Editing Abbey Road Studios

{{Short description|Recording studio in London, England}}
{{redirect|EMI Studios|the film studios|EMI-Elstree Studios}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name          = Abbey Road Studios
| logo          = Abbey Road Studios Logo.svg
| image         = Abbey road studios.jpg
| image_alt     = A two-storey white building with grey window frames, several cars parked in the foreground
| image_caption = Abbey Road Studios in December 2005
| former_name   = EMI Recording Studios
| type          = Recording studio
| industry      = Music
| founded       = {{Start date and age|1931|11|12|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.abbeyroad.com/our-story |website=Abbey Road |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>
| founder       = [[Gramophone Company]]
| hq_location   = [[St John's Wood]], City of Westminster, London, England
| parent        = [[Universal Music Group]]
| website       = {{URL|abbeyroad.com}}
}}
{{Infobox historic site
| image = Abbey Rd Studios.jpg
| built = {{start date and age|1831}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – Abbey Road Studios|url= https://www.abbeyroad.com/about-us |website=Abbey Road |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>
| architecture = [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]
| designation1 = UK Grade II
| designation1_offname = Abbey Road Studios
| designation1_date = 23 February 2010
| designation1_number = 1393688<ref name="NHL">{{National Heritage List for England |num=1393688|desc=Abbey Road Studios |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
| designation2 = UK Grade II
| designation2_offname = Zebra crossing near Abbey Road Studios
| designation2_date = 21 December 2010
| designation2_number = 1396390<ref>{{NHLE|num=1396390|desc=Zebra crossing near Abbey Road Studios |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
| built_for = 
| architect = 
}}

'''Abbey Road Studios''' (formerly '''EMI Recording Studios''') is a music recording studio at 3 [[Abbey Road, London|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], [[City of Westminster]], London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abbeyroad.com/studios/studio1/ |title=Studio 1 |publisher=Abbey Road Studios; EMI Records Limited |access-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120039/http://www.abbeyroad.com/studios/studio1/ |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was established in November 1931 by the [[Gramophone Company]], a predecessor of British music company [[EMI]], which owned it until [[Universal Music Group]] (UMG) took control of part of it in 2013. It is ultimately owned by UMG subsidiary [[Virgin Records]] Limited.

The studio's most notable client was [[the Beatles]], who used the studio – particularly its Studio Two room – as the venue for many of the [[Recording practices of the Beatles|innovative recording techniques]] that they adopted throughout the 1960s. In 1976, the studio was renamed from ''EMI'' to ''Abbey Road''.

In 2009, Abbey Road came under threat of sale to property developers. In response, the British Government protected the site, granting it [[English Heritage]] [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] status in 2010, thereby preserving the building from any major alterations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8531054.stm |title=Abbey Road studios given listed building status |work=BBC News |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=19 August 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614040214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8531054.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===1920s–1940s===
Originally a nine-bedroom [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] [[townhouse]] built in 1831 on the footpath leading to [[Kilburn Priory|Kilburn Abbey]], the building was later converted to flats where the best-known resident was [[Maundy Gregory]], who was famous (or infamous) for selling political honours.

In 1929, the [[Gramophone Company]] acquired the premises. The property benefited from a large garden behind the townhouse, which permitted a much larger building to be constructed to the rear; thus, the Georgian façade belies the true dimension of the building. The architectural partnership [[Wallis, Gilbert and Partners]] was hired to convert the property into a [[recording studio]], an unusual request at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Kevin |title=[[Recording the Beatles]] |last2=Kehew |first2=Brian |author-link2=Brian Kehew |publisher=Curvebender |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9785200-0-7 |location=Houston, Tex |pages=15–16}}</ref> Three purpose-built studios were constructed and the existing house was adapted for use as administration offices. [[Pathé]] filmed the opening of the studios in November 1931 when [[Edward Elgar]] conducted the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in recording sessions of his music.<ref name="saga">[http://www.malonedigital.com/starwars.pdf "Recording the Star Wars Saga"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409081816/http://www.malonedigital.com/starwars.pdf |date=9 April 2011 }} Retrieved 4 August 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpDP9VTamZY |url-status=dead |year=1931 |title=Sir Edward Elgar, Master of the King's Music. "Land of hope & glory" |via=YouTube |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808210419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpDP9VTamZY }}</ref> In 1934, the inventor of [[stereophonic sound|stereo sound]], [[Alan Blumlein]], recorded [[Mozart]]'s ''[[Jupiter Symphony]]'' which was conducted by [[Thomas Beecham]] at the studios.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Early stereo recordings restored|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7537782.stm|first=Martin |last=Shankleman |publisher=BBC |date=1 August 2008 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

