Editing Abba Eban

{{Short description|Israeli diplomat and politician (1915–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Abba Eban 1970.jpg
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1915|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2002|11|17|1915|2|2|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Tel Aviv]], Israel
| alma_mater          = [[Queens' College, Cambridge]]
| office1             = Ministerial roles
| suboffice1          = [[Minister without Portfolio]]
| subterm1            = 1959–1960
| suboffice2          = [[Education Minister of Israel|Minister of Education & Culture]]
| subterm2            = 1960–1963
| suboffice3          = [[Deputy leaders of Israel#Deputy Prime Minister|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| subterm3            = 1963–1966
| suboffice4          = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of Israel|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| subterm4            = 1966–1974
| office5             = Faction represented in the [[Knesset]]
| suboffice5          = [[Mapai]]
| subterm5            = 1959–1965
| suboffice6          = [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]]
| subterm6            = 1965–1968
| suboffice7          = [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]]
| subterm7            = 1968–1969
| suboffice8          = [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]]
| subterm8            = 1969–1988
| office9             = Diplomatic roles
| suboffice9          = {{nowrap|[[Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations|Permanent Representative to the UN]]}}
| subterm9            = 1949–1959
| suboffice10         = [[Ambassador of Israel to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]]
| subterm10           = 1950–1959
| signature           = Abba Eban Signature from the Goldman Collection.png
| spouse              = Shoshana Eban (née Herzog)
| children            = [[Eli Eban]]
| native_name         = אבא אבן
| native_name_lang    = he
}}

'''Abba Solomon Meir Eban'''<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177524/Abba-Eban Abba Eban: Israeli statesman]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Abba Eban from Israel pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|ɑː|b|ə|_|ˈ|iː|b|ən}}; {{langx|he|אבא שלמה אבן}} {{IPA|he|ˈ(ʔ)aba ˈ(ʔ)even|}}; born '''Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban'''; 2 February 1915 – 17 November 2002) was a [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South African]]-born Israeli diplomat and politician, and a scholar of the Arabic and Hebrew languages.

During his career, he served as [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel|Foreign Affairs Minister]], [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Education Minister]], and [[Deputy leaders of Israel#Deputy Prime Minister|Deputy Prime Minister of Israel]]. He was the second [[List of Israeli ambassadors to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] and the first [[Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations]]. He was also vice president of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and president of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]]. Eban famously remarked of the Palestinians, "The Arabs never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity."<ref name=":1" />

==Early life==
Eban was born in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, on 2 February 1915 to [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian Jewish]]<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Charney |first=Marc D. |date=November 18, 2002 |title=Abba Eban, Eloquent Defender And Voice of Israel, Is Dead at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/world/abba-eban-eloquent-defender-and-voice-of-israel-is-dead-at-87.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082019/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/world/abba-eban-eloquent-defender-and-voice-of-israel-is-dead-at-87.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |access-date=22 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Abba Eban [obituary]|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1413478/Abba-Eban.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date = 18 November 2002|access-date = 22 September 2015}}</ref> parents. His father, Avram Solomon, died in London to which the family had come seeking treatment for his undiagnosed illness less than a week before Eban's first birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-11-18 |title=Obituary: Abba Eban |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/nov/18/guardianobituaries.israel |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> He recalled being sent to his grandfather's house as a child to study the [[Hebrew language]], [[Talmud]], and [[Books of the Bible|Biblical literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eban |first=Abba Solomon |url=https://archive.org/details/abbaebanautobiog0000eban/mode/2up |title=Abba Eban : an Autobiography |publisher=Random House |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-394-49302-2 |publication-place=New York |page=6 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He lived for a period of time in [[Belfast]].<ref>Gaffe, Steven (20 November 2002) [http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/belfasts-legacy-to-the-israelis-13594537.html Belfast's legacy to the Israelis]." ''Belfast Telegraph''. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</ref>

