Editing Abydos (Hellespont)

{{Short description|Ancient city in Turkey}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name           = Abydos
| native_name    = Ἄβυδος {{in lang|grc}}
| alternate_name =
| image          = Gold stater reverse Philippos CdM Paris FG1973-1-71.jpg
| alt   = 
| caption        = Macedonian gold [[stater]], Abydos mint. 323–317 or 297 BC.
| image_size     = 300px
| map_type       = Turkey Marmara
| map_alt        = 
| map_size       = 300
| relief         = yes
| coordinates    = {{coord|40|11|43|N|26|24|18|E|display=it}}
| location       = [[Çanakkale]], [[Çanakkale Province]], [[Turkey]]
| map_dot_label  = Abydos
| region         = [[Mysia]]
| type           = Settlement
| part_of        = 
| length         = 
| width          = 
| area           = 
| height         = 
| builder        = 
| material       = 
| built          = {{Circa|670 BC}}<ref name="Hansen993" />
| abandoned      = {{Circa|1304}}-1310/1318<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/>
| epochs         = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
| cultures       = 
| dependency_of  = 
| occupants      = 
| event          = 
| excavations    = 
| archaeologists = 
| condition      = 
| ownership      = 
| management     = 
| public_access  = Restricted
| website        = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| notes          = 
}}

'''Abydos''' ({{langx|grc|Ἄβυδος}}, {{langx|la|Abydus}}) was an ancient city and bishopric in [[Mysia]].{{refn|Abydos is placed either within Mysia,<ref>For Abydos within Mysia, see
*Grainger (1997), p. 675
*Allen & Neil (2003), p. 189
*Bean (1976), p. 5
</ref> or the [[Troad]].<ref name="Brill"/>|group=nb}} It was located at the [[Nara Burnu]] promontory on the Asian coast of the [[Dardanelles|Hellespont]] (the straits of Dardanelles), opposite the ancient city of [[Sestos]], and near the city of [[Çanakkale]] in [[Turkey]]. Abydos was founded in {{Circa|670 BC}} at the most narrow point in the straits,<ref name="Hansen993" /> and thus was one of the main crossing points between Europe and Asia, until its replacement by the crossing between [[Lampsacus]] and [[Gelibolu|Kallipolis]] in the 13th century,<ref name="Kazhdan_Kallipolis"/> and the abandonment of Abydos in the early 14th century.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/>

In [[Greek mythology]], Abydos is presented in the myth of [[Hero and Leander]] as the home of Leander.<ref>Hopkinson (2012)</ref> The city is also mentioned in ''Rodanthe and Dosikles'', a novel written by [[Theodore Prodromos]], a 12th-century writer, in which Dosikles kidnaps Rodanthe at Abydos.<ref>Kazhdan & Wharton (1985), p. 202</ref>

==Archaeology==
In 1675, the site of Abydos was first identified, and was subsequently visited by numerous classicists and travellers, such as [[Robert Wood (antiquarian)|Robert Wood]], [[Richard Chandler (antiquary)|Richard Chandler]], and [[Lord Byron]].<ref name="Gunter">Gunter (2015), p. 1</ref> The city's acropolis is known in Turkish as Mal Tepe.<ref name="Bean"/>

Following the city's abandonment, the ruins of Abydos were scavenged for building materials from the 14th to the 19th century,<ref>Leveniotis (2017), p. 3</ref> and remains of walls and buildings continued to be reported until at least the 19th century, however, little remains and the area was declared a restricted military zone in the early 20th century, thus little to no excavation has taken place.<ref name="Gunter"/><ref>''[http://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/Bosphorus-BlackSea/ChersonneseThracian-Gazetteer.pdf Archivum Callipolitanum II]''. A Catalogue of Ancient Ports and Harbours</ref>

