Editing Académie Française

{{Short description|Council tasked with care of the French language}}
{{Redirect|French Academy}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                 = {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}
| image               = French Institute, Paris 2014 002.jpg
| caption             = {{Lang|fr|Institut de France|italic=no}} building
| logo                = French Academy logo.png
| logo_size           = 250px
| formation           = {{start date and age|1635|02|22|df=yes}}
| founder             = [[Cardinal Richelieu]]
| headquarters        = [[Paris|Paris, France]]
| coordinates         = {{coord|48.8573|2.337|display=title,inline|type:landmark_region:FR-IDF}}
| leader_title        = Perpetual Secretary
| leader_name         = [[Amin Maalouf]] (since 28 September 2023)
| membership          = 40 members known as {{lang|fr|les immortels}} ("the immortals")
| website             = {{URL|http://academie-francaise.fr}}
}}

The '''Académie Française'''{{efn|This is the anglicized version of the name, with a capital "F". In French, it is generally written with a lowercase "f".}} ({{IPA|fr|akademi fʁɑ̃sɛːz}}), also known as the '''French Academy''', is the principal [[France|French]] council for matters pertaining to the [[French language]]. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by [[Cardinal Richelieu]], the chief minister to King [[Louis XIII]].<ref name=aH>{{cite news | publisher = Academie Française official website | url = http://www.academie-francaise.fr/histoire/index.html | title = L'histoire| access-date = 2010-01-13}}</ref> Suppressed in 1793 during the [[French Revolution]], it was restored as a division of the {{Lang|fr|[[Institut de France]]|italic=no}} in 1803 by [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]].<ref name=aH/> It is the oldest of the five {{lang|fr|académies}} of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language.

The Académie comprises forty members, known as {{lang|fr|les immortels}} ("the immortals").<ref name=aIM>{{cite news | publisher = Academie Française official website | url = http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/index.html | title = Les immortels | access-date = 2023-12-12}}</ref> New members are [[Co-option|elected by the members of the Académie itself]]. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. [[Philippe Pétain]], named [[Marshal of France]] after the [[Battle of Verdun]] of [[World War I]], was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of [[Vichy France]] in [[World War II]], was forced to resign his seat in 1945.<ref>[[Ted Morgan (writer)|Sanche de Gramont]], ''The French: Portrait of a People'', G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1969, p. 270</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Cardinal de Richelieu.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Cardinal Richelieu]], responsible for the establishment of the Académie]]

The Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the [[salon (gathering)|salons]] held at the [[Hôtel de Rambouillet]] during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at [[Valentin Conrart]]'s house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. [[Cardinal Richelieu]], the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted [[letters patent]] formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the [[Parlement|Parlement de Paris]] on 10 July 1637,<ref name=aH/> the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences". The {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature.

Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the {{Lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italic=no}}, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the [[Tuscan dialect]] of Florence as the model for [[Italian language|Italian]]; the Florentine academy had published its ''Vocabolario'' in 1612.<ref>Einar Ingvald Haugen and Anwar S. Dil, ''The Ecology of Language'', (Stanford University Press) p. 169.</ref>

During the [[French Revolution]], the [[National Convention]] suppressed all royal academies, including the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the {{Lang|fr|[[Institut de France]]|italic=no}}. [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], as [[First Consul]], decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the {{Lang|fr|Institut de France|italic=no}}. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}. When [[Louis XVIII of France|King Louis XVIII]] came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}. Since 1816, the existence of the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} has been uninterrupted.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

The [[President of France]] is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642, [[Pierre Séguier]], the [[Chancellor of France]], succeeded him. [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were in the [[Louvre]]; since 1805, the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} has met in the [[Collège des Quatre-Nations]] (now known as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the {{Lang|fr|Institut de France|italic=no}} also meet in the Palais de l'Institut.

==Membership==
The {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for a specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Members are known as "{{lang|fr|les immortels}}" ("the Immortals") in reference to the Académie's [[motto]], {{lang|fr|À l'immortalité}} ("To Immortality"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu.<ref name=aIM/>

One of the {{lang|fr|immortels}} is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three post-[[World War II]] Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie.

New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected by a majority of votes from voting members. A [[quorum]] is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality.{{efn|There was a controversy about the candidacy of [[Paul Morand]], whom [[Charles de Gaulle]] opposed in 1958. Morand was finally elected ten years later, and he was received without the customary visit, at the time of investiture, to the Palace [[Élysée]].}}

[[Image:Poincare larger.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Raymond Poincaré]] was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}. He is depicted wearing the {{lang|fr|habit vert}}, or green habit, of the Académie.]]