He attended [[St Olave's Grammar School]], then in [[Southwark]], and read Classics and Oriental languages at [[Queens' College, Cambridge]], where he achieved a very rare [[British undergraduate degree classification#Double first-class honours|triple first]], studying Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian; these were three of the ten languages he would reportedly master<ref>Those being Greek, Latin, English, Modern Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, French, German and Spanish.</ref> (he enjoyed translating newspapers into Ancient Greek).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bronner |first=Ethan |date=2015-12-31 |title='Abba Eban: A Biography,' by Asaf Siniver |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/books/review/abba-eban-a-biography-by-asaf-siniver.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the age of 23, he became a [[Fellow]] of [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]], a role he held from 1938 to 1939, and was marked for a distinguished academic career.<ref name=":0" />

During his time at university and afterwards, Eban was highly involved in the [[Federation of Zionist Youth]] and was editor of its journal, ''The Young Zionist''. At the outbreak of World War II, he worked for [[Chaim Weizmann]] at the [[Zionist Organization]] in London from December 1939.

He served in the British Army in Egypt and Mandate Palestine, becoming an intelligence officer in Jerusalem, where he coordinated and trained volunteers for resistance in the event of a German invasion, serving as a liaison officer for the Allies to the Jewish [[Yishuv]].

After the war he continued in his post, helping to establish and run the British Foreign Office's [[Middle East Centre for Arab Studies]] which was originally based in Jerusalem before relocating to Shemlan near Beirut. He was at that time known as "Aubrey Evans".<ref>Cowper-Coles, Sherard. ''Ever the Diplomat: Confessions of a Foreign Office Mandarin''. London: HarperPress, 2012. p. 19.</ref>

In 1947, he translated from the original Arabic ''Maze of Justice: Diary of a Country Prosecutor'', a 1937 novel by [[Tawfiq al-Hakim]].<ref>Johnson-Davies, Denys (2008). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=xVKxaEfmez8C&pg=PA3 Introduction]". In: Johnson-Davies (ed.). ''The Essential Tawfiq Al-Hakim: Plays, Fiction, Autobiography'' (pp. 1–4). Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 4. This edited volume contains an excerpt from the novel, in Eban's translation, pp. 201–210.</ref><ref>The translation was published in 1947 by Harvill Press, London; see: {{OCLC|6191719}}. It was reissued in 1989 under the title ''Maze of Justice: Diary of a country prosecutor: an Egyptian novel'' (London: Saqi Books; Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press).</ref>

==Diplomacy==
[[File:Israel UN delegation 1950.jpg|thumb|Israeli [[UN]] delegation: (L–R) consul general A. Lourie; counsellor J. Robinson; Eban; [[Avraham Katznelson]]; [[Gideon Rafael]] (1950)]]
[[File:Truman-bengurion.jpg|thumb|(L–R) U.S. President [[Harry S Truman|Truman]], Eban, and Israeli PM [[David Ben-Gurion|Ben-Gurion]] (1951)]]
Eban moved back to London briefly to work in the Jewish Agency's Information Department, from which he was posted to New York, where the [[United Nations]] General Assembly was considering the "[[List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine|Palestine Question]]". In 1947, he was appointed as a liaison officer to the [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]], where he was successful in attaining approval for the recommendation of partition of Palestine into Jewish and [[Arab]] segments—[[1947 UN Partition Plan|Resolution 181]]. At this stage, he changed his name to the Hebrew word Abba, meaning "Father".<ref name= NYT/>

