Molecular studies have removed the phylogenetic uncertainty for most of the species.

The accipitrids are recognizable by a peculiar rearrangement of their [[chromosomes]].{{sfn|Nanda|Karl |Volobouev|Griffin |2006|ps=. "The karyotypes of most birds consist of a small number of macrochromosomes and numerous microchromosomes. Intriguingly, most accipitrids which include hawks, eagles, kites, and Old World vultures (Falconiformes) show a sharp contrast to this basic avian karyotype. They exhibit strikingly few microchromosomes and appear to have been drastically restructured during evolution."}} Apart from this, morphology and [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data give a confusing picture of these birds' inter-relationships. The [[hawk]]s, [[kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[eagle]]s and [[Old World vultures]] as presently assigned in all likelihood do not form [[monophyletic]] groups.

The genus level [[cladogram]] of the Accipiridae shown below is based on a densely sampled [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the Accipitridae by Therese Catanach and collaborators that was published in 2024.<ref name=catanach>{{Cite journal | last1=Catanach | first1=T.A. | last2=Halley | first2=M.R. | last3=Pirro | first3=S. | date=2024 | title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus ''Accipiter'' (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=144 | issue=2 | pages=blae028 | doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae028}}</ref> The number of species in each genus is based on the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=21 March 2025 }}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|label1=Accipitridae
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Elaninae]]
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Gampsonyx]]'' – pearl kite
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Chelictinia]]'' – scissor-tailed kite
         |2=''[[Elanus]]'' – kites (4 species)
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=Polyboroidinae
         |1=''[[Polyboroides]]'' – harrier-hawks (2 species)
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Gypaetinae]] 
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Gypohierax]]'' – palm-nut vulture
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Neophron (bird)|Neophron]]'' – Egyptian vulture
                  |2=''[[Gypaetus]]'' – bearded vulture
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Perninae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Eutriorchis]]'' – Madagascar serpent eagle  (placement uncertain)
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Chondrohierax]]'' – kites (2 species)
                     |2=''[[Leptodon]]'' – kites (2 species)
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Aviceda]]'' – bazas and cuckoo-hawks (5 species)
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Pernis (bird)|Pernis]]'' – honey buzzards (4 species)
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Elanoides]]'' – swallow-tailed kite
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Hamirostra]]'' – black-breasted buzzard
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Lophoictinia]]'' – square-tailed kite
                                 |2=''[[Henicopernis]]'' – honey buzzards (2 species)
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Circaetinae]]
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Spilornis]]'' – serpent eagles (6 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pithecophaga]]'' – Philippine eagle
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Terathopius]]'' – Bateleur
                     |2=''[[Circaetus]]'' – snake eagles (7 species)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Aegypiinae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Necrosyrtes]]'' –  hooded vulture
                  |2=''[[Gyps]]'' – vultures (8 species)
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Sarcogyps]]'' – red-headed vulture
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Trigonoceps]]'' – white-headed vulture
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Torgos]]'' – lappet-faced vulture
                        |2=''[[Aegypius]]'' – [[cinereous vulture]]
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Aquilinae]]
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Stephanoaetus]]'' – [[crowned eagle]] (placement uncertain)
                  |2=''[[Nisaetus]]'' – hawk-eagles (10 species)
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Spizaetus]]'' – hawk-eagle (4 species)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Lophotriorchis]]'' – rufous-bellied eagle
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Polemaetus]]'' – martial eagle
                        |2={{clade
                           |1={{clade
                              |1=''[[Lophaetus]]'' – long-crested eagle
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Ictinaetus]]'' – black eagle
                                 |2=''[[Clanga (bird)|Clanga]]'' – spotted eagles (3 species)
                                 }}
                              }}
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Hieraaetus]]'' – eagles (5 species)
                              |2=''[[Aquila (bird)|Aquila]]'' – eagles (11 species)
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }} 
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |label1=[[Harpiinae]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Harpyopsis]]'' – Papuan eagle
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Macheiramphus]]'' – bat hawk
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Morphnus]]'' – crested eagle
                        |2=''[[Harpia]]'' – harpy eagle
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |label1=Lophospizinae
                  |1=''[[Lophospiza]]'' – goshawks (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
                  |2={{clade
                     |label1=[[Accipitrinae]]
                     |1={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |1=''[[Micronisus]]'' – gabar goshawk
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Urotriorchis]]'' – long-tailed hawk
                              |2=''[[Melierax]]'' – chanting goshawks (3 species)
                              }}
                            }}
                         |2={{clade
                            |1=''[[Kaupifalco]]'' – lizard buzzard
                            |2={{clade
                               |1={{clade
                                  |1=''[[Aerospiza]]'' – sparrowhawk, goshawk (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
                                  |2=''[[Tachyspiza]]'' – goshawks, sparrowhawks (27 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
                                  }}
                               |2={{clade
                                  |1=''[[Erythrotriorchis]]'' – goshawks (2 species)
                                  |2={{clade
                                     |1=''[[Accipiter]]'' – hawks, sparrowhawks (9 species)
                                     |2={{clade
                                        |1=''[[Astur (genus)|Astur]]'' – hawks, sparrowhawk, goshawks (9 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
                                        |2={{clade
                                           |1=''[[Megatriorchis]]'' – Doria's hawk
                                           |2=''[[Circus (bird)|Circus]]''  – harriers (16 species)
                                           }}
                                        }}
                                     }}
                                  }}
                               }}
                            }}                        
                        }}
                     |2={{clade
                        |label1=[[Harpaginae]]
                        |1={{clade
                           |1=''[[Microspizias]]'' – hawks (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
                           |2=''[[Harpagus (bird)|Harpagus]]'' – kites (2 species)
                           }}
                        |label2=[[Buteoninae]]
                        |2={{clade
                           |1={{clade
                              |1={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Milvus]]'' – kites (3 species - with split of yellow-billed)
                                 |2=''[[Haliastur]]'' – kites (2 species)
                                 }}
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Haliaeetus]]'' – sea and fish eagles (4 species)
                                 |2=''[[Icthyophaga]]'' – sea and fish eagles (6 species)
                                 }}
                              }}
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Butastur]]'' – buzzards (4 species)
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Ictinia]]'' – kites (2 species)
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1={{clade
                                       |1=''[[Geranospiza]]'' – crane hawk
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Busarellus]]'' – black-collared hawk
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Rostrhamus]]'' – snail kite
                                             |2=''[[Helicolestes]]'' – slender-billed kite
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Morphnarchus]]'' – barred hawk
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Cryptoleucopteryx]]'' – plumbeous hawk
                                             |2=''[[Buteogallus]]'' – hawks and eagles (9 species)
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Rupornis]]'' – roadside hawk (placement uncertain)
                                             |2=''[[Parabuteo]]'' – hawks (2 species)
                                             }}
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Geranoaetus]]'' – hawks (3 species)
                                                |2=''[[Pseudastur]]'' – hawks (3 species)
                                                }}
                                             |2={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Leucopternis]]'' – hawks (3 species)
                                                |2=''[[Buteo]]'' – hawks and buzzards (28 species)
                                                }}
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