The neighbouring house is also owned by the studio and used to accommodate musicians. During the mid-20th century, the studio was extensively used by British conductor Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]], whose house was located near the studio building.<ref>Discography in ''Sir Malcolm Sargent: a Tribute''.</ref>

The Gramophone Company merged with [[Columbia Graphophone Company]] to form [[EMI|Electric and Musical Industries]] (EMI) in 1931, and the studios later became known as EMI Recording Studios.<ref name="Hewitt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/may/25/tvandradio.television |title=One for the road |last=Hewitt |first=Paolo |date=24 May 2000 |website=The Guardian |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122636/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/may/25/tvandradio.television |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1936 cellist [[Pablo Casals]] became the first to record [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s [[Cello Suites]] No. 1 & 2 at the command of EMI head [[Fred Gaisberg]]. The recordings went on to spur a revolution among Bach aficionados and cellists alike.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Siblin, Eric |title=The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales |page=unstated |isbn=978-1-74237-159-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Euf2Loch7YcC |via=Google Books |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724205749/https://books.google.com/books?id=Euf2Loch7YcC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fats Waller|"Fats" Waller]] played the Compton organ there.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[Glenn Miller]] recorded at the Abbey Road studios during [[World War II]], when he was based in the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://www.abbeyroad.com/visit/history-of-abbey-road/1940s/ Visit Abbey Road. "1940s"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119152517/http://www.abbeyroad.com/visit/history-of-abbey-road/1940s/ |date=19 November 2008 }}, ''Abbeyroad.com'' (16 September 1944). Retrieved 29 July 2011.</ref>

In 1931 an [[echo chamber]] was built in the studios, in the early days of artificial reverberation.<ref>Curtis Roads (2015) | Composing Electronic Music - A New Aesthetic| Oxford University Press</ref>

===1950s–1970s===
[[File:Abbeyroadtomswain.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Studio Two, Abbey Road Studios|Pianos used by many recording artists over the years in Studio Two of Abbey Road Studios]]

In 1958, Studio Two at EMI became a centre for rock and roll music when [[Cliff Richard]] and the Drifters (later Cliff Richard and [[the Shadows]]) recorded "[[Move It]]" there,<ref>{{Cite news |title=EMI puts Abbey Road up for sale: Ten things you need to know about the iconic recording studio |date=16 February 2010 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |location=London |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/emi-puts-abbey-road-up-201857 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728061714/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/emi-puts-abbey-road-up-201857 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and later pop music material.