==History==

===Classical period===
[[File:Thracian Chersonese.svg |thumb|left|200px|The environs of Abydos in Antiquity]]
Abydos is mentioned in the ''[[Iliad]]'' as a [[Troy|Trojan]] ally,<ref name="Mitchell">Mitchell (2005)</ref> and, according to [[Strabo]], was occupied by [[Bebryces]] and later [[Thracians]] after the [[Trojan War]].<ref>Leveniotis (2017), p. 4</ref> It has been suggested that the city was originally a [[Phoenicia]]n colony as there was a temple of [[Aphrodite]] Porne (Aphrodite the Harlot) within Abydos.<ref>Miller (2014), p. 20</ref><ref>Gorman (2001), p. 243</ref> Abydos was settled by [[Miletus|Milesian]] colonists contemporaneously with the foundation of the cities of [[Karabiga|Priapos]] and [[Marmara Island|Prokonnesos]] in {{circa|670 BC}}.<ref name="Hansen993">Hansen & Nielsen (2004), p. 993</ref> Strabo related that [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]], King of [[Lydia]], granted his consent to the Milesians to settle Abydos;<ref name="Bean">Bean (1976), p. 5</ref> it is argued that this was carried out by Milesian mercenaries to act as a garrison to prevent Thracian raids into Asia Minor.<ref>Fine (1983), p. 80</ref> The city became a thriving centre for tuna exportation as a result of the high yield of tuna in the Hellespont.<ref>Roesti (1966), p. 82</ref>

Abydos was ruled by Daphnis, a pro-Persian [[tyrant]], in the 520s BC,<ref name="Hansen1003">Hansen & Nielsen (2004), p. 1003</ref> but was occupied by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] in 514.<ref name="Mitchell"/> [[Darius I]] destroyed the city following his [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I|Scythian campaign]] in 512.<ref name="Hansen1003"/> Abydos participated in the [[Ionian Revolt]] in the early 5th century BC,<ref name="Brill"/> however, the city returned briefly to Persian control as, in 480, at the onset of the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]], [[Xerxes I]] and the Persian army passed through Abydos on their march to Greece crossing the Hellespont on [[Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges]].<ref name="Mitchell"/> After the failed Persian invasion, Abydos became a member of the [[Classical Athens|Athenian]]-led [[Delian League]],<ref name="Mitchell"/> and was part of the [[Members of the Delian League#Hellespontine phoros|Hellespontine district]].<ref name="Hansen1003"/> Ostensibly an ally, Abydos was hostile to Athens throughout this time,<ref name="Bean"/> and contributed a ''[[phoros]]'' of 4-6 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]].<ref name="Brill"/> [[Xenophon]] documented that Abydos possessed gold mines at Astyra or Kremaste at the time of his writing.<ref name="Bean"/>

[[File:TROAS, Abydos. Circa 480-450 BC.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Abydos around the time of the Persian Wars. ABYΔ-[H]NON, eagle standing left / Facing gorgoneion with protruding tongue, within incuse square. Circa 500-480 BC]]
During the [[Second Peloponnesian War]], a [[Sparta]]n expedition led by [[Dercylidas]] arrived at Abydos in early May 411 BC and successfully convinced the city to defect from the Delian League and fight against Athens,<ref>Kagan (2013), p. 102</ref> at which time he was made [[harmost]] (commander/governor) of Abydos.<ref name="Hodkinson ">Hodkinson (2005)</ref> A Spartan fleet was [[Battle of Abydos|defeated]] by Athens at Abydos in the autumn of 411 BC.<ref>Westlake (1985), p. 313</ref> Abydos was attacked by the Athenians in the winter of 409/408 BC, but was repelled by a Persian force led by [[Pharnabazus II|Pharnabazus]], [[satrap]] (governor) of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]].<ref>Kagan (2013), p. 276</ref> Dercylidas held the office of harmost of Abydos until at least {{circa|407}}.<ref name="Hodkinson " /> According to [[Aristotle]], Abydos had an [[oligarchic]] constitution at this time.<ref name="Hansen1003"/> At the beginning of the [[Corinthian War]] in 394 BC, [[Agesilaus II]], King of Sparta, passed through Abydos into Thrace.<ref name="Phang"/> Abydos remained an ally of Sparta throughout the war and Dercylidas served as harmost of the city from 394 until he was replaced by [[Anaxibius]] in {{circa|390}}; the latter was killed in an ambush near Abydos by the Athenian general [[Iphicrates]] in {{circa|389/388}}.<ref name="Phang">Phang et al. (2016), p. 57</ref> At the conclusion of the Corinthian War, under the terms of the [[Peace of Antalcidas]] in 387 BC, Abydos was annexed to the Persian Empire.<ref name="Bean"/> Within the Persian Empire, Abydos was administered as part of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia,<ref>Jacobs (2011)</ref> and was ruled by the tyrant [[Philiscus of Abydos|Philiscus]] in 368.<ref>Fine (1983), p. 584</ref><ref>Maffre (2007), p. 129</ref> In {{circa|360 BC}}, the city came under the control of the tyrant Iphiades.<ref name="Hansen1003"/>