The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, which includes a [[eulogy]] for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member, [[Georges de Porto-Riche]], was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it. [[Georges Clemenceau]] refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy, [[Raymond Poincaré]].

Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when [[Auger de Moléon de Granier]] was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at the end of [[World War II]]: [[Philippe Pétain]], [[Abel Bonnard]], [[Abel Hermant]], and [[Charles Maurras]] were all excluded for their association with the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]]. In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie.

There have been a total of 742 {{lang|fr|immortels}},<ref name=aIM/> of whom eleven have been women; [[Marguerite Yourcenar]] was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it is not necessary to be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members – [[Adolphe Thiers]], [[Raymond Poincaré]], [[Paul Deschanel]], [[Philippe Pétain]], and [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] – and one foreign head of state, the poet [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] of [[Senegal]], who was also the first African elected, in 1983.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=Message from Mister Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic, to the Senegalese People|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2538|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> Other famous members include [[Voltaire]]; [[Montesquieu]]; [[Victor Hugo]]; [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]]; [[Émile Littré]]; [[Louis Pasteur]]; [[Louis de Broglie]]; and [[Henri Poincaré]].

Many notable French writers have not become members of the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}. In 1855, the writer [[Arsène Houssaye]] devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Joseph de Maistre]], [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[René Descartes]], [[Denis Diderot]], [[Romain Rolland]], [[Charles Baudelaire]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Molière]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[Jules Verne]], [[Théophile Gautier]], and [[Émile Zola]].

===Uniform===
[[File:At the French Academy of Sciences.jpg|thumb|[[Bernard Dujon]] and his colleague [[Eric Westhof]], wearing the "Habit vert" of the {{Lang|fr|Institut de France|italic=no}}]]
The official uniform of a member is known as {{lang|fr|l'habit vert}}, or green clothing.<ref name=uniform>{{cite news
| publisher = {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} official website
| url = http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/lhabit-vert-et-lepee
| title = L'habit vert et l'épée 
| access-date = 2018-06-14
}}</ref>  The {{lang|fr|habit vert}}, worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the {{Lang|fr|Institut de France|italic=no}}. It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered [[bicorne]],<ref name=uniform/> both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than [[clergy]] carry a [[ceremonial sword]] ({{lang|fr|l'épée}}).<ref name=uniform/>

The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $50,000, and [[Amin Maalouf]] said that his induction cost him some $230,000 overall.<ref name="NYT 3 March 2019">{{cite news |last1=Nossiter |first1=Adam |title=The Guardians of the French Language Are Deadlocked, Just Like Their Country |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/03/world/europe/academie-francaise-france-deadlock.html |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 March 2019}}</ref>  The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed.  Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees.<ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/09/academie-francaise-members-france Meet the Cultural Illuminati Guarding France’s Most Sacrosanct Asset: The French Language]</ref>

==Role as authority on the French language==
[[File:DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Title page of the 6th edition of the Académie's [[dictionary]] (1835)]]
The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language.

===Dictionary===
The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the {{lang|fr|[[Dictionnaire de l'Académie française]]}}.
A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work.<ref name=aH/>

The Académie has published fourteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, nine were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words.<ref>[http://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64%3Adictionaries-of-the-french-academy-17th-20th-c&catid=33%3Acatalogue-bases-dicenc&Itemid=30 Classiques Garnier numérique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725082101/http://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:dictionaries-of-the-french-academy-17th-20th-c&catid=33:catalogue-bases-dicenc&Itemid=30 |date=2014-07-25 }}, ''Corpus of Dictionaries of the French Academy (from the 17th to the 20th Century)'', Retrieved 2011-03-17</ref>
These are:

* Preliminary editions:
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} (from ''A'' to ''Aversion''), pre-edition, [[Frankfurt am Main]], 1687
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} (from ''A'' to ''Confiture''), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} (from ''A'' to ''Neuf''), pre-edition, Paris, 1687
* Complete editions:
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy}} ("1st edition"), Paris, 1694
** {{lang|fr|Nouveau Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy}} ("2nd edition"), Paris, 1718
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("3rd edition"), Paris, 1740
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("4th edition"), Paris, 1762
** {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("5th edition"), Paris, 1798
** {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("6th edition"), Paris, 1835
** {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("7th edition"), Paris, 1879
** {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("8th edition"), Paris, 1932–1935
** {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}} ("9th edition"), Paris, 1992-2024
* Supplementary editions for the sciences, arts, and technology:
** Corneille, Thomas, {{lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences}}, Paris, 1694
** Barré, Louis, {{lang|fr|Complément du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française}}, Paris, 1842

The ninth edition was completed in 2024 with the publication of its fourth volume (''R'' to ''Zzz''); the first volume (''A'' to ''Enzyme'') was published in 1992.<ref name=aH/>
In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter&nbsp;''A''.