EMI is closely associated with the Beatles, who recorded almost all of their albums and hits there between 1962 and 1970 using the four-track REDD mixing console designed by Peter K. Burkowitz.<ref>[http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/jaes.obit/JAES_V60_7_8_PG639.pdf Peter Karl Burkowitz 1920–2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213091609/http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/jaes.obit/JAES_V60_7_8_PG639.pdf |date=13 December 2014 }} Obituary by the AES</ref> The Beatles named their 1969 album ''[[Abbey Road]]''.<ref name=SoS>{{Cite web|title=Abbey Road Studios, London|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/abbey-road-studios-london|first=Hannes|last=Bieger|website=[[Sound on Sound]]|date=November 2012|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lancy |first1=Justin |title=The Technical Constraints That Made Abbey Road So Good |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-technical-constraints-that-made-abbey-road-so-good/381820/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023231140/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-technical-constraints-that-made-abbey-road-so-good/381820/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1057/9781137463388_7 |chapter=Abbey Road Studios, the Tourist, and Beatles Heritage |title=Relocating Popular Music |pages=129–147 |year=2015 |last1=Atkinson |first1=Peter |isbn=978-1-349-69057-2}}</ref> [[Iain Macmillan]] took the album's cover photograph outside the studios, with the result that the nearby [[zebra crossing]] has become a place of pilgrimage for Beatles [[aficionado|fans]]. It has been a tradition for visitors to pay homage to the band by writing on the wall in front of the building even though it is painted over every three months.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Lawrence |last=Pollard |date=7 August 2009 |title=Revisiting Abbey Road 40 Years On |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8188475.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=2 November 2010 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8188475.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2010, the zebra crossing at Abbey Road was given a Grade II [[Listed building|listed status]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Matthew |last=Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/02/ringo-starr-childhood-home |title=Housing minister tries to save Ringo Starr's childhood home |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 January 2011 |access-date=19 August 2011 |location=London |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151036/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/02/ringo-starr-childhood-home |url-status=live }}</ref>

After becoming the studio's general manager in 1974, [[Ken Townsend]] began a rebranding effort to capitalise on the studio's connection with the Beatles. To emphasise the studio's independence, Townsend commissioned the artist Alan Brown to design a unique logo, and in 1976 the facility officially changed names from ''EMI Studios'' to ''Abbey Road Studios''.{{sfn|Womack|2019|pp=237–238}}<ref name="Womack">{{Cite web |last1=Womack |first1=Kenneth |title=The Legacy of Abbey Road: Rebranding EMI Studios for the Ages with Ken Townsend |url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/the-legacy-of-abbey-road-rebranding-emi-studios-for-the-ages-with-ken-townsend/ |website=[[Cornell University Press]] |access-date=30 May 2022 |date=25 September 2019 |ref=none |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215081930/https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/the-legacy-of-abbey-road-rebranding-emi-studios-for-the-ages-with-ken-townsend/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|A 2012 article in ''[[Sound on Sound]]'' magazine instead dates the name change to 1970.<ref name=SoS />}} Having previously been mostly restricted to UK-based EMI acts, the studio's name-change served the added purpose of encouraging non-EMI acts to record at the studio.{{sfn|Womack|2019|pp=237–238}}<ref name="Womack" />

Notable producers and [[sound engineer]]s who have worked at Abbey Road include [[Fred Gaisberg]] (who had first recorded [[Enrico Caruso]] in Milan in 1902, and had set up the first recording studio in London at [[Maiden Lane, Covent Garden|Maiden Lane]] in 1898), [[Walter Legge]], [[George Martin]], [[Tutti Camarata]], [[Geoff Emerick]], [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman "Hurricane" Smith]], [[Ken Scott]], [[Mike Stone (record producer)|Mike Stone]], [[Alan Parsons]], [[Peter Vince]], Malcolm Addey, Peter Bown, Richard Langham, Phil McDonald, John Kurlander, Richard Lush and [[Ken Townsend]], who invented the studio effect known as [[automatic double tracking]] (ADT). The chief mastering engineer at Abbey Road was Chris "Vinyl" Blair, who started his career as a [[tape recorder|tape deck]] operator.