=== Taxonomy ===
The family contains 255 species that are divided in 12 subfamilies and 75 genera.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=catanach/>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Elaninae]]
** ''[[Gampsonyx]]'' – pearl kite
** ''[[Chelictinia]]'' – scissor-tailed kite
** ''[[Elanus]]'' – kites (4 species)
* [[Polyboroidinae]]
** ''[[Polyboroides]]'' – harrier-hawks (2 species)
* [[Gypaetinae]]
** ''[[Gypohierax]]'' – palm-nut vulture
** ''[[Neophron (bird)|Neophron]]'' – Egyptian vulture
** ''[[Gypaetus]]'' – bearded vulture
* [[Perninae]]
** ''[[Eutriorchis]]'' – Madagascar serpent eagle  (placement uncertain)
** ''[[Chondrohierax]]'' – kites (2 species)
** ''[[Leptodon]]'' – kites (2 species)
** ''[[Aviceda]]'' – bazas and cuckoo-hawks (5 species)
** ''[[Pernis (bird)|Pernis]]'' – honey buzzards (4 species)
** ''[[Elanoides]]'' – swallow-tailed kite
** ''[[Hamirostra]]'' – black-breasted buzzard
** ''[[Lophoictinia]]'' – square-tailed kite
** ''[[Henicopernis]]'' – honey buzzards (2 species)
* [[Circaetinae]]
** ''[[Spilornis]]'' – serpent eagles (6 species)
** ''[[Pithecophaga]]'' – Philippine eagle
** ''[[Terathopius]]'' – Bateleur
** ''[[Circaetus]]'' – snake eagles (7 species)
* [[Aegypiinae]]
** ''[[Necrosyrtes]]'' –  hooded vulture
** ''[[Gyps]]'' – vultures (8 species)
** ''[[Sarcogyps]]'' – red-headed vulture
** ''[[Trigonoceps]]'' – white-headed vulture
** ''[[Torgos]]'' – lappet-faced vulture
** ''[[Aegypius]]'' – [[cinereous vulture]]
* [[Aquilinae]]
** ''[[Stephanoaetus]]'' – [[crowned eagle]] (placement uncertain)
** ''[[Nisaetus]]'' – hawk-eagles (10 species)
** ''[[Spizaetus]]'' – hawk-eagle (4 species)
** ''[[Lophotriorchis]]'' – rufous-bellied eagle
** ''[[Polemaetus]]'' – martial eagle
** ''[[Lophaetus]]'' – long-crested eagle
** ''[[Ictinaetus]]'' – black eagle
** ''[[Clanga (bird)|Clanga]]'' – spotted eagles (3 species)
** ''[[Hieraaetus]]'' – eagles (5 species)
** ''[[Aquila (bird)|Aquila]]'' – eagles (11 species)
* [[Harpiinae]]
** ''[[Harpyopsis]]'' – Papuan eagle
** ''[[Macheiramphus]]'' – bat hawk
** ''[[Morphnus]]'' – crested eagle
** ''[[Harpia]]'' – harpy eagle
* [[Lophospizinae]]
** ''[[Lophospiza]]'' – goshawks (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
* [[Accipitrinae]]
** ''[[Micronisus]]'' – gabar goshawk
** ''[[Urotriorchis]]'' – long-tailed hawk
** ''[[Melierax]]'' – chanting goshawks (3 species)
** ''[[Kaupifalco]]'' – lizard buzzard
** ''[[Aerospiza]]'' – sparrowhawk, goshawk (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
** ''[[Tachyspiza]]'' – goshawks, sparrowhawks (27 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
** ''[[Erythrotriorchis]]'' – goshawks (2 species)
** ''[[Accipiter]]'' – hawks, sparrowhawks (9 species)
** ''[[Astur (genus)|Astur]]'' – hawks, sparrowhawk, goshawks (9 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
** ''[[Megatriorchis]]'' – Doria's hawk
** ''[[Circus (bird)|Circus]]''  – harriers (16 species)
* [[Harpaginae]]
** ''[[Microspizias]]'' – hawks (2 species, formerly in ''Accipiter'')
** ''[[Harpagus (bird)|Harpagus]]'' – kites (2 species)
* [[Buteoninae]]
** ''[[Milvus]]'' – kites (3 species - with split of yellow-billed)
** ''[[Haliastur]]'' – kites (2 species)
** ''[[Haliaeetus]]'' – sea and fish eagles (4 species)
** ''[[Icthyophaga]]'' – sea and fish eagles (6 species)
** ''[[Butastur]]'' – buzzards (4 species)
** ''[[Ictinia]]'' – kites (2 species)
** ''[[Geranospiza]]'' – crane hawk
** ''[[Busarellus]]'' – black-collared hawk
** ''[[Rostrhamus]]'' – snail kite
** ''[[Helicolestes]]'' – slender-billed kite
** ''[[Morphnarchus]]'' – barred hawk
** ''[[Cryptoleucopteryx]]'' – plumbeous hawk
** ''[[Buteogallus]]'' – hawks and eagles (9 species)
** ''[[Rupornis]]'' – roadside hawk (placement uncertain)
** ''[[Parabuteo]]'' – hawks (2 species)
** ''[[Geranoaetus]]'' – hawks (3 species)
** ''[[Pseudastur]]'' – hawks (3 species)
** ''[[Leucopternis]]'' – hawks (3 species)
** ''[[Buteo]]'' – hawks and buzzards (28 species)
* Extinct, placement with Buteoninae uncertain
** †''[[Bermuteo]]'' – Bermuda hawk
}}