===Anglicisms===

As the use of [[English language|English]] terms by media increased over the years, the Académie has tried to prevent the [[anglicism|Anglicization]] of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of [[loanword]]s from modern English (such as ''walkman'', ''computer'',  ''software'' and ''e-mail''), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (''{{Wikt-lang|fr|baladeur}}'', ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|ordinateur}}'', ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|logiciel}}'', and ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|courriel}}'' respectively).

The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word "''confortable''" as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://academie-francaise.fr/questions-de-langue#12_strong-em-anglicismes-et-autres-emprunts-em-strong|title=Questions de langue {{!}} Académie française|website=academie-francaise.fr|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> The {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-61647192 |title=French officials told to abandon gaming Anglicisms |website=BBC.com |date=1 June 2022|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>

===Alleged conservatism===

The Académie, despite working on the modernization of the [[French orthography]], has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner. For instance, in 1997, [[Lionel Jospin]]'s government began using the feminine noun "''la ministre''" to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of [[Canada]], [[Belgium]] and [[Switzerland]] and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted, in accordance with French grammar rules on the traditional use of the masculine noun, on the use of "''le ministre''" for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the "incompetence and anachronism of the Académie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revue-ballast.fr/lacademie-tienne-langue|title = BALLAST • Que l'Académie tienne sa langue, pas la nôtre|date = 28 November 2017}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2024|reason=A non-primary source would be helpful to show that this opinion column is notable.}} Use of either form remains highly controversial.

==Prizes==
{{See also|Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française|Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française}}
The {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of the prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} In total, the Académie awards more than sixty prizes, most of them annually.

The most important prize is the [[Grand prix de la francophonie]], which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the ''[[Grand prix de littérature]]'' (for a literary work), the ''grand prix du roman'' (for a novel), the ''Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française'' (for poetry), the ''[[Grand prix de philosophie]]'' (for a philosophical work), the ''Grand prix du cinéma'' (for film), and the ''[[grand prix Gobert]]'' (for a work on French history).

