Editing Abijah of Judah

{{Short description|Second King of Judah according to the Hebrew Bible}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Abijah
| title        = 
| image        = Abijam.png
| caption      = Abijam from [[Guillaume Rouillé]]'s ''[[Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum]]'', 1553
| succession   = [[Kings of Judah|King of Judah]]
| reign        = {{circa|913 – 911 BCE}}
| full name    = 
| native_lang1 = [[Hebrew name]]
| native_lang1_name1 = '''אבים''' בן-רחבעם<br />'''’Aviyam''' ben Rehav’am
| birth_date   = {{circa|950 BCE}}
| birth_place  = Jerusalem
| death_date   = 911 BCE
| death_place  = possibly Jerusalem
| burial_place = Jerusalem
| predecessor  = [[Rehoboam]]
| successor    = [[Asa of Judah|Asa]]
| spouse       = 14 wives
| issue        = 22 sons and 16 daughters
| royal house  = [[Davidic line|House of David]]
| father       = [[Rehoboam]]
| mother       = [[Maacah]], or Micaiah, daughter of Uriel of Gibeah, and granddaughter of [[Absalom]]
| religion     = 
}}

'''Abijam''' ({{langx|he|אֲבִיָּם|ʼĂḇīyyām|my father is [[Yam (god)|Yam]]}}; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Αβιού|Aviou}}; {{langx|la|Abiam}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlbible.com/1_kings/15-1.htm|title=1 Kings 15:1 Multilingual: Now in the eighteenth year of King Jeroboam the son of Nebat, Abijam began to reign over Judah.|website=mlbible.com}}</ref> was, according to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the fourth king of the [[Davidic line|House of David]] and the second of the [[Kingdom of Judah]]. He was the son of [[Rehoboam]] and the grandson of [[Solomon]].{{sfn|Pulkrabek|2007|p=39}}{{sfn|Provan|Hubbard|Johnston|2012|p=189}}{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=194}} The [[Books of Chronicles]] refer to him as '''Abijah'''.{{efn|{{Hebrew Name 1|אֲבִיָּה|ʼĂḇīyyā|"my father is [[Tetragrammaton|Yah]]"}}; {{langx|el|Αβια}}; {{langx|la|Abia}}}}<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|13:1-22|NKJV}}</ref>

==In the Talmud==
===Family===
Abijam is reported in the books of [[Books of Kings|Kings]] and [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] as being the son of [[Maacah]] or Micaiah and father of King [[Asa of Judah]]. Some scholars believe the biblical accounts of Abijam's family to be [[Internal consistency of the Bible|contradictory]];{{sfn|Sweeney|2007|p=191}} however, a study of Hebrew linguistics may remove any seeming contradictions. One of the alleged contradictions is that Maacah is sometimes described as the daughter of [[Absalom]], and elsewhere the daughter of Uriel. Absalom is described as only having one daughter, Tamar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#14:27|title=2 Samuel 14:27}}</ref>  Apologists have countered by arguing that in Hebrew, "daughter" and "granddaughter" are the same word.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/smiths-bible-dictionary/daughter.html|title=Daughter - Smith's Bible Dictionary|date=22 October 2019|website=Bible Study Tools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/daughter.html|title=Daughter - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|website=Bible Study Tools|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> Similarly, Maacah is initially described as Abijah's mother, but subsequently described as the mother of his son Asa.  Apologists argue similarly for the ambiguity of the term "mother".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Strong's Expanded Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible|last=Strong|first=James|publisher=Thomas Nelson Publishers|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4185-4237-5|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref>  Abijah married [[Polygamy|fourteen wives]], and had 22 sons and 16 daughters.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|13:21|HE}}</ref> No attempted harmonization has found acceptance with scholars.

===Reign===
Following the death of [[Rehoboam]], his son Abijah succeeded the throne as [[Kingdom of Judah|King of Judah]].{{sfn|Merrill|2008|p=347}} He began his three-year reign (2 Chr. 12:16; 13:1, 2) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|northern Kingdom of Israel]] to their allegiance,{{sfn|Easton|1894|p=6, Abi’jah (5.)}} a path which in {{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|11:4|HE}} his father had chosen not to follow.

Following Abijah's ascension to the throne in the 18th year of [[Jeroboam|King Jeroboam I]] of Israel, he marched north to win Israel back to the Davidic kingdom.{{sfn|Merrill|2008|p=347}} Jeroboam surrounded Abijah's army, engaging in the [[Battle of Mount Zemaraim]].{{sfn|Merrill|2008|p=347}} Abijah rallied his troops there and went on to capture the Israelite cities of [[Jeshanah]], Ephron (now [[Taybeh, Ramallah]]), and [[Bethel]].{{sfn|Merrill|2008|p=347}}

==Commentaries==
[[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Non-conformist]] minister [[Alexander Maclaren]] considers Abijah "a wiser and better man than his father".<ref>Maclaren, A., [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/maclaren/2_chronicles/13.htm Expositions of Holy Scripture] on 2 Chronicles 13, accessed 27 April 2020</ref>

According to the [[Deuteronomist#Deuteronomistic history|Deuteronomist]],{{sfn|Eerdmans|2000|p=6, ABIJAH 3.}} "Yet, for the sake of David, [[Yahweh|YHWH]] his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem, by raising up his descendant after him and by preserving Jerusalem." (1 Kings 15:4).<ref>{{cite web |title=I Kings 15:4 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/I_Kings.15.4?lang=bi |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref> The wording in the [[Septuagint]] is "the Lord gave him a remnant".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/sep/1_kings/15.htm|title=1 Kings 15 Brenton Septuagint Translation|website=biblehub.com}}</ref> Thus the unconditional covenant blessing of God guaranteed his promise to [[King David]] to stabilize the kingdom despite its ruler. The Chronicler also emphasizes YHWH's promise as seen by Abijah's success against every effort by Jeroboam to defeat him according to [[2 Chronicles 13]]:18.{{sfn|Merrill|2008|p=347}}