=== Fossil record ===
[[File:Neophrontops americanus.jpg|thumb|upright|''Neophrontops americanus'' fossil]]
[[File:Neogyps errans.jpg|thumb|upright|''Neogyps errans'' fossil]]
As with most other birds of prey, the [[fossil]] record of this group is fairly complete from the latter [[Eocene]] onwards (c.35 [[mya (unit)|mya]]), with modern genera being well documented since the [[Early Oligocene]], or around 30 mya.
* ''[[Milvoides]]'' (Late Eocene of England)
* ''[[Aquilavus]]'' (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene of France)<!-- authority may be Brodkorb 1964, not Lambrecht 1933, nomen nudum. But see Condor54:174 -->
* ''[[Palaeocircus]]'' (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France)
* ''[[Aviraptor]]'' (Early Oligocene of [[Poland]])<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gerald Mayr |author2=Jørn H. Hurum |year=2020 |title=A tiny, long-legged raptor from the early Oligocene of Poland may be the earliest bird-eating diurnal bird of prey |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=Article number 48 |doi=10.1007/s00114-020-01703-z| pmc=7544617  |pmid=33030604|bibcode=2020SciNa.107...48M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Palaeastur]]'' (Agate Fossil Beds, Early Miocene of Sioux County, US)<!-- Condor45:229 -->
* ''[[Pengana]]'' (Early Miocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
* ''[[Promilio]]'' (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, US)
* ''[[Proictinia]]'' (Early – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of C and SE US)<!-- BullAMNH48:483; Condor58:367 -->
* ''[[Neophrontops]]'' (Early/Middle Miocene – Late Pleistocene) – formerly in ''Neophron''<!-- sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US), vetustus, dakotensis, americanus, slaughteri, vallecitoensis, ricardoensis Auk112:890; CaribbJSci40:120; Condor37:72; Condor41:153; Condor45:229; Condor79:494; Condor96:577 -->
* ''[[Mioaegypius]]'' (Xiacaowan Middle Miocene of Sihong, China)
* ''[[Apatosagittarius]]'' (Late Miocene of Nebraska, US)
* ''[[Gansugyps]]'' (Liushu Late Miocene of China)
* ''[[Palaeoborus]]'' (Miocene)<!-- Condor41:153 -->
* ''[[Qiluornis]]'' (Miocene of Shandong, China)
* ''[[Garganoaetus]]'' (Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
* ''[[Dynatoaetus]]'' (Pliocene – Pleistocene of [[South Australia]], [[Australia]])
* ''[[Amplibuteo]]'' (Late Pliocene of Peru – Late Pleistocene of southern North America and Cuba) – may belong to extant genus ''Harpyhaliaetus''<!-- Auk112:890; CaribbJSci40:120; Evolution38:1384 -->
* ''[[Neogyps]]''<!-- Pleistocene? Auk112:890; CaribbJSci40:120; Condor37:72; Condor41:153; Condor96:577 -->
* ''[[Palaeohierax]]'' – includes ''"Aquila" gervaisii''