From 1966 to 1971, the [[Walt Disney Music Company]] recorded vocals, instrumentals and narration and dialogue for over a dozen albums at Abbey Road for U.S. and international release, including ''The Aristocats, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Doctor Dolittle, Heidi'' and ''The Wizard of Oz''. Most of the sessions included [[The Mike Sammes Singers]], who backed up The Beatles on "I Am the Walrus" and "Good Night."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hollis |first=Tim |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61309354 |title=Mouse tracks : the story of Walt Disney Records |date=2006 |others=Greg Ehrbar |isbn=1-57806-848-7 |edition=First |location=Jackson |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |oclc=61309354}}</ref>

In 1979, EMI commissioned the British jazz fusion band [[Morrissey-Mullen]] to record Britain's first [[digital recording|digitally recorded]] single record at Abbey Road Studios.<ref>''Gramophone'' AUDIO NEWS: "EMI digital recording" July 1979. Retrieved 19 August 2010. {{Cite web |url=http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/July%201979/125/750999/AUDIO+NEWS |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801052833/http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/July%201979/125/750999/AUDIO+NEWS |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=EMI digital recording |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Mullen+Morrissey&pg=PT110|title=EMI Enters Digital Race with System|first=Nick|last=Robertshaw|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=26 May 1979|pages=3, 71|language=en}}</ref>

===1980s–2010s===
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=220
|image1=Abbey Road Sign Sander Lamme.jpg
|image2=Abbey Road Studios Wall.jpg|alt=A grey topped white wall completely covered in handwritten messages
|image3=Abbey Road sign - "Help us keep this wall clean. Get back to writing on our wall.".png
|image4=Abbey Road sign - "please don't write here there and everywhere. Keep it to our wall.".png
|footer=Abbey Road has become a London tourist attraction, with the studio erecting Beatles lyric-themed signs encouraging fans to keep graffiti to the studio's property.
}}

Abbey Road Studios got its start in the [[film score|film scoring]] business in 1980 when Anvil Post Production formed a partnership with the studio, called Anvil-Abbey Road Screen Sound; with ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark (soundtrack)|Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' being the first major film soundtrack recorded in Studio 1. The partnership started when Anvil was left without a scoring stage when [[Denham Film Studios|Denham Studios]] were demolished. It ended in 1984 when EMI merged with [[Thorn Electrical Industries]] to become [[Thorn EMI]]. Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

From 18 July to 11 September 1983, the public had a rare opportunity to see inside the Studio Two room, where the Beatles made most of their records. While a new mixing console was being installed in the control room, the studio was used to host a video presentation called ''[[The Beatles at Abbey Road]]''. The soundtrack to the video had a number of recordings that were not made commercially available until the release of ''[[The Beatles Anthology]]'' project over a decade later.<ref>''[[The Beatles Book]]'' July & August 1983.</ref>

In September 2012, with the takeover of EMI, the studio became the property of [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]. It was not one of the entities that were sold to Warner Music as part of [[Parlophone]] and instead the control of Abbey Road Studios Ltd was transferred to [[Virgin Records]].