===Hellenistic period===
Abydos remained under Persian control until it was seized by a [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] army led by [[Parmenion]], a general of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]], in the spring of 336 BC.<ref name="Ashley">Ashley (2004), p. 187</ref> In 335, whilst Parmenion besieged the city of [[Pitane (Aeolis)|Pitane]], Abydos was besieged by a Persian army led by [[Memnon of Rhodes]], forcing Parmenion to abandon his siege of Pitane and march north to relieve Abydos.<ref>Freely (2010), pp. 55-56</ref> Alexander ferried across from Sestos to Abydos in 334 and travelled south to the city of Troy, after which he returned to Abydos.<ref name="Ashley" /> The following day, Alexander left Abydos and led his army north to [[Percote]].<ref name="Ashley" /> Alexander later established a royal mint at Abydos, as well as at other cities in [[Asia Minor]].<ref>Dmitriev (2011), p. 429</ref>

After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, Abydos, as part of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, came under the control of [[Leonnatus]] as a result of the [[Partition of Babylon]].<ref>Roberts (2007)</ref> At the [[Partition of Triparadisus]] in 321 BC, [[Arrhidaeus]] succeeded Leonnatus as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.<ref>Roisman (2012), p. 174</ref>

In 302, during the [[Fourth War of the Diadochi]], [[Lysimachus]], King of Thrace, crossed over into Asia Minor and invaded the kingdom of [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus I]].<ref name="Magie89">Magie (2015), p. 89</ref> Unlike the neighbouring cities of [[Parium]] and Lampsacus which surrendered, Abydos resisted Lysimachus and was besieged.<ref name="Magie89" /> Lysimachus was forced to abandon the siege, however, after the arrival of a relief force sent by [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]], son of King Antigonus I.<ref name="Magie89" /> According to [[Polybius]], by the third century BC, the neighbouring city of [[Baris in Hellesponto|Arisbe]] had become subordinate to Abydos.<ref>Spawforth (2015)</ref> The city of [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanus]] also came under the control of Abydos at some point in the Hellenistic period.<ref name="Mackay">Mackay (1976), p. 258</ref> Abydos became part of the [[Seleucid Empire]] after 281 BC.<ref name="Brill">''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/abydus-e101490 Abydus]''. Brill Reference Online</ref> The city was conquered by [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]], King of Egypt, in 245 BC,<ref>Grainger (1997), p. 675</ref> and remained under Ptolemaic control until at least 241, as Abydos had become part of the [[Attalid dynasty|Kingdom of Pergamon]] by c. 200 BC.<ref>''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/pergamum-e913440#p9091 Pergamum]''. Brill Reference Online</ref>