Accipitrids are known since [[Early Eocene]] times, or about from 50 mya onwards, but these early remains are too fragmentary and/or [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to properly assign a place in the [[phylogeny]]. Likewise, molecular methods are of limited value in determining [[evolution]]ary relationships of and within the accipitrids. The group may have originated on either side of the [[Atlantic]], which during that time was only 60–80% its present width. As evidenced by fossils like ''[[Pengana]]'', some 25 mya, accipitrids in all likelihood rapidly acquired a global distribution, initially probably extending even to [[Antarctica]].

* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Huerfano Early Eocene of Huerfano County, US)<ref name="Specimen-Cracraft1969" />
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Borgloon Early Oligocene of Hoogbutsel, Belgium)<ref name="Tarso-Smith2003" />
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<ref name="ulna-Worthy-etal2006" />
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. MPEF-PV-2523 (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Estancia La Pastosa, Argentina)
* ''"Aquila" danana'' (Snake Creek Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Loup Fork, US) – formerly also ''Geranoaetus'' or ''Buteo''<!-- Auk50:212; Condor44:39 -->
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Pliocene of Kern County, US) – ''Parabuteo''?<ref name="tibia-Miller1931" />
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Ibiza, Mediterranean) – ''Buteo''?{{sfn|Alcover|1989}}
* Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)

Specimen [[AMNH]] FR 2941, a left [[coracoid]] from the Late Eocene [[Irdin Manha Formation]] of Chimney Butte ([[Inner Mongolia]]), was initially assessed as a basal mid-sized buteonine;{{sfn|Wetmore|1934|p=}} it is today considered to be more likely to belong in the [[Gruiformes]] genus ''[[Eogrus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMNH FR 2941 specimen information |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] (AMNH) |year=2007 |url=http://paleo.amnh.org/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=44309 |access-date=2011-05-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143813/http://paleo.amnh.org/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=44309 |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Early Oligocene]] genus ''[[Cruschedula]]'' was formerly thought to belong to [[Spheniscidae]], however reexamination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae.<ref name="Simpson1946" /> Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves ''incertae sedis''.{{sfn|Olson|1985}}

== Morphology ==
[[File:Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of a subadult [[bald eagle]], showing its strongly hooked beak and the cere covering the base of the beak]]

The Accipitridae are a diverse family with a great deal of variation in size and shape. They range in size from the tiny [[pearl kite]] (''Gampsonyx swainsonii'') and [[little sparrowhawk]] (''Accipiter minullus''), both of which are 23&nbsp;cm (9&nbsp;in) in length and weigh about 85 g (3&nbsp;oz), to the [[cinereous vulture]] (''Aegypius monachus''), which measures up to 120&nbsp;cm (47&nbsp;in) and weighs up to 14&nbsp;kg (31&nbsp;lbs). Wingspan can vary from {{convert|39|cm|in|abbr=on}} in the little sparrowhawk to more than {{convert|300|cm|in|abbr=on}} in the cinereous and [[Himalayan vulture]]s (''Gyps himalayensis''). In these extreme species, [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] length can range from {{convert|113|to|890|mm|in|abbr=on}} and [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] length from {{convert|11|to|88|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Until the 14th century, even these huge vultures were surpassed by the [[extinction|extinct]] [[Haast's eagle]] (Hieraaetus ''moorei'') of New Zealand, which is estimated to have measured up to 140&nbsp;cm (55&nbsp;in) and to have weighed {{convert|15|to|16.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in the largest females.{{sfn|Brathwaite|1992}}<ref name= Worthy>Worthy, T. & Holdaway, R., ''The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand''. Indiana University Press (2003), {{ISBN|978-0253340344}}</ref> In terms of body mass, the Accipitridae are the most diverse family of birds and may also be in terms of some aspects of linear size diversity, although lag behind the [[true parrot]]s and [[Phasianidae|pheasant family]] in length diversity.{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}} Most accipitrids exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]] in size, although, unusually for birds, it is the females that are larger than the males.{{sfn|Paton|Messina|Griffin|1994}} This sexual difference in size is most pronounced in active species that hunt birds, such as the ''[[Accipiter]]'' hawks, in which the size difference averages 25–50%. In a majority of species, such as generalist hunters and [[rodent]]-, [[reptile]]-, [[fish]]-, and [[insect]]-hunting specialists, the dimorphism is less, usually between a 5% to 30% size difference. In the carrion-eating [[Old World vulture]]s and snail eating [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s, the difference is largely non-existent, though sometimes the female may average slightly heavier.{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}}

