Editing AAP DTD

In computing, '''AAP DTD''' (variously known as AAP Electronic Manuscript Standard, AAP standard, AAP/EPSIG standard, and ANSI/NISO Z39.59) is a set of three [[SGML]] [[Document Type Definition]]s (book, journal, and article) for scientific documents, defined by the [[Association of American Publishers]]. It was ratified as a U.S. standard under the name ANSI/NISO Z39.59 in 1988, and evolved into the international [[ISO 12083]] standard in 1993. It was supplanted as a U.S. standard by ANSI/ISO 12083 in 1995.

== Development and standard ratifications ==
From 1983 to 1987, the [[Association of American Publishers]] (AAP), a coalition of book and journal publishers in North America, sponsored the Electronic Manuscript Project,{{sfn|Smith|p=145}} the earliest effort to develop a commercial SGML application.{{sfn|Cave|p=144}} The project sought to create an SGML standard for book, journal, and article creation. With the technical work led by Aspen Systems, over thirty information-processing organizations contributed to the project, including the [[US Library of Congress]], the American Society of Indexers, the [[IEEE]], the [[American Chemical Society]], the [[American Institute of Physics]], and the [[American Mathematical Society]].{{sfn|Smith|p=145}}{{sfn|Cave|p=144}}

Two preliminary works with restricted distribution were produced in 1985, the draft AAP DTD<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Association of American Publishers' Standard for Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Exchange.| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref> and author guidelines.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AAP| title = Author Guidelines for the Preparation, Creation and Exchange of Electronic Manuscripts| location = Washington| date = 1985}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/comjnl/29.3.193| volume = 29| issue = 3| pages = 193–200| last = Smith| first = Joan M.| title = The Implications of SGML for the Preparation of Scientific Publications| journal = The Computer Journal| date = 1986-03-01| doi-access = free}}</ref>

The Electronic Publishing Special Interest Group (EPSIG) was founded to take over responsibility for the work from AAP.{{sfn|Smith|p=136}} The consortium, sponsored by the [[OCLC|Online Computer Library Center]], recommended that the DTDs developed by the Electronic Manuscript Project should become an American standard.{{sfn|Cave|p=145}} With the support of the AAP and the Graphic Communications Association, the AAP DTDs were ratified in 1988 as the [[American National Standards Institute]]'s ''Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup'' (ANSI/NISO Z39.59) standard.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = American National Standardisation Institute| title = ANSI/NISO Z39.59-1988: Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup| location = Bethesda, ML| date = 1988}}</ref> Unlike the DTDs that ANSI/NISO Z39.59 specifies for books, serials and articles, the markup recommended for mathematics and tables is not part of the standard.{{sfn|Smith|p=137}} As the standard is based on [[ASCII]] [[character encoding]], it includes a large set of entity definitions for special characters.{{sfn|van Herwijnen|p=111}}

The AAP and EPSIG continued their collaboration and published a revised version of the specification in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Association of American Publishers, EPSIG| title = Reference Manual on Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (Version 2| location = Dublin, OH, USA| date = 1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Association of American Publishers, EPSIG| title = Author's Guide to Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (Version 2)| location = Dublin, OH, USA| date = 1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Association of American Publishers, EPSIG| title = Markup of tabular material (Version 2)| location = Dublin, OH, USA| date = 1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Association of American Publishers, EPSIG| title = Markup of mathematical formulas (Version 2)| location = Dublin, OH, USA| date = 1989}}</ref>{{sfn|Goossens and Saarela|p=103}}