[[File:Ragavis-Lexiko-A003a-Coin from Abydos.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Hellenistic]] [[tetradrachm]] of Abydos, with the legend ΑΒΥΔΗΝΩΝ ("of the Abydenes")]]
During the [[Second Macedonian War]], Abydos was besieged by [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], King of Macedonia, in 200 BC,<ref name="Jaques">Jaques (2007), p. 4</ref> during which many of its citizens chose to commit suicide rather than surrender.<ref>Magie (2015), pp. 15-16</ref> [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] met with Philip V during the siege to deliver an ultimatum on behalf of the [[Senate of the Roman Republic|Roman senate]].<ref>Briscoe (2015)</ref> Ultimately, the city was forced to surrender to Philip V due to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Jaques"/> The Macedonian occupation ended after the Peace of Flamininus at the end of the war in 196 BC.<ref name="Jaques"/> At this time, Abydos was substantially depopulated and partially ruined as a result of the Macedonian occupation.<ref>Grainger (2002), p. 70</ref>

In the spring of 196 BC, Abydos was seized by [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]], ''[[Basileus|Megas Basileus]]'' of the Seleucid Empire,<ref>Magie (2015), p. 17</ref> who refortified the city in 192/191 BC.<ref name="Phang"/> Antiochus III later withdrew from Abydos during the [[Roman-Seleucid War]], thus allowing for the transportation of the Roman army into Asia Minor by October 190 BC.<ref>Errington (1989), p. 286</ref> Dardanus was subsequently liberated from Abydene control,<ref name="Mackay" /> and the [[Treaty of Apamea]] of 188 BC returned Abydos to the Kingdom of Pergamon.<ref>Errington (1989), pp. 287-288</ref> A [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] was active at Abydos in the 2nd century BC.<ref>''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/education-culture-e217200#p2560 Education / Culture]''. Brill Reference Online</ref>

===Roman period===
[[Attalus III]], King of Pergamon, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome upon his death in 133 BC, and thus Abydos became part of the [[Asia (Roman province)|province of Asia]].<ref>Dmitriev (2005), p. 7</ref> The gold mines of Abydos at Astyra or Kremaste were near exhaustion at the time was Strabo was writing.<ref name="Bean"/> The city was counted amongst the ''telonia'' (custom houses) of the province of Asia in the ''lex portorii Asiae'' of 62 AD,<ref>Leveniotis (2017), p. 11</ref> and formed part of the ''[[conventus iuridicus]] [[Adramyttium|Adramytteum]]''.<ref name="Leveniotis8" /> Abydos is mentioned in the ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'' and [[Antonine Itinerary]].<ref>Magie (2017), p. 41</ref> The mint of Abydos ceased to function in the mid-3rd century AD.<ref name="Leveniotis8">Leveniotis (2017), p. 8</ref>

It is believed that Abydos, with Sestos and Lampsacus, is referred to as one of the "three large capital cities" of the Roman Empire in ''[[Weilüe]]'', a 3rd-century AD Chinese text.<ref>Leslie & Gardiner (1995), p. 67</ref> The city was the centre for customs collection at the southern entrance of the [[Sea of Marmara]],<ref name="Foss">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0024?rskey=9rYfUw&result=1 Abydos]" (C. Foss), pp. 8–9</ref> and was administered by a ''komes ton Stenon'' (count of the Straits) or an ''[[archon#Byzantine Empire|archon]]'' from the 3rd century to the 5th century AD.<ref name="Leveniotis12" >Leveniotis (2017), p. 12</ref>

===Medieval period===
[[File:Çanakkale –Abydos Burnu.Istanbul Boğazı’na giriş.jpg|thumb|View of the straits at Abydos.]]
[[Pope Martin I]] rested at Abydos in the summer of 653 whilst en route to Constantinople.<ref>McCormick (2001), pp. 485-486</ref> As a result of the administrative reforms of the 7th century, Abydos came to be administered as part of the [[Theme (Byzantine district)|theme]] of [[Opsikion]].<ref>Lampakis (2008)</ref> The office of ''[[kommerkiarios]]'' of Abydos is first attested in the mid-7th century, and was later sometimes combined with the office of ''[[paraphylax]]'', the military governor of the fort, introduced in the 8th century, at which time the office of ''komes ton stenon'' is last mentioned.<ref name="Nesbitt ">Nesbitt & Oikonomides (1996), pp. 73-74</ref>