The beaks of accipitrids are strong and hooked (sometimes very hooked, as in the [[hook-billed kite]] or [[snail kite]]). In some species, there is a notch or 'tooth' in the upper mandible. In all accipitrids, the base of the upper mandible is covered by a fleshy membrane called the cere, which is usually yellow in colour. The [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsi]] of different species vary by diet; those of bird-hunting species, such as sparrowhawks, are long and thin, whilst species that hunt large mammals have much thicker, stronger tarsi, and the tarsi of the [[snake-eagle]]s have thick scales to protect from bites.

The [[plumage]] of the Accipitridae can be striking, but rarely utilises bright colours; most birds use combinations of white, grey, buff, brown and black.{{sfn|Thiollay|1994}} Overall they tend to be [[Countershading|paler below]], which helps them seem less conspicuous when seen from below. There is seldom sexual dimorphism in plumage, when it occurs the males are brighter or the females resemble juveniles. In many species juveniles have a distinctly different plumage. Some accipitrids [[mimicry|mimic]] the plumage patterns of other hawks and eagles. Resembling a less dangerous species may [[Aggressive mimicry|fool prey]]; resembling a more dangerous species may reduce [[Mobbing behavior|mobbing]] by other birds.{{sfn|Negro|2008}} Several species of accipitrid have crests used in signalling, and even species without crests can raise the [[feather]]s of the crown when alarmed or excited. In contrast most of the [[Old World vulture]]s possess bare heads without feathers; this is thought to prevent soiling on the feathers and aid in [[thermoregulation]].{{sfn|Ward|McCafferty|Houston|Ruxton|2008}}

The senses of the Accipitridae are adapted to hunting (or scavenging), and in particular their [[bird vision|vision]] is exceptional, with some large accipitrids such as the [[wedge-tailed eagle]] and Old World vultures having over twice the visual acuity of a typical human.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mitkus |first1=Mindaugas |title=Raptor Vision |date=2018-04-26 |url=https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264086-e-232 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience |access-date=2023-06-12 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232 |isbn=978-0-19-026408-6 |last2=Potier |first2=Simon |last3=Martin |first3=Graham R. |last4=Duriez |first4=Olivier |last5=Kelber |first5=Almut }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Graham R. |date=January 1986 |title=Vision: Shortcomings of an eagle's eye |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=319 |issue=6052 |pages=357 |doi=10.1038/319357a0 |pmid=3945316 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..357M |s2cid=4233018 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reymond |first=L. |date=1985 |title=Spatial visual acuity of the eagle Aquila audax: a behavioural, optical and anatomical investigation |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4090282/ |journal=Vision Research |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1477–1491 |doi=10.1016/0042-6989(85)90226-3 |issn=0042-6989 |pmid=4090282|s2cid=20680520 }}</ref> Large eyes with two [[Fovea centralis|foveae]] provide binocular vision and a "hawk eye" for movement and distance judging. In addition the Accipitridae have the largest [[pecten oculi|pectens]] of any birds. The eyes are tube shaped and cannot move much in their sockets. In addition to excellent vision many species have excellent hearing{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, but unlike in owls sight is generally the principal sense used for hunting. Hearing may be used to locate prey hidden in vegetation, but sight is still used to catch the prey. Although they rely primarily on vision, Accipitridae do have functioning [[olfactory system]]s, which they make use of in a variety of contexts.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Potier, Simon|year=2020|title=Olfaction in raptors|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=189|issue=3|pages=713–721|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/3/713/5601241|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz121|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Diet and behavior ==
[[File:Palmnutvulture.jpg|thumb|The [[palm-nut vulture]] is an unusual frugivorous accipitrid, but will also consume fish, particularly dead fish]]
[[File:Shikra (Accipiter badius) in Hyderabad W2 IMG 8968.jpg|thumb|Shikra ''[[Accipiter badius]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]]]
[[File:Oriental Honey-buzzard (Male) I IMG 9740.jpg|thumb|Oriental honey-buzzard ''[[Pernis ptilorhyncus]]'']]

Accipitrids are predominantly [[predator]]s and most species actively hunt for their prey. Prey is usually captured and killed in the powerful talons of the raptor and then carried off to be torn apart with a hooked bill for eating or feeding to nestlings. A majority of accipitrids are opportunistic predators that will take any prey that they can kill. However, most have a preference for a certain type of prey, which in [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] and the numerous [[Buteoninae|buteonine hawks]] (including more than 30 species in the genus ''[[Buteo]]'') tends towards small [[mammal]]s such as [[rodent]]s.