Eban continued at the United Nations over the next decade. From 1950 to 1959 he also served as his country's [[Ambassador (diplomacy)|ambassador]] to the United States.<ref name="EncycJudaica">{{cite EJ|last=Samuel|first=Edwin, 2nd Viscount Samuel|first2=Susan Hattis|last2=Rolef|title=Eban, Abba (Aubrey) Solomon|volume=6|pages=84-85}}</ref> He was renowned for his oratorical skills. As [[Henry Kissinger]] stated:<blockquote>I have never encountered anyone who matched his command of the English language. Sentences poured forth in mellifluous constructions complicated enough to test the listener’s intelligence and simultaneously leave him transfixed by the speaker's virtuosity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quigley |first=John |title=The International Diplomacy of Israel's Founders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcAwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |page=136 |isbn=978-1-316-50355-3}}</ref></blockquote> His knowledge of history and fluency in ten languages enhanced his speech-making in the [[United Nations]], even to skeptical or hostile audiences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abba Eban|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/leaders/content/26344|publisher=Department for Jewish Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel|date=2 May 2005|access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> In 1952, Eban was elected vice president of the UN General Assembly. A collection of Eban's speeches before the United Nations' Security Council and General Assembly both at universities and other venues between 1948 and 1968 was compiled in ''[[Voice of Israel]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plunkettlakepress.com/eban.html|title=Plunkett Lake Press|website=plunkettlakepress.com}}</ref> recently reissued in eBook form by [[Plunkett Lake Press]].

He was known for his witty remarks. For example, when he was complimented on his perfect Oxford English he replied "Cambridge actually, but in politics one expects to be smeared."<ref>"Abba Eban: A Biography" Overlook Press 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4683-1648-3}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Aankomst Israelische minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Abba Eban op Schiphol, rech, Bestanddeelnr 921-1960.jpg|thumb|left|Abba Eban at a press conference]]
Eban left the United States in 1959 and returned to Israel, where he was elected to the [[Knesset]] (the Israeli parliament) as a member of [[Mapai]].<ref name="EncycJudaica"/> He served under [[David Ben-Gurion]] as Minister of Education and Culture from 1960 to 1963, then as deputy to Prime Minister [[Levi Eshkol]] until 1966.<ref name="EncycJudaica"/><ref>Calder, John (17 November 2002). "[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/nov/18/guardianobituaries.israel Abba Eban] [obituary]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</ref> Through this period (1959–66), he also served as president of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science|Weizmann Institute]] in [[Rehovot]].<ref name="EncycJudaica"/>

From 1966 to 1974, Eban served as Israel's [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel|foreign minister]].<ref name="EncycJudaica"/> He defended the country's reputation after the [[Six-Day War]] by asserting, in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, that Israel acted in response to an imminent threat: "So on the fateful morning of 5 June, when Egyptian forces moved by air and land against Israel's western coast and southern territory, our country's choice was plain."<ref>Quoted in Norman G. Finkelstein (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123 Image and Reality of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict]''. 2nd ed. London; New York: Verso. p. 123.</ref> Nonetheless, he was a strong supporter of trading parts of the territories occupied in the war in exchange for peace. While serving as foreign minister, he remained in contact with Israel's Ambassador to the U.S. [[Avraham Harman]] during the war. Five days after the [[USS Liberty incident|USS ''Liberty'' incident]] took place, Harman cabled from [[Washington D.C.]] to Eban in [[Tel Aviv]] that one of their sources was reporting that the Americans had "clear proof that from a certain stage the pilot discovered the identity of the ship and continued the attack anyway." Three days later, Harman repeated the warning to Eban that the [[White House]] was "very angry" and "the reason for this is that the Americans probably have findings showing that our pilots indeed knew that the ship was American."<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=James |title=The Attack on the Liberty: The Untold Story of Israel's Deadly 1967 Assault on a U.S. Spy Ship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn0pk8pVE88C|publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2009 |page= |isbn=9781416554820}}</ref> Eban also played an important part in the shaping of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242|UN Security Council Resolution 242]] in 1967, as well as [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 338|Resolution 338]] in 1973. Among his other high level contacts, he was received by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/PopeinIsrael/Israel-Vatican/Israel-Vatican_Diplomatic_Relations.htm|title=Israel-Vatican Diplomatic Relations}}</ref>

Eban was at times criticized for not voicing his opinions in Israel's internal debate. However, he was generally known to be on the "dovish" side of Israeli politics and was increasingly outspoken after leaving the cabinet. In 1977 and 1981, it was widely understood that [[Shimon Peres]] intended to name Eban Foreign Minister, had the Labor Party won those elections. Eban was offered the chance to serve as [[minister without portfolio]] in the 1984 national unity government, but chose to serve instead as chair of the Knesset's [[Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee]] from 1984 to 1988.