After the 7th century AD, Abydos became a major seaport.<ref name="Kazhdan_Ports">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4429 Ports]" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1706–1707</ref> [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik]], during his [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|campaign]] against [[Constantinople]], crossed over into Thrace at Abydos in July 717.<ref>Venning & Harris (2006), p. 196</ref> The office of ''archon'' at Abydos was restored in the late 8th century and endured until the early 9th century.<ref name="Leveniotis12"/> In 801, Empress [[Irene of Athens|Irene]] reduced commercial tariffs collected at Abydos.<ref name="Foss"/> Emperor [[Nikephoros I]], Irene's successor, introduced a tax on slaves purchased beyond the city.<ref name="Hollingsworth">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3803 Nikephoros I]" (P. A. Hollingsworth), pp. 1476–1477</ref> The city later also became part of the [[Aegean Sea (theme)|theme of the Aegean Sea]] and was the seat of a ''[[tourmarches]]''.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

Abydos was sacked by an [[Abbasid Caliphate|Arab]] fleet led by [[Leo of Tripoli]] in 904 AD whilst en route to Constantinople.<ref name="Kazhdan_Leo">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3097 Leo of Tripoli]" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1216</ref> The [[Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger|revolt]] of [[Bardas Phokas the Younger|Bardas Phokas]] was defeated by Emperor [[Basil II]] at Abydos in 989 AD.<ref>Evans & Wixom (1997), p. 19</ref> In 992, the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] were granted reduced commercial tariffs at Abydos as a special privilege.<ref name="Foss"/> In the early 11th century, Abydos became the seat of a separate command and the office of ''[[strategos]]'' (governor) of Abydos is first mentioned in 1004 with authority over the northern shore of the Hellespont and the islands of the Sea of Marmara.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

In 1024, a [[Rus' people|Rus']] [[Battle of Lemnos (1024)|raid]] led by a certain Chrysocheir defeated the local commander at Abydos and proceeded to travel south through the Hellespont.<ref>Wortley (2010), p. 347</ref> Following the [[Battle of Manzikert]], Abydos was seized by the [[Seljuk Turks]], but was recovered in 1086 AD,<ref>Haldon & Davis (2002), p. 95</ref> in which year Leo Kephalas was appointed ''[[katepano]]'' of Abydos.<ref>Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy01.rhul.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2828. Kephalas]" (A. Kazhdan)</ref> Abydos' population likely increased at this time as a result of the arrival of refugees from northwestern Anatolia who had fled the advance of the Turks.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/> In 1092/1093, the city was attacked by [[Tzachas]], a Turkish pirate.<ref name="Brand">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-5634 Tzachas]" (Ch. M. Brand), p. 2134</ref> Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] repaired Abydos' fortifications in the late 12th century.<ref name="Nesbitt "/>

By the 13th century AD, the crossing from Lampsacus to [[Gelibolu|Kallipolis]] had become more common and largely replaced the crossing from Abydos to Sestos.<ref name="Kazhdan_Kallipolis">Kazhdan (1991) "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2725 Kallipolis]" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1094–1095</ref> During the [[Fourth Crusade]], in 1204, the Venetians seized Abydos,<ref name="Foss"/> and, following the [[Sack of Constantinople (1204)|Sack of Constantinople]] and the formation of the [[Latin Empire]] later that year, [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor|Emperor Baldwin]] granted the land between Abydos and Adramyttium to his brother [[Henry of Flanders]].<ref>Van Tricht (2011), p. 106</ref> Henry of Flanders passed through Abydos on 11 November 1204 and continued his march to Adramyttium.<ref>Korobeinikov (2014), p. 54</ref> Abydos was seized by the [[Empire of Nicaea]], a successor state of the Eastern Roman Empire, during its offensive in 1206–1207, but was reconquered by the Latin Empire in 1212–1213.<ref>Van Tricht (2011), pp. 109-110</ref> The city was later recovered by Emperor [[John III Vatatzes]].<ref name="Foss"/> Abydos declined in the 13th century, and was eventually abandoned between 1304 and 1310/1318 due to the threat of Turkish tribes and disintegration of Roman control over the region.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14"/>