Among the raptors that mainly favor small mammals, harriers generally hunt by hovering over openings until they detect their prey and descend upon them. Due to the specificity of their hunting style, prey preferences, and habitat preferences, usually only one harrier species tends to be found per region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamerstrom |first=F. |date=1986 |title=Harrier, hawk of the marshes: The hawk that is ruled by a mouse |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-8747-4538-2}}</ref>

Buteonine hawks usually watch for prey from a perch but most species will also readily hunt on the wing, including from a high soar. Many buteonines are amongst the most generalized feeders, often feeding on any active small animal they find, and will generally eat whatever diurnal rodent or [[Lagomorpha|lagomorph]] is most locally common. Some buteonines, however, are more specialized, such as certain species in the genus ''[[Buteogallus]]'', which have evolved to specialize in feeding on [[crab]]s. Larger ''Buteogallus'', namely the [[Harpyhaliaetus|solitary eagle]]s, and ''[[Black-chested buzzard-eagle|Geranoaetus]]'' are much larger than other buteonines and seem to have become avian [[apex predator]]s of specific habitat niches—for example, [[savanna]], [[cloud forest]] and [[páramo]] in [[South America]]—and are thus honorary "eagles".<ref>Amadon, D. (1949). "Notes on Harpyhaliaetus." ''The Auk'' 53-56.</ref>{{sfn|Lerner|Mindell|2005}}

In ''[[Accipiter]]'' hawks (the most species-rich accipitrid genus with nearly 50 extant species), prey is mainly other [[bird]]s. ''Accipiter''s are in general forest- and thicket-dwelling species. ''Accipiter'' hawks usually ambush birds in dense vegetation, a dangerous hunting method that requires great agility. Many smaller tropical species of ''Accipiter'' eat nearly equal portions of [[insect]]s and [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s as they do of birds while some of the larger species have become more generalized and may feed extensively on [[rodent]]s and [[Lagomorpha|lagomorph]]s, as well as other various non-avian animals.

Most accipitrids will supplement their diet with non-putrid [[carrion]], but none are specialized for this as well as the 14–16 species of [[Old World vulture|vultures]], which have evolved very large bodies (which leave them equipped to fill their crop with carrion); weaker, less specialized feet than other accipitrids; large wingspans to spend long periods of time in flight over openings scanning for carcasses; and complex social behavior in order to establish a mixed species hierarchy at carrion. The [[New World vulture]]s have attained several similar characteristics, but only through convergent evolution, and are seemingly not directly related to Old World vultures and other accipitrids. The [[lammergeier]] (''Gypaetus barbatus'') is an aberrant cousin of the Old World vultures that has maintained strong feet that it uses to carry and drop large bones in order to crack them open to feed on bone marrow, their primary food, a technique they also sometimes use for live prey items, like [[tortoise]]s.{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}}

A few species may opportunistically feed on fruit. In one species, the [[palm-nut vulture]] (''Gypohierax angolensis'') (possibly not closely related to other "vultures"), it may form more than half of the diet.<ref name="diet-Thomson1957" /> Most accipitrids will not eat plant material.

Insects are taken exclusively by around 12 species, in great numbers by 44 additional species, and opportunistically by a great many others.{{sfn|Thiollay|1994}} The diet of the honey-buzzards includes not only the adults and young of social insects such as wasps and bees, but the honey and combs from their nests.{{sfn|Shiu|Tokita|Morishita|Hiraoka|2006}}

The [[snail kite]] (''Rostrhamus sociabilis''), [[slender-billed kite]] (''Helicolestes hamatus'') and [[hook-billed kite]]s (''Chondrohierax uncinatus'') are specialists in consuming [[snail]]s, which usually constitute 50–95% of their diet. Other "[[Kite (bird)|kites]]"—a loose assemblance of smallish raptors, many of which are strong, buoyant fliers—are divided into two groups. One, exclusively in the Old World, the [[Milvinae|milvine]] or "large" kites, are often quite common, very generalized and often weakly predaceous feeders whereas the other kites, known as [[Elaninae|elanine]] or "small" kites and cosmopolitan in distribution, are supremely aerial, active hunters that generally alternate their primary food between insects and small mammals. One species allied with the latter kite group, the [[bat hawk]] (''Macheiramphus alcinus''), has come to specialize in hunting [[bat]]s.<ref>Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective." ''Mammal Review''.</ref>

"[[Eagle]]s" are several raptors that are not necessarily closely related, but can be broadly defined by large body size (larger than other raptors, excluding vultures) and the taking of typically larger prey, including mid-sized mammals and larger birds. The most diverse group of eagles is the "[[Aquilinae|booted eagles]]", a variable group of about 38 species defined by their feathering covering their legs (shared by only a couple of buteonine species).