His comment that Arabs "never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity" (i.e., for peace), made after the [[Geneva Conference (1973)|Geneva peace talks in December 1973]], is often quoted.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Israel's diplomatic giant Eban dies| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2486473.stm|work=BBC News|date=18 November 2002|access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:King of Nepal 1958.jpg|thumb|right|Abba Eban (left) escorting the [[Mahendra of Nepal|King of Nepal]] in a 1958 visit to the [[Weizmann Institute of Science|Weizmann Institute]] in [[Rehovot]]. Shortly after the visit, Eban became President of the Institute.]]

In 1988, after three decades in the Knesset, Eban lost his seat over internal splits in the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour Party]]. He devoted the rest of his life to writing and teaching, including serving as a visiting academic at [[Princeton University]], [[Columbia University]] and [[The George Washington University|George Washington University]]. He also narrated television documentaries including ''Heritage: Civilization and the Jews'' ([[PBS]], 1984), for which he was host, ''Israel, A Nation Is Born'' (1992), and ''On the Brink of Peace'' (PBS, 1997). In his book ''Diplomacy for the Next Century'' (p.161) he said of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] "Only Binyamin Netanyahu, the newly elected Israeli leader, failed to comprehend the centrality of the Palestine issue in the Middle East".

Eban died in 2002 and was buried in [[Kfar Shmaryahu]], north of [[Tel Aviv]]. He was survived by his wife, Shoshana "Suzy" (née Ambache) (sister of [[Aura Herzog]]), who died in 2011, and their two children.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abbey |first=Alan D. |url=http://www.jta.org/2011/09/18/jewish-holidays/hanukkah/suzy-eban-widow-of-abba-eban-dies-at-90 |title=Suzy Eban, widow of Abba Eban, dies at 90 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

==Family==
Eban's son, [[Eli Eban]], is a clarinettist who teaches at [[Indiana University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1990-06-13-2739493-story.html|title=FESTIVAL LETS SOFT-SPOKEN CLARINETIST BE HEARD|first=SUSAN TODD, The Morning|last=Call|website=themorningcall.com|date=13 June 1990 }}</ref> Eli has two children, Yael and Omri Eban.

Eban's brother-in-law was [[Chaim Herzog]], the sixth [[President of Israel]]. Herzog's son [[Isaac Herzog]] was leader of the [[Israeli Labor Party]] from 2013 to 2018 and has been the President of Israel since 7 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 July 2021|title=Herzog takes office as Israel's 11th president, warns of dangers of polarization|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/herzog-takes-office-as-israels-11th-president-warns-of-dangers-of-polarization/|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

Eban's cousin, [[Oliver Sacks]], was a neurologist and author. Eban's nephew, [[Jonathan Lynn]], is a filmmaker and scriptwriter known for satirical [[BBC]] shows ''[[Yes Minister]]'' and ''[[Yes, Prime Minister]]''. Lynn recounts that the plot of an episode of ''[[Yes, Prime Minister]]'' ("[[A Victory for Democracy]]"), which involved the British Prime Minister bypassing his own Arab-centred bureaucracy by taking the Israeli ambassador's advice, was based on an actual incident narrated to him by Eban.

==Awards==
In 2001, Eban was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsa/AbbaEven/|title=אבא אבן|website=cms.education.gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsa/AbbaEven/NimokyHasoftimAbbaEven.htm|title=נימוקי השופטים|website=cms.education.gov.il}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151016230311/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5092/is_200105/ai_n18522781 Shamir, Eban, Ben-Porat Garner Israel Prize] The Jewish Week, May 2001</ref>