==Ecclesiastical history==
{{Main|Diocese of Abydos|Roman Catholic Diocese of Abydus}}
The [[bishopric]] of Abydus appears in all the ''[[Notitiae Episcopatuum]]'' of the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]] from the mid-7th century until the time of [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] (1341), first as a [[suffragan]] of [[Cyzicus]] and then from 1084 as a [[metropolitan see]] without suffragans. The earliest bishop mentioned in extant documents is Marcian, who signed the joint letter of the bishops of Hellespontus to Emperor [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]] in 458, protesting about the murder of [[Proterius of Alexandria]]. A letter of [[Peter the Fuller]] (471–488) mentions a bishop of Abydus called Pamphilus. Ammonius signed the decretal letter of the Council of Constantinople in 518 against [[Severus of Antioch]] and others. Isidore was at the [[Third Council of Constantinople]] (680–681), John at the [[Trullan Council]] (692), Theodore at the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] (787). An unnamed bishop of Abydus was a counsellor of Emperor [[Nikephoros II]] in 969.<ref>Michel Lequien. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'']. Paris. 1740, Vol. I, coll. 773-776.</ref><ref>Sophrone Pétridès. v. ''Abydus'',  in [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6562709t/f125.image ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. I. Paris. 1909. coll. 209-210.</ref>

Seals attest Theodosius as bishop of Abydos in the 11th century,<ref>''[http://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.373/view Theodosios monk and bishop of Abydos (eleventh century)]''.Dumbarton Oaks</ref> and John as metropolitan bishop of Abydos in the 11/12th century.<ref>''[http://doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1951.31.5.307 John proedros (= metropolitan) of Abydos (eleventh/twelfth century)]''. Dumbarton Oaks</ref> Abydos remained a metropolitan see until the city fell to the Turks in the 14th century.<ref name="Nesbitt "/> The diocese is currently a [[titular see]] of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Gerasimos Papadopoulos was titular Bishop of Abydos from 1962 until his death in 1995.<ref>''[https://www.goarch.org/-/gerasimos-papadopoulos-bishop-of-abydos-the-wise-abba-of-america Gerasimos Papadopoulos: Bishop of Abydos, the Wise Abba of America]''. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</ref> [[Simeon Kruzhkov]] was bishop of Abydos from May to September 1998.<ref>Rimestad (2014), p. 299, p. 309</ref> [[Kyrillos Katerelos]] was consecrated bishop of Abydos in 2008.<ref>''[https://www.patriarchate.org/-/abydou-k-kyrillos Kyrillos of Abydos]''. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople {{in lang|el}}</ref>

In 1222, during the [[Latin occupation]], the [[papal legate]] [[Giovanni Colonna (died 1245)|Giovanni Colonna]] united the dioceses of Abydos and [[Madytos (Thrace)|Madytos]] and placed the see under direct Papal authority.<ref name="Leveniotis13-14">Leveniotis (2017), pp. 13-14</ref> No longer a residential [[bishopric]], Abydus is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a titular see.