Most accipitrids usually hunt prey smaller than themselves. However, many accipitrids of almost all sizes have been recorded as capturing and then flying with prey of equal weight or even slightly heavier than themselves in their talons, a feat that requires great strength. Occasionally, an eagle or other raptor that kills prey considerably heavier than itself (too heavy for the raptor to carry and fly with) will then have to leave prey at the site of the kill and later return repeatedly to feed or dismember and bring to a perch or nest piece by piece. This has the advantage of providing a surplus of food but has the disadvantage of potentially attracting scavengers or other predators which can steal the kill or even attack the feeding accipitrid. Using this method, accipitrids such as the [[golden eagle]] (''Aquila chrysaetos''), [[wedge-tailed eagle]] (''Aquila audax''), [[martial eagle]] (''Polemaetus bellicosus'') and [[crowned eagle]] (''Stephanoaetus coronatus'') have successfully hunted [[Even-toed ungulate|ungulate]]s, such as [[deer]] and [[antelope]], and other large animals ([[kangaroo]]s and [[emu]]s in the wedge-tailed) weighing more than 30&nbsp;kg (66&nbsp;lb), 7–8 times their own mass. More typical prey for these powerful booted eagle species weigh between {{convert|0.5|and|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}}<ref name= Watson>{{cite book|author=Watson, Jeff |title=The Golden Eagle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aj5MNvCkun0C|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-1420-9}}</ref>

The ''[[Haliaeetus]]'' eagles and the [[osprey]] (''Pandion haliaetus'') mainly prefer to prey on [[fish]], which comprising more than 90% of food for the osprey and some fish eagles. These large acciptrids may supplement their diets with aquatic animals other than fish, especially [[Haliaeetus|sea eagles]], which also hunt large numbers of [[water bird]]s and are expert [[Kleptoparasitism|kleptoparasites]].

Reptiles and amphibians are hunted by almost all variety of acciptrids when the opportunity arises and may be favored over other prey by some eagles, i.e. ''[[Spizaetus]]'' hawk-eagles and the "eagles" in ''[[Buteogallus]]'', and several species of [[Buteoninae|buteonine hawks]] found in the tropics. [[Aviceda|Bazas]] and forest hawks in the genus ''[[Accipiter]]'' may take reptiles from trees whilst other species may hunt them on the ground. Snakes are the primary prey of the snake-eagles (''[[Circaetus]]'') and serpent-eagles (''[[Spilornis]]'' and ''[[Dryotriorchis]]''). The mammal-hunting, huge and endangered [[Philippine eagle]] (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'') is most closely related to the snake-eagles.{{sfn|Thiollay|1994}}{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}} Another striking aberration of the snake-eagle lineage is the [[bateleur]] (''Terathopius ecaudatus''), which has evolved unusually bright plumage in adults, with a huge red cere, red feet, bright yellow bill, and boldly contrasting grey-and-white markings over black plumage. The bateleur feeds extensively on carrion and almost any other feeding opportunity that presents itself.<ref>Steyn, P. (1980). "Breeding and food of the bateleur in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)." ''Ostrich'' 51(3); 168-178.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moreau | first1 = R. E. | year = 1945 | title = On the Bateleur, especially at the Nest | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919x.1945.tb02991.x | journal = Ibis | volume = 87 | issue = 2| pages = 224–249 }}</ref>

== Reproductive biology and populations ==
In terms of their reproductive biology and socio-sexual behavior, accipitrids share many characteristics with other extant groups of birds that appear not be directly related, but all of which have evolved to become active predators of other warm-blooded creatures. Some of the characteristics shared with these other groups, including [[falcon]]s, [[owl]]s, [[skua]]s and [[shrike]]s, are sexual dimorphism in size, with the female typically larger than the male; extreme devotion of breeding pairs to each other or to a dedicated nesting site; strict and often ferocious territorial behavior; and, on hatching, occasional competition amongst nestlings, including regular [[siblicide]] in several species.

Before the onset of the nesting season, adult accipitrids often devote a majority of their time to excluding other members of their own species and even of other species from their nesting territories. In several species, this occurs by territorial display flights over the border of their breeding ranges. In several forest dwelling varieties, however, vocalizations are used to establish territories. Due to the density of the habitat, display flights are apparently impractical.