==Sale attempt==
On 17 February 2010, it was reported that [[EMI]] had put the studios up for sale because of increasing debts. There was reported interest by property developers in redeveloping the site into luxury flats.<ref name="Times AR Sale">{{Cite news |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article7029140.ece |title=End for Abbey Road? EMI puts Beatles' studios up for sale at £30m |newspaper=The Times |access-date=19 February 2010 |location=London |date=17 February 2010 |first1=Chris |last1=Smyth |first2=Helen |last2=Power |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614040214/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It had also been reported there was a possibility the studios could be purchased by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=TJ |url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-news/w-latest_news/w-news-should-national-trust-save-abbey-road-studios.htm |title=Should the National Trust save Abbey Road Studios |publisher=Nationaltrust.org.uk |access-date=19 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817154306/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-news/w-latest_news/w-news-should-national-trust-save-abbey-road-studios.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to preserve what was in effect a historical building. A Save Abbey Road Studios campaign attempted to ensure the premises remained a working studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stop the legendary studios becoming luxury flats |publisher=Save Abbey Road Studios! |date=February 2010 |url=http://saveabbeyroadstudios.org/archives/date/2010/02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224000257/http://saveabbeyroadstudios.org/archives/date/2010/02 |archive-date=24 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 21 February 2010, EMI stated it planned to keep the studio and was looking for an investor to help finance a "revitalisation" project.<ref name="EMI AR Sale">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8527095.stm |title=Abbey Road studios 'not for sale,' says EMI |work=BBC News |access-date=20 February 2010 |date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222053226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8527095.stm |archive-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Listed-Ind">{{Cite news |title=Abbey Road studios to be listed by British authorities |date=27 February 2010 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/abbey-road-studios-to-be-listed-by-british-authorities-5525467.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726060358/http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/abbey-road-studios-to-be-listed-by-british-authorities-1912945.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the British government declared Abbey Road Studios a Grade II [[listed building]] which protected it from major alteration.<ref name="Listed-Ind" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbey Road Studios Grade II Listed |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=The National Heritage List for England |id=1393688 |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/abbey-road-studios-grade-ii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727044837/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/abbey-road-studios-grade-ii/ |archive-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following December, the pedestrian crossing at Abbey Road was listed on the National Heritage List.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Beatles 'Abbey Road' crossing given heritage status |date=23 December 2010 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/beatles-abbey-road-crossing-given-heritage-status-2167647.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726064633/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/beatles-abbey-road-crossing-given-heritage-status-2167647.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Paul McCartney]], speaking to BBC ''[[Newsnight]]'' on 16 February 2010, said there had been efforts to save Abbey Road by "a few people who have been associated with the studio for a long time," although he did not name them or include himself among them. "I have so many memories there with the Beatles," McCartney said, "It still is a great studio. So it would be lovely for someone to get a thing together to save it."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/arts/music/18arts-MCCARTNEYEXP_BRF.html |title=McCartney Expresses Hopes for Abbey Road |last=Sisario |first=Ben |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160223/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/arts/music/18arts-MCCARTNEYEXP_BRF.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Abbey Road Institute==
In March 2015, Abbey Road Institute was founded as a school for music production and audio engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.factmag.com/2015/03/19/abbey-road-studios-open-school-of-music-production-and-sound-engineering/ |title=Abbey Road Studios opens school of music production and sound engineering |website=factmag.com |date=19 March 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132234/https://www.factmag.com/2015/03/19/abbey-road-studios-open-school-of-music-production-and-sound-engineering/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the London location, Abbey Road Institute offers education globally with schools in [[Amsterdam]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Miami]], [[Paris]] and [[Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/19/music-institute-opens-in-beatles-abbey-road-studios |title=Music institute opens in Beatles' Abbey Road Studios |first=Haroon |last=Siddique |date=19 March 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132527/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/19/music-institute-opens-in-beatles-abbey-road-studios |url-status=live }}</ref> All of the campuses offer the same course, the Advanced Diploma in Music Production and Sound Engineering, which has been developed in collaboration with industry leaders and the team at Abbey Road Studios. Some campuses offer additional short courses, including Portfolio Preparation, Song Production Masterclass, Music theory Fundamentals for Producers amongst others.
In April 2021, Abbey Road Institute London announced it would be expanding and moving into the currently closed [[Angel Recording Studios]] in the summer of 2021.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Womack |first1=Kenneth |author1-link=Kenneth Womack |title=Solid State: The Story of ''Abbey Road'' and the End of the Beatles |date=2019 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-1-5017-4685-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU2WDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822192507/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU2WDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Lawrence, Alistair |year=2012 |title=Abbey Road: The Best Studio in the World |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60819-999-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167118/ Invention of Stereo Sound in 1931]
* [http://www.abbeyroad.com/ Abbey Road Studios — official site]
* [https://insideabbeyroad.withgoogle.com/ Google presents Inside Abbey Road]
* [https://abbeyroadinstitute.com/ Abbey Road Institute]

{{The Beatles}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:EMI]]
[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:History of the Beatles]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1831]]
[[Category:Recording studios in London]]
[[Category:St John's Wood]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group]]
[[Category:Glenn Miller]]
[[Category:Georgian architecture in London]]