God had given the Kingdom to David and his descendants according to [[1 Chronicles 17]]:14 by a [[covenant of salt]], meaning "of permanence" (cf. [[Vayikra (parsha)#Third reading — Leviticus 2:7–16|Leviticus 2:13]]).{{sfn|Wycliffe|1962|p=873}}

==Rabbinic literature==
Although Abijah took up God's cause against Jeroboam, the idolatrous king of Israel, he was not permitted to enjoy the fruits of his victory over the latter for any considerable time, dying as he did shortly after his campaign (Josephus, ''Ant''. viii. 11, § 3). The rabbis recount many transgressions committed by Abijah against his fellow men, drawing God's vengeance upon him more speedily than upon Jeroboam's idolatries. It is stated that he mutilated the corpses of Jeroboam's soldiers and would not permit them to be interred until they had arrived at a state of putrefaction. Nor did Abijah show himself zealous in God's cause, for when, by the conquest of Bethel (II Chron. xiii. 19), the golden calves came into his possession, he did not destroy them as the law (Deut. vii. 25) enjoined. The rabbis also point out that it was improper for Abijah to accuse the whole of Israel of idolatry and to proclaim the appointment of Jeroboam as king to have been the work of "vain men, the children of Belial" (II Chron. xiii. 7) since it was the prophet [[Ahijah the Shilonite]] who prophesied that Jeroboam would be king (I Kings, xi. 37). For these reasons Abijah's reign was a short one.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/300-abijah#anchor6 ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', "Abijah"] {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Chronological discrepancies==
According to {{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|13:1-2|HE}}, Abijah became king of Judah in the 18th year of the reign of [[Jeroboam]], and reigned for three years.

[[William F. Albright]] has dated his reign to 915–913 BCE.

[[Edwin R. Thiele|E. R. Thiele]] offers the dates 914/913 &ndash; 911/910 BCE.{{sfn|Thiele|1951|p=81, 82, 217}} As explained in the [[Rehoboam]] article, Thiele's chronology for the first kings of Judah contained an internal inconsistency which later scholars corrected by dating these kings one year earlier, so that Abijah's dates are taken as 915/914 to 912/911 BCE in the present article.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book|last1=Easton|first1=Matthew George|author-link=Matthew George Easton|title=Illustrated Bible Dictionary|date=1894|publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|T. Nelson]]|location=London|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KspEAAAAYAAJ&q=abijam&pg=PP5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Eerdmans|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|date=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802824004|edition=[[David Noel Freedman]], Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&q=abijah&pg=PA6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Eugene H.|author-link=Eugene H. Merrill (academic)|title=Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel|date=2008|publisher=Baker Academic|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=9781441217073|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGLzgbL1w3oC&q=abijah+historicity&pg=PA347}}
* {{cite book | last1=Provan | first1=I.W. | last2=Hubbard | first2=R.L. | last3=Johnston | first3=R.K. | title=1 & 2 Kings | publisher=Baker Publishing Group | series=Understanding the Bible Commentary Series | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4412-3830-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vISNTuuVTuoC&pg=PT189 | access-date=23 August 2017}}
* {{cite book | last=Pulkrabek | first=W.W. | title=Family Trees of the Bible: Family Tree Charts and Genealogical Information of the Main Characters in the Christian Bible | publisher=Vantage Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-533-15607-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE05g1pLfXMC&pg=PA39 | access-date=23 August 2017}}
*{{cite book | last=Sweeney | first=M.A. | title=I & II Kings: A Commentary | publisher=Westminster John Knox Press | series=Old Testament library | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-664-22084-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC&pg=PA191 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Thiele|first1=Edwin R.|author-link=Edwin R. Thiele|title=The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings|date=1951|publisher=Kregel Academic|location=Grand Rapids, MI|edition=New rev. }}
* {{cite book|last1=Tyndale|title=Tyndale Bible Dictionary|date=2001|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers|location=Wheaton, Ill.|isbn=9780842370899|page=5|edition=[[Evangelical Dictionary of Theology|Walter A. Elwell]], Philip Wesley Comfort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWkoFOvbWW4C&q=abijah&pg=PA5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wycliffe|title=The Wycliffe Bible Commentary|date=1962|publisher=Moody Publishers|isbn=9781575677163|edition=Charles F. Pfeiffer, Everett F. Harrison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4lLCAAAQBAJ&q=abijah+wicliff&pg=PT873}}
* {{cite book | last=Zucker | first=D.J. | title=The Bible's Writings: An Introduction for Christians and Jews | publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-63087-112-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z05JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 | access-date=23 August 2017}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lesley|first1=J. P.|title=Notes on an Egyptian Element in the Names of the Hebrew Kings|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|page=412|volume=19 |issue=108 |date=1881|jstor=982265}}
* {{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia|last1=McCurdy |first1=J. Frederic |last2=Ginzberg |first2=Louis |article=Abijah {entry #3} |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/300-abijah}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Davidic line|House of David]]|||||[[Tribe of Judah]]<br /><small>''Contemporary [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|King of Israel]]:''</small> [[Jeroboam|Jeroboam I]]||||}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rehoboam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kings of Judah|King of Judah]]|years=913–912 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Asa of Judah|Asa]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{IsraeliteKings}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:10th-century BC kings of Judah]]
[[Category:910s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Theophoric names]]
[[Category:Books of Kings people]]
[[Category:Books of Chronicles people]]