While a single devoted breeding pair is considered typical, research has revealed that in varied accipitrids, multiple birds engaging in nesting behavior is more commonly than previously thought. Some [[Harrier (bird)|harrier]]s have evolved to become polygynous, with a single smaller male breeding with and then helping multiple females raise young.{{sfn|Korpimäki|1988}} The most extreme known species of accipitrid in terms of sociality is the [[Harris's hawk]]s (''Parabuteo unicinctus''), which up to seven fully-grown birds may hunt, nest and brood cooperatively, with the extra birds typically being prior years' offspring of the breeding pair.<ref>Bednarz, J. C. (1987). "Pair and group reproductive success, polyandry, and cooperative breeding in Harris' Hawks." ''The Auk'' 393-404.</ref><ref>Bednarz, J. C., & Ligon, J. D. (1988). "A study of the ecological bases of cooperative breeding in the Harris' Hawk." ''Ecology'' 1176-1187.</ref>

Unlike the other two larger groups of raptorial birds, the owls and most falcons, accipitrids typically build their own nest. Nest sites are typically in relatively secure places, such as the crook of a large tree or an ample cliff ledge, and can vary in elevation from the flat ground of [[prairie]]s or [[steppe]] to near the peaks of the tallest mountains. Accipitrids will readily return to use a nest site repeatedly, which has resulted in several of the largest bird's nests known, as a single nest may see decades of use, with more material added each breeding season. The single largest known tree nest known for any animal, belonging to a [[bald eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), was found to be {{convert|6.1|m|ft|sp=us|abbr = on}} deep and {{convert|2.9|m|ft|sp=us}} across, and to weigh {{convert|3|ST|t|1|sp=us|abbr = off}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Erickson, L. |year=2007 |publisher=Journey North |url=http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/eagle/NestAbout1.html |title=Bald Eagle, About Bald Eagle Nests |access-date=2014-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211627/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/eagle/NestAbout1.html |archive-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some species, especially eagles, will build multiple nests for use in alternating years. Although they usually use nests they build themselves, accipitrids sometimes use abandoned nests build by other animals or pirate nests from other birds, typically other types of accipitrid.

Compared to most other types of birds, the stretch from egg-laying to independence in young birds is prolonged. In accipitrids, the breeding season ranges from about two to three months to roughly a year and a half, the latter in some of the larger tropical eagles. Species inhabiting temperate ranges as a rule have shorter breeding seasons due to the shorter stretches of warm weather that facilitates ready capture of prey.

Usually from 2 to 6 eggs are laid in accipitrids, a relatively small clutch, and some species may lay only one egg. In almost all accipitrids, eggs are laid at intervals rather than all at once and in some larger species the intervals can be several days. This results in one of the hatchlings being larger and more advanced in development than its siblings. The benefits of siblicide, which is at least occasionally recorded in many species and almost always occurs in some, such as tropical members of the booted eagle group, is that the smaller siblings are a kind of insurance policy that if the oldest, strongest nestling dies, one of the smaller siblings may take its place. In most species that have displayed siblicide, times of food plenty may result in two or more the nestlings being successfully raised to fledging.

In most accipitrids, the smaller males typically obtain food both for the incubating and brooding female and the nestlings. Males, however, occasionally take a shift incubating or even more sporadically brooding the nestlings, which allows the female to hunt. Most accipitrids feed their nestlings strips of meat or whole prey items, but most [[Old World vultures|vultures]] feed their nestlings via regurgitation.

Fledging often takes considerable effort for young birds and may take several weeks as opposed to days in many other types of birds. Once independent of their parents, young accipitrids often most wander for considerable stretches of time, ranging from 1 to 5 years, before they attain maturity. Most accipitrids have distinct plumages in their immature stage, which presumably serves as a visual cue to others of their species and may allow them to avoid territorial fights. Shortly after attaining mature plumages, pairs form, with a male typically displaying, often in flight but sometimes vocally, to win over a female. Many accipitrids breed with the same mate for several years or for life, although this is not the case for all species and, if a mate dies, the widowed bird will typically try to find another mate the next breeding season.{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World |first1=Leslie |last1=Brown |first2=Dean |last2=Amadon |publisher=The Wellfleet Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-1-555-21472-2}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Accipitriformes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist
| refs =

{{refn|1=Although not the entire diet. [[#CITEREFThomsonMoreau1957|Thomson & Moreau 1957]].|name=diet-Thomson1957}}

{{refn|1=Specimen [[AMNH]] [http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=50305 FR 7434]: Left [[carpometacarpus]] of a [[snail kite]]-sized bird: [[#CITEREFCracraft1969|Cracraft 1969]].|name=Specimen-Cracraft1969}}

{{refn|1=[[Tarsometatarsus]] of a bird the size of a [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]]: [[#CITEREFSmith2003|Smith 2003]].|name=Tarso-Smith2003}}

{{refn|1=Specimens [[Museum of New Zealand]] S42490, S42811: [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|Distal]] left [[tibiotarsus]] and distal right [[ulna]] of a bird the size of a smallish eagle: [[#CITEREFWorthyTennysonJonesMcNamara2006|Worthy et al. 2007]].|name=ulna-Worthy-etal2006}}

{{refn|1=[[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|Distal]] [[tibia]] quite similar to [[Harris's hawk]]: [[#CITEREFMiller1931|Miller 1931]].|name=tibia-Miller1931}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401135222/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/hawks-eagles-accipitridae Accipitridae videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Accipitriformes}}
{{Accipitrinae}}
{{Aquilinae}}
{{Buteoninae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25510}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Accipitridae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Birds of prey]]
[[Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1824]]