==Opposition of regional languages==
The {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's  proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages ([[Flemish dialects|Flemish]], [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Corsican language|Corsican]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]], and [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/2569651/Frances-LAcadmie-Franaise-upset-by-rule-to-recognise-regional-tongues.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/2569651/Frances-LAcadmie-Franaise-upset-by-rule-to-recognise-regional-tongues.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=France's L'Académie française upset by rule to recognise regional tongues | first=Peter | last=Allen | date=16 August 2008 | access-date=23 April 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Current members==
{{Further|List of members of the Académie française}}
The current members of the {{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}} are:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Seat number!!Name!!Year elected
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 1|1]]||data-sort-value="Dagens, Claude"|[[Claude Dagens]]||2008
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 2|2]]||data-sort-value="Laferrière, Dany"|[[Dany Laferrière]]||2013
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 3|3]]|| ''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 4|4]]||data-sort-value="Marion, Jean-Luc"|[[Jean-Luc Marion]]||2008
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 5|5]]||data-sort-value=""|[[Andreï Makine]] ||2016
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 6|6]]||data-sort-value="Jambet, Christian"|[[Christian Jambet]]||2024
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 7|7]]||data-sort-value="Hoffmann, Jules"|[[Jules A. Hoffmann|Jules Hoffmann]]||2012
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 8|8]]||data-sort-value="Rondeau, Daniel"|[[Daniel Rondeau]]||2019
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 9|9]]||data-sort-value="Grainville, Patrick"|[[Patrick Grainville]]<ref name=f9PG>{{cite news
| publisher = Académie française official website
| url = http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/patrick-grainville
| title = Patrick GRAINVILLE
| access-date = 2018-03-09
}}</ref>||2018
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 10|10]]||data-sort-value="Delay, Florence"|[[Florence Delay]]||2000
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 11|11]]||''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 12|12]]||data-sort-value="Thomas, Chantal"|[[Chantal Thomas]]||2021
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 13|13]]||data-sort-value="Serra, Maurizio"|[[Maurizio Serra]]||2020
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 14|14]]|| ''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 15|15]]||data-sort-value="Vitoux, Frédéric"|[[Frédéric Vitoux (writer)|Frédéric Vitoux]]||2001
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 16|16]]||data-sort-value="Gaillard, Raphaël"|[[Raphaël Gaillard]]||2024
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 17|17]]||data-sort-value="Orsenna, Érik"|[[Érik Orsenna]]||1998
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 18|18]]||''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 19|19]]|| data-sort-value="Agacinski, Sylviane"|[[Sylviane Agacinski]]||2023
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 20|20]]||''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 21|21]]||data-sort-value="Finkielkraut, Alain"|[[Alain Finkielkraut]]||2014
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 22|22]]|| ''Vacant''||
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 23|23]]||data-sort-value="Rosenberg, Pierre"|[[Pierre Rosenberg]] (Dean)||1995
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 24|24]]||data-sort-value="Sureau, François"|[[François Sureau]]||2020
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 25|25]]||data-sort-value="Fernandez, Dominique"|[[Dominique Fernandez]] (Oldest member)||2007
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 26|26]]||data-sort-value="Rouart, Jean-Marie"|[[Jean-Marie Rouart]]||1997
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 27|27]]||data-sort-value="Nora, Pierre"|[[Pierre Nora]]||2001
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 28|28]]||data-sort-value="Rufin, Jean-Christophe"|[[Jean-Christophe Rufin]]||2008
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 29|29]]||data-sort-value="Maalouf, Amin"|[[Amin Maalouf]] (Perpetual Secretary)||2011
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 30|30]]||data-sort-value="Sallenave, Danièle"|[[Danièle Sallenave]]||2011
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 31|31]]||data-sort-value="Edwards, Michael"|[[Michael Edwards (literary scholar)|Michael Edwards]]||2013
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 32|32]]||data-sort-value="Ory, Pascal"|[[Pascal Ory]]||2021
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 33|33]]||data-sort-value="Bona, Dominique"|[[Dominique Bona]]||2013
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 34|34]]||data-sort-value="Cheng, François"|[[François Cheng]]||2002
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 35|35]]||data-sort-value="Compagnon, Antoine"|[[Antoine Compagnon]]||2022
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 36|36]]||data-sort-value="Cassin, Barbara"|[[Barbara Cassin]]||2018
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 37|37]]||data-sort-value=""|[[Michel Zink]]||2017
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 38|38]]||data-sort-value="Lambron, Marc"|[[Marc Lambron]]||2014
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 39|39]]||data-sort-value="Clair, Jean"|[[Jean Clair]]||2008
|-
|[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 40|40]]||data-sort-value="Darcos, Xavier"|[[Xavier Darcos]]||2013
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|France}}
* [[Academy of sciences]]
* [[Conseil international de la langue française]]
* [[Former prizes awarded by the Académie française]]
* [[French art salons and academies]]
* [[Language policy in France]]
* [[List of language regulators]]
** [[Language council]]
* [[Montyon Prize]] – prizes awarded annually by the Académie française and the Académie des sciences
* [[Office québécois de la langue française]]
* [[Paschimbanga Bangla Academy]]
* [[Proposals for an English Academy]]
* [[Royal Spanish Academy]]
* [[Swedish Academy]]
* ''[[Mademoiselle Cloque]]'' by René Boylesve

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Viala, Alain (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QEpJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 "{{Lang|fr|Académie Française|italic=no}}", vol. 1, pp. 6–9], in ''Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment'', edited by Michel Delon. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. {{ISBN|157958246X}}.
* Vincent, Leon H. (1901). ''The French Academy''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.académie-française.fr L'Académie française] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010419181129/http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1635af.html L'Académie française] from the Scholarly Societies project.
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=The French Academy}}
* [http://atilf.atilf.fr/academie9.htm ''Dictionnaire de l'Académie française'', neuvième édition] {{in lang|fr}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:French language in France]]
[[Category:Institut de France]]
[[Category:Language regulators]]
[[Category:6th arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime]]
[[Category:1635 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1635]]
[[Category:Organizations based in France]]
[[Category:Cardinal Richelieu]]