==Published works==
* {{cite book | title=Voice of Israel | oclc= 332941 | year = 1957}}
** Reissued as an eBook by [[Plunkett Lake Press]]. 2015. {{ASIN|B00WMSREMK}}
* {{cite book | title=The tide of nationalism | oclc= 371099 | year = 1959}} (Herbert Samuel lecture)
* {{cite book | title=My people: the story of the Jews | isbn=978-0-394-72759-2 | year=1968 | url=https://archive.org/details/mypeople00abba | last1=Eban | first1=Abba Solomon }}
* {{cite book | title=My country: the story of modern Israel | isbn=978-0-394-46314-8 | year=1972 | url=https://archive.org/details/mycountry00abba | publisher=New York, Random House }}
* {{cite book | title=Abba Eban: an autobiography | isbn=978-0-394-49302-2 |year = 1977| last1=Eban | first1=Abba Solomon }}
** Reissued as an eBook by Plunkett Lake Press. 2015. {{ASIN|B00TBTU9ZC}}.
* {{cite book | title=The new diplomacy: international affairs in the modern age | isbn=978-0-394-50283-0 | year=1983 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/newdiplomacyinte00eban | last1=Eban | first1=Abba Solomon }}
* {{cite book | title=Heritage: civilization and the Jews | isbn=978-0-671-44103-6 | year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/heritageciviliza00eban | last1=Eban | first1=Abba Solomon }}
* {{cite book | title=Personal witness: Israel through my eyes | isbn=978-0-399-13589-7 | year=1992 | url=https://archive.org/details/personalwitnessi00eban | publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons }}
* {{cite book | title=Diplomacy for the next century | isbn=978-0-300-07287-7 | year=1998 | url=https://archive.org/details/diplomacyfornext00eban | last1=Eban | first1=Abba Solomon | last2=Even | first2=Abbâ Šelomo }}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== General sources and further reading ==
* [[Michael Brecher|Brecher, Michael]]. "Eban and Israeli Foreign Policy: Diplomacy, War, and Disengagement" in ''The Diplomats, 1939-1979'' ( Princeton University Press, 2019) pp.&nbsp;398–435 [https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.20 online]
* Butler, Gavri (2002-11-25). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102056/http://commie.droryikra.com/v67i5/israelcorner/memorium.html In Memoriam – Abba Eban]". ''The Commentator'', Volume '''67''', Issue 5. Retrieved 3 January 2016
* Charney, Marc D. [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/world/abba-eban-eloquent-defender-and-voice-of-israel-is-dead-at-87.html Abba Eban, Eloquent Defender And Voice of Israel, Is Dead at 87]. [[The New York Times]], November 18, 2002. Access via subscription. Archived: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082019/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/world/abba-eban-eloquent-defender-and-voice-of-israel-is-dead-at-87.html Abba Eban, Eloquent Defender And Voice of Israel, Is Dead at 87]
* Siniver, Asaf. [https://archive.org/details/abbaebanbiograph0000sini/mode/2up ''Abba Eban: a biography'']. New York and London, [[Overlook]] Duckworth, 2015. At [[Internet Archive]] 
* Siniver, Asaf. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274265624_Abba_Eban_and_the_Development_of_American-Israeli_Relations_1950-1959 "Abba Eban and the Development of American–Israeli Relations, 1950–1959"] ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' Vol. 26, Issue 1 (2015), pp. 65-83. At [[ResearchGate]]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|title=Abba Eban|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/leaders/content/26344|publisher=Department for Jewish Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel|date=2 May 2005|access-date=3 January 2016}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130181956/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Gallery+of+People+%28Biographies%29/Abba+Eban.htm Abba Eban profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109031056/http://truman.huji.ac.il/units.asp?cat=53&in=0 Abba Eban Centre for Israeli Diplomacy] (Part of the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace)
* {{MKlink|id=236}}
* {{IMDb name|247926}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080807155354/http://www.thespeeches.com/ A Collection of Abba Eban's speeches (and others)]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/11/Abba%20Eban Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs] (Biography and Selected Speeches)
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95992|description="Longines Chronoscope with Abba Eban"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95948|description="Longines Chronoscope with Abba Eban"}}
* {{YouTube|6UY2Ee5mYa0|Interview}} by [[Leon Charney]] on The Leon Charney Report

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