The AAP and the [[European Physical Society]] further collaborated on a standard method for marking up mathematical notation and tables in scientific documents.{{sfn|Goossens and Saarela|p=110}} Building on this work, Eric van Herwijnen, then head of the text processing section at [[CERN]],<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0891-2017| volume = 17| issue = 1| pages = 110–116| last = van Ess-Dkema| first = Carol| title = Review of "Practical SGML" by Eric Van Herwijnen. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1990.| journal = Computational Linguistics| date = March 1991}}</ref> edited the specification for adoption by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as [[ISO 12083]],{{sfn|van Herwijnen|p=111}}{{sfn|Kasdorf|p=109-111}} which was first published in 1993,<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = International Organization for Standardization| title = ISO 12083:1993 – Information and Documentation – Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup| location = Geneva| date = 1993}}</ref>{{sfn|van Herwijnen|p=111}} revised in 1994<ref>{{Cite web| title = ISO 12083:1994 – Information and Documentation – Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup| work = International Organization for Standardization| access-date = 2017-08-27| date = 1994| url = https://www.iso.org/standard/20866.html}}</ref> and last reconfirmed in 2016.<ref>{{Citation| publisher = International Organization for Standardization| title = ISO Update, Supplement to ISO Focus| date = February 2016| url = https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/news/magazine/ISOupdate/EN/2016/ISOupdate_February_2016.pdf| access-date = 2019-05-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828013750/https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/news/magazine/ISOupdate/EN/2016/ISOupdate_February_2016.pdf| archive-date = 2017-08-28| url-status = dead}}</ref> ISO 12083 specifies four DTDs: Article, Book, Serial, and Math.

In 1995 ANSI/NISO Z39.59:1988 was superseded by ISO 12083,{{sfn|Cave|p=145}} which was adopted as U.S. standard ANSI/NISO/ISO 12083-1995 (R2009) Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup. This U.S. standard was withdrawn in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web| title = ANSI/NISO/ISO 12083-1995 (R2009) Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (Inactive)| work = National Information Standards Organization| access-date = 2019-05-04| date = 2016-03-29| url = https://groups.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=37| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180506024511/https://groups.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=37| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2018-05-06}}</ref>

==Usage==
The AAP DTDs counted the academic publishing house [[Elsevier]] among their earliest users{{sfn|Smith|p=96}} and found significant acceptance in the emerging [[CD-ROM]] publishing industry.{{sfn|Smith|p=145}}

AAP DTD also informed other SGML applications, such as [[CERN]]'s [[SGMLguid]],<ref>{{Cite web| last = Berners-Lee| first = Tim| title = HTML Tags| work = W3.org| access-date = 2017-08-24| date = 1992| url = https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html}}</ref><ref name="Hopgood">{{Cite news| last = Hopgood| first = Bob| title = History of the Web| work = W3.org| access-date = 2017-08-24| date = 2001| url = https://www.w3.org/2012/08/history-of-the-web/origins.htm}}</ref> the Elsevier Science Article DTD, and EWS MAJOUR, a DTD developed between 1989 and 1991 in an effort led by the publishing houses Elsevier, [[Wolters Kluwer]], and [[Springer Science+Business Media |Springer]].{{sfn|Cave|p=145}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1108/10650750310698766| issn = 1065-075X| volume = 19| issue = 4| pages = 144–148| last = Cave| first = Francis| title = Article Metadata Standards: An Historical Review| journal = OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives| date = 2003-12-01| ref={{sfnRef|Cave}}}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 16| issue = 2| pages = 103–145| last1 = Goossens| first1 = Michel| last2 = Saarela| first2 = Janne| title = A practical introduction to SGML| journal = TUGboat| date = November 1995| ref={{sfnRef|Goossens and Saarela}}}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn = 978-0-231-12499-7| pages = [https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetod00bada/page/65 65–154]| editor = William E. Kasdorf| last = Kasdorf| first = William E.| title = The Columbia Guide to Digital Publishing| chapter = Markup: XML & Related Technologies| location = New York| date = 2003| ref = {{sfnRef|Kasdorf}}| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetod00bada/page/65}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Ellis Horwood| isbn = 0-13-806506-3| last = Smith| first = Joan M.| title = SGML and Related Standards| location = New York| date = 1992| ref = {{sfnRef|Smith}}| url = https://archive.org/details/sgmlrelatedstand0000smit}}
*{{cite book|last=van Herwijnen|first=Eric|title=Practical SGML|year=1994|publisher=Kluwer|location=Dordrecht, Netherlands|isbn=978-0-7923-9434-1|ref={{sfnRef|van Herwijnen}}|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalsgml00vanh}}


[[Category:Markup languages]]
[[Category:SGML]]

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