==See also==
* [[List of ancient Greek cities]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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* {{cite book | last1 =Gorman| first1 =Vanessa B. |date=2001|title=Miletos, the Ornament of Ionia: A History of the City to 400 B.C.E.|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Grainger | first1 =John D.|date=1997|title=A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer|publisher=BRILL}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Grainger | first1 =John D. |date=2002 |title=The Roman War of Antiochos the Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTf0Nkjw5-gC&q=livius+abydos|publisher=BRILL|isbn= 978-9004128408}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Gunter| first1 =Ann C.|date=2015 |title=Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Haldon| first1 =John | first2=Shelby Cullom |last2 =Davis|date=2002 |title=Warfare, State And Society In The Byzantine World 560-1204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSWPAgAAQBAJ&q=Atramyttion|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781135364373}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Hansen| first1 =Mogens Herman   | first2=Thomas Heine|last2 =Nielsen|date=2004 |title=An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kRDAAAQBAJ&q=Adramyttion|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780198140993}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Hodkinson | first=Stephen J. | year=2005 | title=Dercylidas | encyclopedia=The Oxford Classical Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Hopkinson | first=Neil | year=2012 | title=Hero and Leander | encyclopedia=The Oxford Classical Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES| last1 = Jacobs| first1 = Bruno |url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-satrapies| encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2011}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Jaques| first1 =Tony |date=2007 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn =9780313335372 }}
* {{cite book | last1 =Kagan| first1 =Donald|date=2013 |title=The Fall of the Athenian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P55XCwAAQBAJ&q=abydos+hellespont|publisher=Cornell University Press| isbn =978-0801467271}}
* {{cite book | last1=Kazhdan | first1=Aleksandr | first2=Annabel Jane |last2=Wharton | date=1985 |title=Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qlU37xo9LeUC | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=9780520051294 |author-link=Alexander Kazhdan}}
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Korobeinikov| first1 =Dimitri |date=2014 |title=Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCXRCwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn =9780191017940 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia  |last=Lampakis |first= Stylianos |date=2008|title=Theme of Opsikion|url=http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=9018|encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor}}
* {{cite journal| last1 =Leslie| first1 =D. D.| first2=K. J. H. |last2 =Gardiner|date=1995|title=All Roads Lead to Rome: Chinese Knowledge of the Roman Empire|journal= Journal of Asian History |volume=29 |issue=1|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|pages=61–81}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Leveniotis| first1 = Georgios A.|date=2017 |title=Abydos of Hellespont and Its Region|url=https://www.academia.edu/37276415|publisher=VANIAS}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last1 =Mackay| first1 =T. S.|title=Dardanos|date=1976|encyclopedia =The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, ed. Richard Stillwell|publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Maffre| first1 =Frédéric |date=2007|chapter=Indigenous aristocracies in Hellespontine Phrygia|title=Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire, ed. Christopher Tuplin|publisher=ISD LLC}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Magie| first1 =David |date=2015 |title=Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Volume 1: To the End of the Third Century After Christ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YATWCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn= 9781400849796}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Magie| first1 =David|date=2017 |title=Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Volume 2: To the End of the Third Century After Christ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQs1DgAAQBAJ|publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn =9781400887743}}
* {{cite book | last1 =McCormick| first1 =Michael|date=2001|title=Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
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*{{Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art|volume=3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia  | last1 =Phang| first1 =Sara E. | first2=Iain |last2 =Spence| first3=Douglas |last3 =Kelly|last4=Londey|first4=Peter |date=2016 |title =Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npNUDAAAQBAJ|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 9781610690201}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Roberts|first=John|date=2007|title=Leonnatus|journal=Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World| publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite journal| last1 =Roesti| first1 =Robert M.|date=1966|title=The Declining Economic Role of the Mediterranean Tuna Fishery|journal= The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=77–90| doi =10.1111/j.1536-7150.1966.tb02768.x}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Roisman| first1 =Joseph|date=2012 |title=Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzPlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|publisher=University of Texas Press| isbn =9780292735965}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Spawforth|first=Antony |year=2015|title=Arisbe  |encyclopedia =The Oxford Classical Dictionary| publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Venning| first1 =T.| first2=J. |last2 =Harris|date=2006 |title=Chronology of the Byzantine Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjVaCwAAQBAJ|publisher=Springer |isbn= 9780230505865}}
* {{cite journal| last1 =Westlake| first1 =H. D.|date=1985|title=Abydos and Byzantium: The Sources for Two Episodes in the Ionian War|journal= Museum Helveticum |volume=42 |issue=4|publisher=Schwabe AG Verlag|pages=313–327}}
* {{John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057}}
* {{cite encyclopedia  | last1 =Wright| first1 =Edmund |title=Abydos|date=2006|encyclopedia =A Dictionary of World History|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192807007.001.0001/acref-9780192807007-e-23|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780192807007| doi =10.1093/acref/9780192807007.001.0001 }}
{{div col end}}

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